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Dariotis JK, Chen FR, Park YR, Nowak MK, French KM, Codamon AM. Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6197. [PMID: 37444045 PMCID: PMC10341267 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Parentification occurs when youth are forced to assume developmentally inappropriate parent- or adult-like roles and responsibilities. This review thoroughly examines current empirical research on parentification, its outcomes, and related mechanisms to outline patterns of findings and significant literature gaps. This review is timely in the large context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when pandemic-induced responsibilities and demands on youth, and the shifting family role may exacerbate parentification and its consequences. We used the 2020 updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to identify 95 studies (13 qualitative, 81 quantitative, 1 mixed methods) meeting eligibility criteria. Representation from six continents highlights parentification as a global phenomenon. Using thematic analysis, we identified five themes from qualitative studies and five from quantitative studies. These were further integrated into four common themes: (1) some parentified youth experienced positive outcomes (e.g., positive coping), albeit constructs varied; (2) to mitigate additional trauma, youth employed various protective strategies; (3) common negative outcomes experienced by youth included internalizing behaviors, externalizing problems, and compromised physical health; and (4) youths' characteristics (e.g., rejection sensitivity, attachment style), perceived benefits, and supports influenced parentification outcomes. Future methodological and substantive directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinda K. Dariotis
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 904 W. Nevada Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Y.R.P.); (A.M.C.)
- The Family Resiliency Center, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Frances R. Chen
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (F.R.C.); (M.K.N.); (K.M.F.)
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ye Rang Park
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 904 W. Nevada Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Y.R.P.); (A.M.C.)
- The Family Resiliency Center, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Montana K. Nowak
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (F.R.C.); (M.K.N.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Katherine M. French
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (F.R.C.); (M.K.N.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Anisa M. Codamon
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 904 W. Nevada Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (Y.R.P.); (A.M.C.)
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DiMarzio K, Parent J, Forehand R, Thigpen JC, Acosta J, Dale C, Compas B. Parent-Child Role Confusion: Exploring the Role of Family Processes in the Context of Parental Depression. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022; 51:982-996. [PMID: 33769163 PMCID: PMC8464626 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1894943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parent-child role confusion has been shown to influence developmental outcomes for children whose parents have a history of depression; however, more research is needed to understand the pathways by which parental depression increases risk of role confusion. The current study aimed to extend previous literature by evaluating how different family processes (e.g., interparental conflict, guilt induction, family cohesion, and positive parenting practices) contribute to the development of emotional role confusion in families with a history of parental depression. METHOD The sample was comprised of 90 parent-child dyads (parent Mage = 42, 90% female, 83.3% White; child Mage = 11.51, 51.1% female, 75.6% White) participating in the control group of a randomized controlled trial. All parents had a history of depression. A longitudinal path analysis was conducted to evaluate prospective associations in the multiple mediator model. RESULTS Findings from the current study suggest that parental depressive symptoms are not directly related to the development of parent-child emotional role confusion, but are instead indirectly related through increased interparental conflict observed by youth. Although not identified as significant mediators, guilt induction and positive parenting practices emerged as predictors of emotional role confusion. Lastly, family cohesion did not appear to influence the development of role confusion. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that parenting behaviors and coparenting relationship quality play important roles in the development of parent-child emotional role confusion, with interparental conflict emerging as the strongest predictor in families with a history of parental depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa DiMarzio
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology,
Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Justin Parent
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology,
Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Rex Forehand
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont,
Burlington, VT
| | | | - Juliana Acosta
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology,
Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Chelsea Dale
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology,
Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Bruce Compas
- Department of Psychological Science, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN
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Borchet J, Hooper LM, Tomek S, Schneider WS, Dębski M. Parentification in Polish Adolescents: a Prevalence Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:567-583. [PMID: 35958724 PMCID: PMC9360274 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of parentification in a nationwide cross-sectional study. There were N = 47,984 Polish adolescents aged 12-21 (M = 15.60; SD = 1.98; female 52.7%, male 47.3%). The results indicated that more adolescents experienced emotional parentification (toward parents 35.9%; toward siblings 25.2%) as compared to instrumental parentification (toward parents 7.2%; toward siblings 15.5%), which is noteworthy, since emotional parentification is the most detrimental form of parentification in USA samples. Overall, 15.5% of the participants reported a sense of injustice related to their family caregiving roles and 61.2% reported satisfaction related to their family caregiving roles. The results are important given the dearth of prevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M. Hooper
- University of Northern Iowa, Center for Educational Transformation, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Wei S. Schneider
- University of Northern Iowa, Center for Educational Transformation, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA
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Lopez D, de Mamani AW. The interplay of family cohesion, self-stigma, and suicidal ideation in people of color with psychotic spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114639. [PMID: 35597137 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with psychotic spectrum disorders (PSDs) are at an increased risk for suicide compared to the general population. Both individuals with PSDs and communities of color are known to experience a high degree of mental health stigma. People of color also have strong family values that emphasize familial obligations and unity. The current study examined relationships between family cohesion, mental health self-stigma, and suicidal ideation among people of color with PSDs. The study sample consisted of 95 people of color with a PSD [Age in years: M = 38.27, SD=11.99; 65.3% male; 62.1% Latinx, 34.7% Black, 3.2% Other/Mixed]. Measures used were the suicidal ideation item from the BPRS interview, family cohesion subscale from the family environment scale, and three items asking participants about shame, guilt, or embarrassment experienced related to their PSD. In general, family cohesion was associated with less suicidal ideation, even when controlling for gender, education, and self-stigma. When examining conditional effects, family cohesion was associated with decreased suicidal ideation only when self-stigma was at or below the mean level observed. Additionally, self-stigma was associated with increased suicidal ideation only when family cohesion was above the mean level observed. Considering interactions between suicide risk and protective factors is paramount, as roles may shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Lopez
- University of Miami, Department of Psychology, 1320 S. Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, 33146, USA.
| | - Amy Weisman de Mamani
- University of Miami, Department of Psychology, 1320 S. Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, 33146, USA
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Janes E, Forrester D, Reed H, Melendez-Torres GJ. Young carers, mental health and psychosocial wellbeing: A realist synthesis. Child Care Health Dev 2022; 48:190-202. [PMID: 34753209 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that the mental and psychosocial health impacts of caring vary significantly for individual children, depending on who they are, the person that they care for, their responsibilities and the wider family situation. Although individual studies have made progress in identifying the range of impacts, there is a lack of clarity around which impacts affect who and in what circumstances. This synthesis, based on RAMESES realist protocols, aims to increase clarity concerning how and why the mental and psychosocial health impacts of caring for a family member vary for different children. There were 12 391 unique search results screened at title, abstract and full-paper levels. Forty-four retained studies were analysed, resulting in the development of a model with 17 context-mechanism-outcome configurations. The model divides the configurations into three interlinking domains. The caregiving responsibilities domain considers how the impacts of caring vary with the circumstances of the individual young carer, the person they care for and their family. The identity domain details the development of a caring identity that potentially mitigates the negative effects of caring and enables positive benefits. The support domain concerns the support provided from family, community and services that, depending on quality, can mitigate or exacerbate the impacts of caring. Support also moderates the care identity by affecting self-perception of the caring role. The model has the potential to inform the development of interventions that target particular mechanisms to enable positive change for young carers. This potential can be enhanced by further research to test the model, with a focus on refining configurations where less evidence is available. There is a particular need to focus on identification which is under-represented in the model as both a mechanism and a contextual factor due to unidentified young carers being largely absent from past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Janes
- DECIPHer, UKCRC Centre of Excellence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donald Forrester
- Children's Social Care Research and Development Centre (CASCADE), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hayley Reed
- DECIPHer, UKCRC Centre of Excellence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - G J Melendez-Torres
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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Leath S, Wright P, Charity-Parker B, Stephens E. Exploring Black Women's Pathways to Motherhood Within a Reproductive Justice Framework. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:694-709. [PMID: 34984946 DOI: 10.1177/10497323211066869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amidst the increasing push to address racial disparities in maternal health equity, fewer studies have considered Black women's perspectives on their needs, concerns, and priorities regarding family planning care. Such evidence might help address the lack of support and information that many Black women report in patient-provider encounters, and broaden empirical knowledge on the contextual factors that influence Black women's reproductive decisions. In the present qualitative study, we explored Black women's pathways to motherhood within a reproductive justice framework. We drew on individual, semi-structured interview data from 31 Black mothers (25-50 years, Mage = 35 years) across the United States. Using consensual qualitative research methods, we elaborated on three themes: (1) intentional family planning, (2) unintended pregnancy, and (3) othermothering. The findings challenge deficit-based stereotypes of Black mothers' reproductive choices and illuminate how health practitioners can facilitate humanizing conversations that prioritize Black women's family planning goals and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seanna Leath
- Psychology Department, 2358University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patrice Wright
- Sociology Department, 2358University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Erica Stephens
- Psychology Department, 2358University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Pandey V, Talan A, Mahendru M, Shahzad U. Studying the psychology of coping negative emotions during COVID-19: a quantitative analysis from India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:11142-11159. [PMID: 34532794 PMCID: PMC8445258 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus adversely affected the material and mental well-being of the infected individuals and their families. The poor health system combined with lack of fear of infection has created significant negative health effects for people. The present research consider the notable models of coping with negative emotions, including '3Cs' and 'direct action and palliation approach'. With the observation method's help, a detailed perspective was found on people's coping processes, categorized as psychological, control, coherence, and connectedness coping. The present study considers the notable models of dealing with negative feelings, including '3Cs' and 'direct intervention and palliation strategy'. With the observation method's support, a detailed viewpoint was found on people's coping mechanisms, categorized as neurological, regulation, coherence, and connectedness coping. Using the ANOVA and t-tests, a significant augmentation in people's negative emotions was found since the beginning of the pandemic. Using GMM regression technique, 'avoidance', 'proactive preparedness', 'emotional resilience', 'entertainment', and 'spiritualism' were highly significant techniques in curbing the negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the LOGIT regression found cumulative negative emotions and emotions about negative career outlooks to be the most significant to bring negative emotions to normalcy. The study suggests that policymakers design a national-level strategy to strengthen the mental health systems to boost mental well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Pandey
- Department of Commerce, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, University Enclave, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Amogh Talan
- Department of Commerce, College of Vocational Studies, University of Delhi, Triveni, Sheikh Sarai-II, New Delhi, 110017 India
| | - Mandeep Mahendru
- State Bank Institute of Leadership, Kolkata, India
- State Bank Institute of Credit and Risk Management, Gurugram, India
| | - Umer Shahzad
- School of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, 233030 People’s Republic of China
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Stapley E, Vainieri I, Li E, Merrick H, Jeffery M, Foreman S, Casey P, Ullman R, Cortina M. A Scoping Review of the Factors That Influence Families' Ability or Capacity to Provide Young People With Emotional Support Over the Transition to Adulthood. Front Psychol 2021; 12:732899. [PMID: 34721198 PMCID: PMC8555465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition to adulthood is typically marked by changes in relationships with family members, peers, and romantic partners. Despite this, the family often maintains a prominent role in young adults' lives. A scoping review was conducted to identify the factors that influence families' ability or capacity to provide young people with emotional support during the transition to adulthood, and to understand the gaps in this research area. Title and abstract searches were conducted from January 2007 to February 2021 in multiple databases, including PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Sociological Abstracts. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were also conducted with stakeholders (professionals from relevant sectors/working within this field). In total, 277 articles were eligible for inclusion in the review. Following data extraction, 19 factors were identified. Factors with the most research (more than 20 articles) included: family proximity or co-residence; mental health; sex or gender differences; and family communication. Factors with less research included: societal context; young person's sexual orientation or gender identity; social networks; and adverse life events. Gaps in the research area were also identified, including methodological issues (e.g., lack of mixed methods and longitudinal study designs), a disproportionate focus on the parent-child relationship, and a lack of contextually situated research. Our findings indicate that future research in this area could benefit from taking an intersectional, multi-method approach, with a focus on the whole family and diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stapley
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Vainieri
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Li
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Merrick
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Jeffery
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Foreman
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Casey
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Ullman
- Riches & Ullman LLP, Carshalton, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Cortina
- Evidence Based Practice Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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Féres-Carneiro T, Londero-Santos A, Natividade JC. Adaptation of the Parentification Questionnaire for the Brazilian Context. PSICO-USF 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712021260412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Parentification involves a role reversal phenomenon between family subsystems, including role distortions and hierarchy inversion. The purpose of this study was to adapt and search for validity evidence of the Parentification Questionnaire for the Brazilian context. After translation procedures, the authors applied the instrument in 868 adults of four geographic regions of Brazil, of which 55.4 percent were women. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed the solution of three parentification factors (i.e., emotional parenting, instrumental parenting and perceived unfairness) as adequate, with satisfactory internal consistency rates, following the construct theory. As expected, the authors also found relations with other variables; for example, people who presented parentification indicators in their speeches displayed higher levels in the three factors of the construct; while women displayed higher levels of parentification than men. The Brazilian version of the instrument showed satisfactory validity evidence and appropriate reliability indicators.
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Hendricks BA, B. Vo J, Dionne-Odom JN, Bakitas MA. Parentification Among Young Carers: A Concept Analysis. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2021; 38:519-531. [PMID: 38828384 PMCID: PMC11142575 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-021-00784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
There are approximately 1.4 million young carers in the United States alone. Being a young carer can result in parentification, a type of role reversal that occurs when children take on the roles and responsibilities of the adult. The purpose of this concept analysis is to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of parentification among young carers through a description of its antecedents, attributes, and consequences using the steps of Rodgers' evolutionary method. The databases CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched to identify 25 articles. The antecedents of the concept include the dependency of the care receiver and the child's adoption of a caregiving role. The attributes include fairness, obligation, resiliency, individuation, confidence in performing care tasks, cultural normalcy, family system functioning, support system, family resources, caregiver-care receiver relationship, and awareness of the child's needs. Parentification has both positive and negative consequences that impact the young carer. The antecedents, consequences, and identifiable attributes of the concept are presented through this work to provide a comprehensive picture of parentification among young carers. These findings showcase the multidimensional nature of parentification and the broad impact that it can have on young carers. While these findings do provide greater insight into young carers, the fact remains that little is known about this underserved and underacknowledged population. This concept analysis provides a foundation of understanding that specifies potential targets for intervention development, as well as modifiable outcomes, that can be explored through future research and intervention work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A. Hendricks
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Jacqueline B. Vo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Nicholas Dionne-Odom
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Center for Palliative and Supportive Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marie A. Bakitas
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Center for Palliative and Supportive Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Nagy M, Kleppin A, Erford BT, Anderson BM, Smith HL. Psychometric Synthesis of the Parent‐Child Relationship Inventory. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nagy
- Department of Human and Organizational Development Vanderbilt University
| | - Alison Kleppin
- Department of Human and Organizational Development Vanderbilt University
| | - Bradley T. Erford
- Department of Human and Organizational Development Vanderbilt University
| | - Billie M. Anderson
- Department of Human and Organizational Development Vanderbilt University
| | - Heather L. Smith
- Department of Human and Organizational Development Vanderbilt University
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12
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Linde-Krieger LB, Yates TM. A structural equation model of the etiology and developmental consequences of parent-child role confusion. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chiang JJ, Chen E, Leigh AKK, Hoffer LC, Lam PH, Miller GE. Familism and inflammatory processes in African American, Latino, and White youth. Health Psychol 2019; 38:306-317. [PMID: 30896217 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE African Americans and Latinos make up the two largest minority groups in the United States, and compared with Whites, these ethnic minority groups face disproportionate risk for certain physical health problems. However, factors that may protect these groups against early risk for poor health are not entirely understood. Familism, which emphasizes family interdependence and commitment, and is more prevalent among Latino and African American families, may be one such factor. The current study examined whether values and behaviors related to familism were differentially associated with inflammatory processes among White, African American, and Latino youth. METHOD Participants were 257 youth who completed measures of familism values and behaviors and whose parents reported on their ethnicity. Participants also provided blood samples for the assessment of proinflammatory cytokine responses to bacterial challenge and of sensitivity to anti-inflammatory features of cortisol and interleukin (IL)-10. RESULTS Significant familism values and behaviors by ethnicity interactions were observed. For Latino and African American youth but not for White youth, more familism values were associated with greater sensitivity to IL-10. Additionally, for African American youth, more familism behaviors were associated with decreased cytokine responses to bacterial challenge and greater sensitivity to cortisol and IL-10. By contrast, familism behaviors were associated with lower sensitivity to cortisol in White youth and were not associated with any inflammatory outcomes in Latino youth. CONCLUSION This pattern of findings suggests that for African American youth and to some extent for Latino youth, familism values and behaviors may be protective against the elevated risk for poor health they face. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
| | | | | | - Phoebe H Lam
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
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Borelli JL, Shai D, Smiley PA, Boparai S, Goldstein A, Rasmussen HF, Granger DA. Mother-child adrenocortical synchrony: Roles of maternal overcontrol and child developmental phase. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1120-1134. [PMID: 30868558 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of empirical attention is focused on adrenocortical synchrony as an index of biobehavioral co-regulation between parent and child in the context of early child development. Working with an ethnically diverse community sample of children (N = 99, 50.5% male, ages 9-12), we collected saliva samples from mother-child dyads prior to and after a laboratory-based performance challenge task, and tested whether maternal overcontrol and child age moderated dyadic synchrony in cortisol. Results revealed that cortisol levels between mothers and children were significantly positively correlated at pretask for dyads with mean age and older children only, at 25-min post-task for all dyads, and at 45-min post-task for all dyads. Higher overcontrol/older child dyads exhibited a unique pattern of cortisol synchrony wherein at pretask, mother-child levels had the strongest positive correlation, whereas at 25 and 45 min, mother-child cortisol levels were significantly inversely correlated. These findings contribute to theory and research on parent-child relationships by examining parenting behavior, developmental stage, and adrenocortical synchrony in tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Shai
- School of Behavioral Studies, The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Sameen Boparai
- Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Alison Goldstein
- Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Hannah F Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, California.,Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Partington LC, Borelli JL, Smiley P, Jarvik E, Rasmussen HF, Seaman LC, Nurmi EL. Parental overcontrol x OPRM1 genotype interaction predicts school-aged children's sympathetic nervous system activation in response to performance challenge. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 82:39-52. [PMID: 29706406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parental overcontrol (OC), the excessive regulation of a child's behavior, cognition, and emotion, is associated with the development of child anxiety. While studies have shown that genetic factors may increase sensitivity to stress, genetic vulnerability to parental OC has not been examined in anxiety etiology. A functional polymorphism in the mu opioid receptor OPRM1 (A118G, rs1799971) has been shown to impact stress reactivity. Using a community sample of children (N = 85, 9-12 years old), we examined the main and interactive effects of maternal OC and child OPRM1 genotype in predicting children's sympathetic nervous system reactivity during a performance stressor. Neither OC nor genotype predicted children's electrodermal activity (EDA); however, the interaction between OC and child genotype significantly predicted stress reactivity, as indexed by EDA, during the challenging task. Among children with the minor G-allele, higher maternal OC was associated with higher reactivity. In A homozygotes, maternal OC was not associated with EDA, suggesting a diathesis-stress pattern of gene x environment interaction. We discuss implications for anxiety etiology and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erika L Nurmi
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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Rodriguez AJ, Margolin G. Stepping Up, Sticking Together: Military Adolescents' Support of Their Civilian Parents and Concurrent Depression Symptoms. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 47:S278-S290. [PMID: 28278603 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1280802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to assess the ways adolescents in active-duty military families provide emotional and instrumental support to civilian mothers and to investigate the implications of such support for their own symptoms of depression. Eighty adolescents from active-duty military families provided self-report ratings of emotional and instrumental support rendered to their civilian mothers. Mother-adolescent dyads engaged in a 10-min discussion of military experiences, which was coded for adolescents' emotional validation of their mothers. Path analyses showed that adolescents who provided more instrumental support and showed more emotional validation reported fewer symptoms of depression. However, adolescents' instrumental support to the mother was not inversely associated with their depression symptoms when the mothers reported high depression symptoms. Recent military demands did not moderate associations between adolescent support and depression symptoms. In this, the first study to our knowledge assessing youth-to-parent support provision among military adolescents, results suggest that emotional validation and instrumental support given at will by adolescents to their civilian mothers are associated with lower levels of adolescent depressive symptoms. Results also underscore the impact of maternal depression on family processes and emphasize the importance of careful assessment of support processes within military families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayla Margolin
- b Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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17
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Kao TSA, Caldwell CH. Family Efficacy within Ethnically Diverse Families: A Qualitative Study. FAMILY PROCESS 2017; 56:217-233. [PMID: 25801164 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Family efficacy, which refers to a family's belief in its ability to produce a desired outcome, has been shown to protect adolescents from risky health behaviors. Few studies have examined family efficacy within diverse populations, however, and understanding of how efficacy is framed and formed within the context of cultural and familial values is limited. This descriptive qualitative study examined sources of family efficacy within ethnically and socioeconomically diverse families, evaluating how such families develop and exercise family efficacy with the intent to protect adolescents from risky health behaviors (i.e., marijuana and alcohol use and early sexual activity). We collected qualitative data via two semi-structured interviews, 4-6 months apart, with 31 adolescents (ages 12-14) and their parent/s, for total of 148 one-on-one interviews. Thematic analysis identified three distinct domains of family efficacy: relational, pragmatic, and value-laden. Prior experiences and cultural background influenced the domain/s utilized by families. Significantly, families that consistently tapped into all three domains were able to effectively manage personal and family difficulties; these families also had family strategies in place to prevent adolescents from risky behaviors. Health professionals could utilize this concept of multidimensional family efficacy to promote health within culturally diverse families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Sui A Kao
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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