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Yamashita MS, Melo EO. Animal Transgenesis and Cloning: Combined Development and Future Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:121-149. [PMID: 37041332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The revolution in animal transgenesis began in 1981 and continues to become more efficient, cheaper, and faster to perform. New genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas9, are leading to a new era of genetically modified or edited organisms. Some researchers advocate this new era as the time of synthetic biology or re-engineering. Nonetheless, we are witnessing advances in high-throughput sequencing, artificial DNA synthesis, and design of artificial genomes at a fast pace. These advances in symbiosis with animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) allow the development of improved livestock, animal models of human disease, and heterologous production of bioproducts for medical applications. In the context of genetic engineering, SCNT remains a useful technology to generate animals from genetically modified cells. This chapter addresses these fast-developing technologies driving this biotechnological revolution and their association with animal cloning technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Yamashita
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Animal Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
- Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University of Tocantins, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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2
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Domestication and feralization influence the distribution and phenotypes of escaped ornamental fish. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Leggatt RA, Devlin RH. Fluorescent protein transgenesis has varied effects on behaviour and cold tolerance in a tropical fish (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi): implications for risk assessment. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:395-403. [PMID: 31748988 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent protein (FP) transgenesis is used in the ornamental aquarium trade to produce new colour morphs in tropical fish. Understanding whether such genetic modification could alter ability to survive temperate waters, or interactions with native fish, should such fish be released to natural systems is critical in developing policy on their commercial use. We examined the competitive foraging ability and cold tolerance of unrelated pet-trade sourced adult green FP transgenic tetra and non-transgenic white tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), as well as white non-transgenic and green FP transgenic juvenile progeny of these groups. FP transgenesis did not affect the foraging success or aggressive behaviour in either adult or juvenile fish, indicating FP transgenesis may not influence potential hazards through this pathway. During a cold temperature tolerance trial, adult green tetras had greatly diminished cold tolerance relative to unrelated adult white fish, while sibling juvenile offspring of these groups had intermediate cold tolerance between adult fish groups that were not affected by FP transgenesis. This data suggests background genetics, rearing history and/or life stage may play larger roles in cold tolerance than FP transgenesis in this species. Unexpectedly, both adult and juvenile white tetras were 3.8 times more likely to take refuge in shelters when temperature declined than green tetras. These data indicate FP transgenic fish may pose equal or lesser risk than non-transgenic fish, should they be released to natural environments. Results also demonstrate that unrelated pet-trade sourced fish may not always be appropriate models for examining effects of FP transgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind A Leggatt
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada.
| | - Robert H Devlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
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Fallatah W, De Silva IW, Verbeck GF, Jagadeeswaran P. Generation of transgenic zebrafish with 2 populations of RFP- and GFP-labeled thrombocytes: analysis of their lipids. Blood Adv 2019; 3:1406-1415. [PMID: 31053568 PMCID: PMC6517667 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018023960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish thrombocytes are similar to mammalian platelets. Mammals have young platelets (also called reticulated platelets) and mature platelets. Likewise, zebrafish have 2 populations of thrombocytes; one is DiI-C18 (DiI)+ (DP), and the other is DiI- (DN). However, the mechanism of selective thrombocyte labeling by DiI is unknown. Furthermore, there is no transgenic zebrafish line where DP and DN thrombocytes are differentially labeled with fluorescent proteins. In this study, we found that Glo fish, in which the myosin light chain 2 promoter drives the rfp gene, have a population of thrombocytes that are red fluorescent protein (RFP) labeled. We also generated transgenic GloFli fish in which DP and DN thrombocytes are labeled with RFP and green fluorescent protein (GFP), respectively. Single-cell lipid analysis showed a twofold increase in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and a twofold decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) in RFP+ thrombocytes compared with GFP+ thrombocytes, suggesting that lipid composition may be important for DiI differential labeling. Therefore, we tested liposomes prepared with different ratios of PC and PE and observed that liposomes prepared with higher amounts of PE favor DiI labeling, whereas the PC concentration had a modest effect. In liposomes prepared using only PE or PC, increased concentrations of PE resulted in increased DiI binding. These results suggest that because RFP+ thrombocytes have higher PE concentrations, DiI may bind to them efficiently, thus explaining the selective labeling of thrombocytes by DiI. This work also provides GloFli fish that should be useful in understanding the mechanism of thrombocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
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Importance of Experimental Environmental Conditions in Estimating Risks and Associated Uncertainty of Transgenic Fish Prior to Entry into Nature. Sci Rep 2019; 9:406. [PMID: 30674960 PMCID: PMC6344593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonids show a high degree of phenotypic plasticity that can differ among genotypes, and this variation is one of the major factors contributing to uncertainty in extrapolating laboratory-based risk assessment data to nature. Many studies have examined the relative growth and survival of transgenic and non-transgenic salmonids, and the results have been highly variable due to genotype × environment interactions. The relative survival of fast- and slow-growing strains can reverse depending on the environment, but it is not clear which specific environmental characteristics are driving these responses. To address this question, two experiments were designed where environmental conditions were varied to investigate the contribution of rearing density, food amount, food type, habitat complexity, and risk of predation on relative growth and survival of fast-growing transgenic and slow-growing wild-type coho salmon. The first experiment altered density (high vs. low) and food amount (high vs. low). Density impacted the relative growth of the genotypes, where transgenic fish grew more than non-transgenic fish in low density streams, regardless of food level. Density also affected survival, with high density causing increased mortality for both genotypes, but the mortality of transgenic relative to non-transgenic fish was lower within the high-density streams, regardless of food level. The second experiment altered habitat complexity (simple vs. complex), food type (artificial vs. natural), amount of food (normal vs. satiation), and risk of predation (present vs. absent). Results from this experiment showed that genotype affected growth and survival, but genotype effects were modulated by one or more environmental factors. The effect of genotype on survival was influenced by all examined environmental factors, such that no predictable trend in relative survival of transgenic versus non-transgenic fry emerged. This was primarily due to variations in survival of non-transgenic fish under different environmental conditions (non-transgenic fry had highest survival in hatchery conditions, and lowest survival in complex conditions with natural food fed at a normal level with or without predators). Transgenic fry survival was only significantly influenced by predator presence. The effects of genotype on mass and length were significantly modulated by food type only. Transgenic fry were able to gain a large size advantage over non-transgenic fish when fed artificial food under all habitat types. These experiments support the observations of dynamic responses in growth and survival depending on the environment, and demonstrate the challenge of applying laboratory-based experiments to risk assessment in nature.
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Leggatt R, Dhillon R, Mimeault C, Johnson N, Richards J, Devlin R. Low-temperature tolerances of tropical fish with potential transgenic applications in relation to winter water temperatures in Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Application of fluorescent protein transgenes in tropical freshwater fish is used in research (e.g., in zebrafish) and in the commercial ornamental aquarium trade. To assess the overwinter potential of such fish in Canada, we examined the minimum temperature tolerance of three wild-type species (zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822); black tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895); tiger barb, Puntius tetrazona (Bleeker, 1855)) used as fluorescent models in the aquarium trade, as well as four lines of green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic and wild-type zebrafish used in research. Both tetra and barb had lower temperature tolerance limits that were higher than surveyed winter temperatures in Canada, and the lower tolerance limits of zebrafish lines was only within the range of a few surveyed lakes in some years. One line of GFP zebrafish had a lower temperature tolerance limit that was significantly higher than those of other lines, suggesting that some fluorescent transgene constructs may alter tolerance to extreme temperatures. When lines of zebrafish were reared at 8, 10, or 28 °C for 4 months, all lines were capable of producing viable embryos after cold rearing. These results indicate that tropical transgenic fish models used in research and in the aquarium trade are not expected to persist over winter in Canadian water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Leggatt
- Centre for Aquaculture and the Environment, Centre for Biotechnology and Regulatory Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - R.S. Dhillon
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - C. Mimeault
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - N. Johnson
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - J.G. Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - R.H. Devlin
- Centre for Aquaculture and the Environment, Centre for Biotechnology and Regulatory Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
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Li L, Wojtowicz JL, Malin JH, Huang T, Lee EB, Chen Z. GnRH-mediated olfactory and visual inputs promote mating-like behaviors in male zebrafish. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174143. [PMID: 28329004 PMCID: PMC5362193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The engagement of sexual behaviors is regulated by a number of factors which include gene expression, hormone circulation, and multi-sensory information integration. In zebrafish, when a male and a female are placed in the same container, they show mating-like behaviors regardless of whether they are kept together or separated by a net. No mating-like behaviors are observed when same-sex animals are put together. Through the olfacto-visual centrifugal pathway, activation of the terminalis nerve in the olfactory bulb increases GnRH signaling in the brain and triggers mating-like behaviors between males. In zebrafish mutants or wild-type fish in which the olfacto-visual centrifugal pathway is impaired or chemically ablated, in response to odor stimulation the mating-like behaviors between males are no longer evident. Together, the data suggest that the combination of olfactory and visual signals alter male zebrafish's mating-like behaviors via GnRH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer L. Wojtowicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - John H. Malin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan,China
| | - Eric B. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Zijiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan,China
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