Mitigating role of baicalein on lysosomal enzymes and xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme status during lung carcinogenesis of Swiss albino mice induced by benzo(a)pyrene

Exploring baicalein: A natural flavonoid for enhancing cancer prevention and treatment

Despite years of development in cancer therapy, achieving successful cancer treatment remains a major research topic. Primary means of cancer treatment include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. However, these modalities are associated with limitations and adverse effects on normal tissues. Therefore, there is a search for novel therapeutic approaches that will increase the efficacy of the available treatment while minimizing side effects. Naturally occurring bioactive chemicals such as flavonoids have long been used in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses. Baicalein, an active ingredient in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is utilised in traditional medicine to treat conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and infections. This review focuses on summarizing the data available on cancer prevention and treatment usage of baicalein. Baicalein is thought to prevent cancer progression by inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and genome instability, and its ability to promote chemo-potentiation, anti-metastatic effects, and regulate specific signalling molecules and transcription factors. Baicalein can be a promising option for cancer treatment, either alone or in combination with established anticancer drugs.

The most recent progress of baicalein in its anti-neoplastic effects and mechanisms

Problems, such as toxic side effects and drug resistance of chemoradiotherapy, target therapy and immunotherapy accompanying the current anti-cancer treatments, have become bottlenecks limiting the clinical benefit for patients. Therefore, it is urgent to find promising anti-cancer strategies with higher efficacy and lesser side effects. Baicalein, a flavonoid component derived from the Chinese medicine scutellaria baicalensis, has been widely studied for its remarkable anti-cancer activity in multiple types of malignancies both at the molecular and cellular levels. Baicalein exerts its anti-tumor effects by inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion and migration, inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, as well as regulating cell autophagy, metabolism, the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells with no obvious toxic side effects. The role of classic signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, AMPK, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT3, MMP-2/-9, have been highlighted as the major targets for baicalein exerting its anti-malignant potential. Besides, baicalein can regulate the relevant non-coding RNAs, such as lncRNAs, miRNAs and circ-RNAs, to inhibit tumorigenesis and progression. In addition to the mentioned commonalities, baicalein shows some specific anti-tumor characteristics in some specific cancer types. Moreover, the preclinical studies of the combination of baicalein and chemoradiotherapy pave the way ahead for developing baicalein as an adjunct treatment with chemoradiotherapy. Our aim is to summary the role of baicalein in different types of cancer with its mechanisms based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, hoping providing proof for baicalein serving as an effective and safe compound for cancer treatment in clinic in the future.

Scutellaria baicalensis and its constituents baicalin and baicalein as antidotes or protective agents against chemical toxicities: a comprehensive review

Scutellaria baicalensis (SB), also known as the Chinese skullcap, has a long history of being used in Chinese medicine to treat a variety of conditions ranging from microbial infections to metabolic syndrome and malignancies. Numerous studies have reported that treatment with total SB extract or two main flavonoids found in its root and leaves, baicalin (BA) and baicalein (BE), can prevent or alleviate the detrimental toxic effects of exposure to various chemical compounds. It has been shown that BA and BE are generally behind the protective effects of SB against toxicants. This paper aimed to review the protective and therapeutic effects of SB and its main components BA and BE against chemical compounds that can cause intoxication after acute or chronic exposure and seriously affect different vital organs including the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys. In this review paper, we had a look into a total of 221 in vitro and in vivo studies from 1995 to 2021 from the scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science which reported protective or therapeutic effects of BA, BE, or SB against drugs and chemicals that one might be exposed to on a professional or accidental basis and compounds that are primarily used to simulate disease models. In conclusion, the protective effects of SB and its flavonoids can be mainly attributed to increase in antioxidants enzymes, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reduction of inflammatory cytokines, and suppression of apoptosis pathway.

Baicalein: A review on its anti-cancer effects and mechanisms in lung carcinoma

Plant-derived flavonoids are reported to function as potential anti-cancer agents against different types of cancer. Baicalein (BE) is an important flavonoid found in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis that is popularly used in Chinese medicine as an ingredient in herbal tea preparations to promote wellness. BE has been studied for its several biological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, antiviral, and anti-tumor properties. BE has now been discovered to be an effective agent against lung neoplasm. The molecular factors supporting baicalein's anti-cancer activity against lung cancer and its value to human health are discussed in this article. This would help in identifying BE as a promising competent drug against lung carcinoma. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Baicalein is a flavonoid obtained from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. It has been widely used as an antioxidant, anti-inflam5matory, anti-hepatotoxic, antiviral, and anti-cancer agent. Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world with a high fatality rate. Several studies have found that Baicalein is an important candidate for treating lung cancer. Its mechanism of action includes regulation of cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, autophagy, and so on. Baicalein could be used as a novel anti-cancer drug for the treatment of lung carcinoma.

Baicalein inhibits cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis in human A549 cells and benzo(a)pyrene-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis in mice

Our current study is done to explore the possible mechanisms to elaborate on the growth inhibitory effect of baicalein (BE) in human lung carcinoma. Initially, BE (25 and 50 µM) treatment for 24 h, suppressed the viability and inhibited population growth in A549 cells. BE upholds the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with concomitant replenishment of glutathione, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. The expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 markedly increased after BE treatment will intimidate A549 cells proliferation by the ROS-independent pathway via the antioxidant pathway. In vivo investigations were carried out on BE (12 mg/kg, oral) in benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P; 50 mg/kg, oral) induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. BE induces caspase-dependent apoptosis by increasing the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c accompanied by upregulating the outflow of p53, Bax, and caspase-3 with a concomitant abatement in the outflow of Bcl-2 in both in vitro and in vivo. In the murine model, BE treatment hindered the countenance of proliferation-related proteins (argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions and proliferating cell nuclear antigen). Additionally, appraisal of the cell nucleus by transmission electron microscopic assessment uncovered that BE treatment adequately counteracts B(a)P-induced lung cancer cell survival. During the transition of the G₀ /G₁ phase, BE is arrested in the cell cycle process. This might be the cause of a substantial increase in the appearance of p21^Cip1 with concomitant downregulating the expressions of CDK4, cyclin D, and cyclin E both in vitro and in vivo. Our results conclude that BE treatment induced apoptosis and repressed proliferation both in vitro and in vivo of human lung carcinoma.

Therapeutic potential of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in lung cancer therapy

BACKGROUND

Globally, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer associated mortalities. The current conventional chemotherapy remains the preferred treatment option for lung cancer, as surgical resection plays little role in the treatment of over 75% of lung cancer patients. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel potential therapeutic drugs or adjuvants with a high efficiency and safety against lung cancer. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a common Chinese medicinal herb that has been in use for more than 2000 years, has recently been shown to possess significant activities against lung cancer. However, current research progress on pharmacological effects and relevant molecular mechanisms of S. baicalensis in lung cancer therapy have not been systematically summarized.

PURPOSE

This review aimed at elucidating on the anti-lung cancer mechanisms and antitumor efficacies of S. baicalensis as well as its active ingredients, and providing a valuable reference for further investigation in this field.

METHODS

We used "Scutellaria baicalensis" or the name of the compound in S. baicalensis, in combination with "lung cancer" as key words to systematically search for relevant literature from the Web of Science and PubMed databases. Publications that investigated molecular mechanisms were the only ones selected for analysis. The PRISMA guidelines were followed.

RESULTS

Fifty-four publications met the inclusion criteria for this study. Five anti-lung cancer mechanisms of S. baicalensis and its constituent components are discussed. These mechanisms include apoptosis induction, cell-cycle arrest, suppression of proliferation, blockade of invasion and metastasis, and overcoming drug-resistance. These compounds exhibited high antitumor efficacies and safety against lung cancer xenografts.

CONCLUSION

Studies should aim at elucidating on the anti-cancer mechanisms of S. baicalensis to achieve the ultimate goal of lung cancer therapy.

Dietary 5-demethylnobiletin modulates xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and ameliorates colon carcinogenesis in benzo[a]pyrene-induced mice

The intake of common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), is strongly correlated to the initiation of colon cancer. BaP is a well-known pro-carcinogen that is metabolically activated by xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Studies indicate that polymethoxyflavones, including 5-demethylnobiletin (5-DMNB), exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. However, the effects of 5-DMNB on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and BaP-induced carcinogenesis remain unclear. The combination of BaP and a promoting agent-dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-has been demonstrated to induce tumors in mouse models. Thus, this study aimed to determine the protective effect of 5-DMNB on carcinogen biotransformation and BaP/DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis. Our results showed that 5-DMNB had a substantial inhibitory effect on CYP1B1 induced by BaP and upregulated the detoxification enzymes UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Furthermore, subsequent analyses confirmed that the dietary administration of 5-DMNB markedly ameliorated tumor formation in BaP/DSS-treated mice. Exposure to BaP/DSS also significantly elevated TNF-α levels, and the administration of 5-DMNB reversed this increase. Taken together, we determined that 5-DMNB attenuates BaP/DSS-induced colon cancer through the regulation of inflammation and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. These results indicate that 5-DMNB has significant potential as a novel chemopreventive agent for preventing carcinogen activation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis.

Baicalein Inhibits Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Toxic Response by Downregulating Src Phosphorylation and by Upregulating NRF2-HMOX1 System

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a major environmental pollutant, activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), induces its cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation and upregulates the production of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), a xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme which metabolize BaP. The BaP-AHR-CYP1A1 axis generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces proinflammatory cytokines. Although the anti-inflammatory phytochemical baicalein (BAI) is known to inhibit the BaP-AHR-mediated CYP1A1 expression, its subcellular signaling remains elusive. In this study, normal human epidermal keratinocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with BAI, BaP, or BAI + BaP, and assessed for the CYP1A1 expression, antioxidative pathways, ROS generation, and proinflammatory cytokine expressions. BAI and BAI-containing herbal medicine Wogon and Oren-gedoku-to could inhibit the BaP-induced CYP1A1 expression. In addition, BAI activated antioxidative system nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), leading the reduction of BaP-induced ROS production. The BaP-induced IL1A and IL1B was also downregulated by BAI. BAI inhibited the phosphorylation of Src, a component of AHR cytoplasmic complex, which eventually interfered with the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of AHR. These results indicate that BAI and BAI-containing herbal drugs may be useful for inhibiting the toxic effects of BaP via dual AHR-CYP1A1-inhibiting and NRF2-HMOX1-activating activities.

Chemopreventive effect of natural dietary compounds on xenobiotic-induced toxicity

Contaminants (or pollutants) that affect human health have become an important issue, spawning a myriad of studies on how to prevent harmful contaminant-induced effects. Recently, a variety of biological functions of natural dietary compounds derived from consumed foods and plants have been demonstrated in a number of studies. Natural dietary compounds exhibited several beneficial effects for the prevention of disease and the inhibition of chemically-induced carcinogenesis. Contaminant-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis are mostly attributed to the mutagenic activity of reactive metabolites and the disruption of normal biological functions. Therefore, the metabolic regulation of hazardous chemicals is key to reducing contaminant-induced adverse health effects. Moreover, promoting contaminant excretion from the body through Phase I and II metabolizing enzymes is also a useful strategy for reducing contaminant-induced toxicity. This review focuses on summarizing the natural dietary compounds derived from common dietary foods and plants and their possible mechanisms of action in the prevention/suppression of contaminant-induced toxicity.

Rutin inhibits proliferation, attenuates superoxide production and decreases adhesion and migration of human cancerous cells

Lung and colorectal cancer are the principal causes of death in the world. Rutin, an active flavonoid compound, is known for possessing a wide range of biological activities. In this study, we examined the effect of rutin on the viability, superoxide anion production, adhesion and migration of human lung (A549) and colon (HT29 and Caco-2) cancer cell lines. In order to control the harmlessness of the tested concentrations of rutin, the viability of cancer cell lines was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. ROS generation was measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence detecting superoxide ions. To investigate the effect of rutin on the behavior of human lung and colon cancer cell lines, we performed adhesion assays, using various purified extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Finally, in vitro cell migration assays were explored using modified Boyden chambers. The viability of cancerous cells was inhibited by rutin. It also significantly attenuated the superoxide production in HT29 cells. In addition, rutin affected adhesion and migration of A549 and HT29 cell. These findings indicate that rutin, a natural molecule, might have potential as anticancer agent against lung and colorectal carcinogenesis.

The Fascinating Effects of Baicalein on Cancer: A Review

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a major global health problem. In recent decades, the rates of both mortality and morbidity of cancer have rapidly increased for a variety of reasons. Despite treatment options, there are serious side effects associated with chemotherapy drugs and multiple forms of drug resistance that significantly reduce their effects. There is an accumulating amount of evidence on the pharmacological activities of baicalein (e.g., anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor effects). Furthermore, there has been great progress in elucidating the target mechanisms and signaling pathways of baicalein's anti-cancer potential. The anti-tumor functions of baicalein are mainly due to its capacities to inhibit complexes of cyclins to regulate the cell cycle, to scavenge oxidative radicals, to attenuate mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (Akt) or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activities, to induce apoptosis by activating caspase-9/-3 and to inhibit tumorinvasion and metastasis by reducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 (MMP-2/-9). In this review, we focused on the relevant biological mechanisms of baicalein involved in inhibiting various cancers, such as bladder cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. Moreover, we also summarized the specific mechanisms by which baicalein inhibited the growth of various tumors in vivo. Taken together, baicalein may be developed as a potential, novel anticancer drug to treat tumors.

Plant Polyphenols as Chemopreventive Agents for Lung Cancer

Lung cancer may be prevented by a diet rich in fruits and vegetables as they are enriched with dietary antioxidant polyphenols, such as flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, lignans, stilbenes, and phenolic acids. Dietary polyphenols exert a wide range of beneficial biological functions beyond their antioxidative properties and are involved in regulation of cell survival pathways leading to anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic functions. There are sufficient evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies to suggest that the dietary intervention of polyphenols in cancer prevention, including the chemopreventive ability of dietary polyphenols, act against lung carcinogens. Cohort and epidemiological studies in selected risk populations have evaluated clinical effects of polyphenols. Polyphenols have demonstrated three major actions: antioxidative activity, regulation of phase I and II enzymes, and regulation of cell survival pathways against lung carcinogenesis. They have also shown an inverse association of lung cancer occurrences among high risk populations who consumed considerable amounts of fruits and vegetables in their daily diet. In in vitro cell culture experimental models, polyphenols bind with electrophilic metabolites from carcinogens, inactivate cellular oxygen radicals, prevent membrane lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidative damage, and adduct formation. Further, polyphenols enhance the detoxifying enzymes such as the phase II enzymes, glutathione transferases and glucuronosyl transferases.