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Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Studies of Murine Hepatosplenic Tissues Affected by Chronic Toxoplasmosis. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:2165205. [PMID: 35755604 PMCID: PMC9225867 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2165205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a serious health problem in humans and animals resulting from obligatory intracellular invasion of reticuloendothelial tissue by Toxoplasma gondii. The profound pathologic effect of toxoplasmosis is confined to nervous tissue, but many other organs, including the liver and spleen, are insulted. Many molecules like caspase-3, CD3, and CD138 are implicated in the tissue immune response in a trial to alleviate hazardous toxoplasmosis impact. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic toxoplasmosis on the liver and spleen tissues of mice using biochemical and histopathological techniques and to detect the activity and level of expression of caspase-3, CD3, and CD138 in these tissues using immunohistochemical labeling. Compared with normal control, altered normal histological features accompanied by inflammatory reaction were recorded in hepatosplenic reticuloendothelial tissues in chronically infected mice. The biochemical profile of the liver has been changed in the form of increased liver enzymes, and oxidative stress has been evidenced by elevated nitric oxide (NO) concentration in liver homogenate. The levels of caspase3, CD3, and CD138 were markedly expressed in the liver and spleen of infected mice. Our findings revealed the persistent effect of latent toxoplasmosis on the host's histological architecture, metabolic, and immunological profile, creating a continued challenging host-parasite relationship.
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He H, Li Z, Lu J, Qiang W, Jiang S, Xu Y, Fu W, Zhai X, Zhou L, Qian M, Du J. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals clonal diversity and prognostic genes of relapsed multiple myeloma. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e757. [PMID: 35297204 PMCID: PMC8926895 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous plasma‐cell malignancy. Despite extensive research, disease heterogeneity and relapse remain a big challenge in MM therapeutics. We tried to dissect this disease and identify novel biomarkers for patient stratification and treatment outcome prediction by applying single‐cell technology. Methods We performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) and variable‐diversity‐joining regions‐targeted sequencing (scVDJ‐seq) concurrently on bone marrow samples from a cohort of 18 patients with newly diagnosed MM (NDMM; n = 12) or refractory/relapsed MM (RRMM; n = 6). We analysed the malignant clonotypes using scVDJ‐seq data and conducted data integration and cell‐type annotation through the CCA algorithm based on gene expression profiling. Furthermore, we identified disease status‐specific genes and modules by comparison of NDMM and RRMM datasets and explored the findings in a larger MM cohort from the MMRF CoMMpass study. Results We found that all the myeloma cells in either diagnosed or relapsed samples were dominated by a major clone, with a few subclones in several samples (n = 5). Next, we investigated the universal transcriptional features of myeloma cells and identified eight meta‐programs correlated with this disease, especially meta‐programs 1 and 8 (M1 and M8), which were the most significant and related to cell cycle and stress response, respectively. Furthermore, we classified the malignant plasma cells into eight clusters and found that the cell numbers in clusters 2/6/7 were exclusively higher in relapsed samples. Besides, we identified several attractive candidates for biomarkers (e.g. SMAD1 and STMN1) associated with disease progression and relapse in our dataset and related to overall survival in the CoMMpass dataset. Conclusions Our data provide insights into the heterogeneity of MM as well as highlight the relevance of intra‐tumour heterogeneity and discover novel biomarkers that might be a potent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan He
- Department of Hematology, Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifeng Li
- Institute of Pediatrics and Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Hematology, Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanting Qiang
- Department of Hematology, Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sihan Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaochen Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Fu
- Department of Hematology, Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhai
- Institute of Pediatrics and Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maoxiang Qian
- Institute of Pediatrics and Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Hematology, Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Gopal S, Arokiasamy S, Pataki C, Whiteford JR, Couchman JR. Syndecan receptors: pericellular regulators in development and inflammatory disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:200377. [PMID: 33561383 PMCID: PMC8061687 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndecans are the major family of transmembrane proteoglycans, usually bearing multiple heparan sulfate chains. They are present on virtually all nucleated cells of vertebrates and are also present in invertebrates, indicative of a long evolutionary history. Genetic models in both vertebrates and invertebrates have shown that syndecans link to the actin cytoskeleton and can fine-tune cell adhesion, migration, junction formation, polarity and differentiation. Although often associated as co-receptors with other classes of receptors (e.g. integrins, growth factor and morphogen receptors), syndecans can nonetheless signal to the cytoplasm in discrete ways. Syndecan expression levels are upregulated in development, tissue repair and an array of human diseases, which has led to the increased appreciation that they may be important in pathogenesis not only as diagnostic or prognostic agents, but also as potential targets. Here, their functions in development and inflammatory diseases are summarized, including their potential roles as conduits for viral pathogen entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gopal
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samantha Arokiasamy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Csilla Pataki
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - James R. Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John R. Couchman
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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4
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Kouwenberg M, Rops A, Bakker-van Bebber M, Diepeveen L, Götte M, Hilbrands L, van der Vlag J. Role of syndecan-1 in the interaction between dendritic cells and T cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230835. [PMID: 32701966 PMCID: PMC7377417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that can bind cytokines and chemokines via its heparan sulfate side chains, and has immunomodulatory properties in experimental models. Sdc-1 expression has been reported on dendritic cells (DC) and T cells. The potential role of Sdc-1 in DC-T cell interaction has not been investigated yet. We postulate that Sdc-1 is involved in DC-T cell interaction and may influence graft survival in an allogeneic transplant model. Sdc-1 expression on bone marrow-derived DC and T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Unstimulated and LPS stimulated Sdc-1 deficient DC were evaluated in vitro for phenotype and stimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte reaction. Sdc-1 deficient T cells were evaluated for proliferative capacity and differentiation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction and a proliferation assay. Allograft survival was evaluated in a fully MHC mismatched heterotopic heart transplant model, with either Sdc-1 deficient donors or recipients. Sdc-1 was expressed on the cell surface of unstimulated and LPS matured DC. Sdc-1 deficiency had no effect on expression of co-stimulatory molecules, cytokine production or T cell stimulatory capacity as compared to WT DC. Sdc-1 expression was not detectable on WT T cells, although intracellular Sdc-1 expression could be demonstrated after ConA activation. Sdc-1 deficient T cells showed reduced proliferation upon DC or ConA stimulation and reduced IL-17 production upon ConA stimulation, compared to WT T cells. Sdc-1 deficiency of either allograft or recipient did not prolong allograft survival. In conclusion, Sdc-1 is expressed on the cell surface of DC, where its absence does not affect DC phenotype or T cell stimulatory capacity. Sdc-1 is intracellularly expressed in ConA activated T cells. Sdc-1 deficiency in T cells results in a reduced proliferative response in vitro, as induced by DC and ConA. Sdc-1 deficiency in donor or recipient does not affect allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kouwenberg
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Rops
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Bakker-van Bebber
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L. Diepeveen
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - L. Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Teixeira FCOB, Götte M. Involvement of Syndecan-1 and Heparanase in Cancer and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:97-135. [PMID: 32274708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan-1 acts as an important co-receptor for receptor tyrosine kinases and chemokine receptors, and as an adhesion receptor for structural glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. It serves as a substrate for heparanase, an endo-β-glucuronidase that degrades specific domains of heparan sulfate carbohydrate chains and thereby alters the functional status of the proteoglycan and of Syndecan-1-bound ligands. Syndecan-1 and heparanase show multiple levels of functional interactions, resulting in mutual regulation of their expression, processing, and activity. These interactions are of particular relevance in the context of inflammation and malignant disease. Studies in animal models have revealed a mechanistic role of Syndecan-1 and heparanase in the regulation of contact allergies, kidney inflammation, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Moreover, functional interactions between Syndecan-1 and heparanase modulate virtually all steps of tumor progression as defined in the Hallmarks of Cancer. Due to their prognostic value in cancer, and their mechanistic involvement in tumor progression, Syndecan-1 and heparanase have emerged as important drug targets. Data in preclinical models and preclinical phase I/II studies have already yielded promising results that provide a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C O B Teixeira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
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Hatano S, Watanabe H. Regulation of Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Function by Chondroitin Sulfate in Innate to Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:232. [PMID: 32194548 PMCID: PMC7063991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), is a linear acidic polysaccharide comprised of repeating disaccharides, modified with sulfate groups at various positions. Except for hyaluronan (HA), GAGs are covalently bound to core proteins, forming proteoglycans (PGs). With highly negative charges, GAGs interact with a variety of physiologically active molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and control cell behavior during development and in the progression of diseases, including cancer, infections, and inflammation. Heparan sulfate (HS), another type of GAG, and HA are well reported as regulators for leukocyte migration at sites of inflammation. There have been many reports on the regulation of immune cell function by HS and HA; however, regulation of immune cells by CS has not yet been fully understood. This article focuses on the regulatory function of CS in antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, and refers to CSPGs, such as versican and biglycan, and the cell surface proteoglycan, syndecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Hatano
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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Gaffal E, Kemter AM, Scheu S, Leite Dantas R, Vogt J, Baune B, Tüting T, Zimmer A, Alferink J. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Modulates Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Their Capacity to Induce Hapten-Induced Contact Hypersensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020475. [PMID: 31940843 PMCID: PMC7013892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is an established animal model for allergic contact dermatitis. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the sensitization phase of CHS by initiating T cell responses to topically applied haptens. The cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) modulate DC functions and inflammatory skin responses, but their influence on the capacity of haptenized DCs to induce CHS is still unknown. We found lower CHS responses to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) in wild type (WT) mice after adoptive transfer of haptenized Cnr2-/- and Cnr1-/-/Cnr2-/- bone marrow (BM) DCs as compared to transfer of WT DCs. In contrast, induction of CHS was not affected in WT recipients after transfer of Cnr1-/- DCs. In vitro stimulated Cnr2-/- DCs showed lower CCR7 and CXCR4 expression when compared to WT cells, while in vitro migration towards the chemokine ligands was not affected by CB2. Upregulation of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules was also reduced in Cnr2-/- DCs. This study demonstrates that CB2 modulates the maturation phenotype of DCs but not their chemotactic capacities in vitro. These findings and the fact that CHS responses mediated by Cnr2-/- DCs are reduced suggest that CB2 is a promising target for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/genetics
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/immunology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/toxicity
- Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR7/genetics
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gaffal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Andrea M. Kemter
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.M.K.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Rafael Leite Dantas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.V.); (B.B.)
| | - Jens Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.V.); (B.B.)
| | - Bernhard Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.V.); (B.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (E.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.V.); (B.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Wang S, Zhang X, Wang G, Cao B, Yang H, Jin L, Cui M, Mao Y. Syndecan-1 suppresses cell growth and migration via blocking JAK1/STAT3 and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways in human colorectal carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1160. [PMID: 31783811 PMCID: PMC6884902 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndecan-1 (SDC-1) is a crucial membrane proteoglycan, which is confirmed to participate in several tumor cell biological processes. However, the biological significance of SDC-1 in colorectal carcinoma is not yet clear. An objective of this study was to investigate the role of SDC-1 in colorectal carcinoma cells. METHODS Expression of SDC-1 in colorectal carcinoma tissues was evaluated by Reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. After transfection with pcDNA3.1 or pc-SDC-1, the transfection efficiency was measured. Next, SW480, SW620 and LOVO cell viability, apoptosis, migration and adhesion were assessed to explore the effects of exogenous overexpressed SDC-1 on colorectal carcinoma. In addition, the influences of aberrant expressed SDC-1 in Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and rat sarcoma virus (Ras)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways were detected by western blot analysis. RESULTS SDC-1 mRNA and protein levels were down-regulated in human colorectal carcinoma tissues. SDC-1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation via suppressing CyclinD1 and c-Myc expression, meanwhile stimulated cell apoptosis via increasing the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2-associated x (Bax) and Cleaved-Caspase-3. Additionally, SDC-1 overexpression restrained cell migration via inhibiting the protein expression of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and elicited cell adhesion through increasing intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Furthermore, SDC-1 overexpression suppressed JAK1/STAT3 and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK-related protein levels. CONCLUSIONS In general, the evidence from this study suggested that SDC-1 suppressed cell growth, migration through blocking JAK1/STAT3 and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways in human colorectal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Guimei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.59 Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Lipeng Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Mingjuan Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yongjun Mao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No.59 Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
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The Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Molecular and Cell Biology Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225615. [PMID: 31717614 PMCID: PMC6888544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of endometriosis is a multifactorial process resulting in a heterogeneous disease. Considering that endometriosis etiology and pathogenesis are still far from being fully elucidated, the current review aims to offer a comprehensive summary of the available evidence. We performed a narrative review synthesizing the findings of the English literature retrieved from computerized databases from inception to June 2019, using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) unique ID term “Endometriosis” (ID:D004715) with “Etiology” (ID:Q000209), “Immunology” (ID:Q000276), “Genetics” (ID:D005823) and “Epigenesis, Genetic” (ID:D044127). Endometriosis may origin from Müllerian or non-Müllerian stem cells including those from the endometrial basal layer, Müllerian remnants, bone marrow, or the peritoneum. The innate ability of endometrial stem cells to regenerate cyclically seems to play a key role, as well as the dysregulated hormonal pathways. The presence of such cells in the peritoneal cavity and what leads to the development of endometriosis is a complex process with a large number of interconnected factors, potentially both inherited and acquired. Genetic predisposition is complex and related to the combined action of several genes with limited influence. The epigenetic mechanisms control many of the processes involved in the immunologic, immunohistochemical, histological, and biological aberrations that characterize the eutopic and ectopic endometrium in affected patients. However, what triggers such alterations is not clear and may be both genetically and epigenetically inherited, or it may be acquired by the particular combination of several elements such as the persistent peritoneal menstrual reflux as well as exogenous factors. The heterogeneity of endometriosis and the different contexts in which it develops suggest that a single etiopathogenetic model is not sufficient to explain its complex pathobiology.
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Role of cell surface proteoglycans in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:48-67. [PMID: 31336150 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, understanding how tumor cells evade the immune system and their communication with their tumor microenvironment, has been the subject of intense investigation, with the aim of developing new cancer immunotherapies. The current therapies against cancer such as monoclonal antibodies against checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell transfer, cytokines, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses have managed to improve the clinical outcome of the patients. However, in some tumor entities, the response is limited and could benefit from the identification of novel therapeutic targets. It is known that tumor-extracellular matrix interplay and matrix remodeling are necessary for anti-tumor and pro-tumoral immune responses. Proteoglycans are dominant components of the extracellular matrix and are a highly heterogeneous group of proteins characterized by the covalent attachment of a specific linear carbohydrate chain of the glycosaminoglycan type. At cell surfaces, these molecules modulate the expression and activity of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and function as signaling co-receptors. By these mechanisms, proteoglycans influence the behavior of cancer cells and their microenvironment during the progression of solid tumors and hematopoietic malignancies. In this review, we discuss why cell surface proteoglycans are attractive pharmacological targets in cancer, and we present current and recent developments in cancer immunology and immunotherapy utilizing proteoglycan-targeted strategies.
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Corsini E, Engin AB, Neagu M, Galbiati V, Nikitovic D, Tzanakakis G, Tsatsakis AM. Chemical-induced contact allergy: from mechanistic understanding to risk prevention. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3031-3050. [PMID: 30097700 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical allergens are small molecules able to form a sensitizing complex once they bound to proteins. One of the most frequent manifestations of chemical allergy is contact hypersensitivity, which can have serious impact on quality of life. Allergic contact dermatitis is a predominantly CD8 + T cell-mediated immune disease, resulting in erythema and eczema. Chemical allergy is of considerable importance to the toxicologist, who has the responsibility of identifying and characterizing the allergenic potential of chemicals, and estimating the risk they pose to human health. This review aimed at exploring the phenomena of chemical-induced contact allergy starting from a mechanistic understanding, immunoregulatory mechanisms, passing through the potency of contract allergen until the hazard identification, pointing out the in vitro models for assessing contact allergen-induced cell activation and the risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Political Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ayşe Başak Engin
- Gazi Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Toksikoloji, Hipodrom, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Political Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Tzanakakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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