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Mani V, Rashed Almutairi S. Impact of levetiracetam on cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis caused by lipopolysaccharides in rats. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101728. [PMID: 37583755 PMCID: PMC10424214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuroinflammation is associated with the elevation of toxic proinflammatory mediators that promote neurodegeneration and subsequently affect cognition. Causes of inflammation in the neuronal cells are believed to initiate various neurodegenerative disorders, mainly Alzheimer's disease. Levetiracetam is a second-generation antiepileptic drug. There is evidence supporting the memory-enhancing effect of levetiracetam from numerous experimental and clinical studies. Therefore, this research focused on finding its protective effects against lipopolysaccharides prompted cognitive impairment and exploring possible mechanisms underlining their neuroprotection. Methodology Two doses (100 or 200 mg/kg) of levetiracetam were administrated orally for 30 days. Additionally, four doses (250 µg/kg) of lipopolysaccharide were injected peripherally to induce neurotoxicity. Behavioral tests were carried out using various maze models. At the end of the tests, brain tissues were collected for biochemical evaluations. Cholinergic, neuroinflammatory, apoptosis, and oxidative-related parameters were analyzed in the brain homogenate to explore the possible mechanisms of action of levetiracetam. Results In lipopolysaccharide-induced rats, levetiracetam indicated a reduction (p < 0.01) in transfer latency using the elevated plus-maze. An improvement (p < 0.01) in novel and familiar objects exploration time using novel object recognition test. A rise (p < 0.05) in novel arm entries and extended time spent in the novel arm using the Y-maze test. In extension, the levels of acetylcholine (p < 0.001), anti-inflammatory factors (transforming growth factor-β1; p < 0.01 and interleukin-10; p < 0.05), and an antioxidant (catalase; p < 0.01) were elevated in lipopolysaccharide-induced rats after the administration of levetiracetam. In contrast, inflammatory factors (cyclooxygenase-2; p < 0.05, nuclear factor kappa B; p < 0.05, tumor necrosis factor-α; p < 0.01, and interleukin-6 (p < 0.01), apoptosis inducers (BCL2-associated X protein; p < 0.05 and Caspase-3 (p < 0.001), and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde; p < 0.05) were considerably reduced with levetiracetam in lipopolysaccharide-induced rats. Conclusion The collective results suggested that levetiracetam may be able to treat neuroinflammatory-related memory loss by enhancing cholinergic activity while reducing neuroinflammation, cellular apoptosis, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem Rashed Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Alsikhan RS, Aldubayan MA, Almami IS, Alhowail AH. Protective Effect of Galantamine against Doxorubicin-Induced Neurotoxicity. Brain Sci 2023; 13:971. [PMID: 37371449 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Doxorubicin (DOX) causes cognitive impairment (chemobrain) in patients with cancer. While DOX damages the cholinergic system, few studies have focused on the protective effects of cholinergic function on chemobrain. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine (GAL) demonstrates neuroprotective properties. We investigated the mechanisms associated with DOX-induced cognitive impairments and the potential protective role of GAL in preventing chemobrain. MAIN METHODS Female Wistar rats were divided into control, DOX, GAL, and DOX + GAL groups. The rats in the DOX group were administered DOX (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice weekly for two weeks), while those in the GAL group were orally administered GAL (2.5 mg/kg) via oral gavage once daily for 15 days. The combination group (DOX + GAL) received GAL (once daily) and DOX (two times per week) concurrently. The body weights and survival rates were monitored daily. The animals were subjected to behavioral tests to assess the memory function followed by the biochemical estimation of inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukine-1β (IL-1β), and interleukine-6 (IL-6) in rat brain tissue and RT-qPCR. KEY FINDINGS DOX caused a reduction in the body weight and survival rate, which was alleviated by GAL concomitant treatment with DOX (DOX + GAL). These groups had reduced body weights and survival rates. DOX-treated animals exhibited an impairment of short-term spatial working memory, manifested as a behavioral alteration in the Y-maze test, the novel object recognition (NOR) test, and the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. Concurrent treatment with GAL (DOX + GAL) showed improved memory function, as evidenced by an increase in the number of entries and time spent in the novel arm, the time spent exploring the novel object, and the transfer latency in the Y-maze, NOR test, and EPM test, respectively. These findings were also supported by biochemical observations showing the reversal of DOX-induced changes in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as their relative expression of mRNA in brain tissue following concurrent GAL treatment. CONCLUSION GAL appeared to be a neuroprotective agent against neuroinflammation caused by DOX by reducing inflammatory markers in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan S Alsikhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtesam S Almami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine enhance object location and working memory performances via modulating CaMKII, ERK and CREB phosphorylation. Neuroreport 2023; 34:299-307. [PMID: 36881754 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Melatonin (MEL) has been reported to enhance cognitive performance. Recently, we have demonstrated that a MEL metabolite N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) promoted the formation of long-term object recognition memory more potently than MEL. Here, we examined the effects of 1 mg/kg MEL and AMK on both object location memory and spatial working memory. We also investigated the effects of the same dose of these drugs on relative phosphorylation/activation levels of memory-related proteins in the hippocampus (HP), the perirhinal cortex (PRC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). METHODS Object location memory and spatial working memory were assessed using the object location task and the Y-maze spontaneous alternation task, respectively. Relative phosphorylation/activation levels of memory-related proteins were assessed using western blot analysis. RESULTS AMK, as well as MEL, enhanced object location memory and spatial working memory. AMK increased the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in both the HP and the mPFC 2 h after the treatment. AMK also increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) but decreased that of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II (CaMKIIs) in the PRC and the mPFC 30 min after the treatment. MEL increased CREB phosphorylation in the HP 2 h after the treatment, whereas no detectable changes in the other proteins examined were observed. CONCLUSION These results suggested the possibility that AMK exerts stronger memory-enhancing effects than MEL by more remarkably altering the activation of memory-related proteins such as ERKs, CaMKIIs and CREB in broader brain regions, including the HP, mPFC and PRC, compared to MEL.
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Mani V, Rabbani SI, Shariq A, Amirthalingam P, Arfeen M. Piracetam as a Therapeutic Agent for Doxorubicin-Induced Cognitive Deficits by Enhancing Cholinergic Functions and Reducing Neuronal Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121563. [PMID: 36559014 PMCID: PMC9781976 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy is known to cause cognitive defects in patients. Our study investigated the effect of piracetam (PIRA; 200 or 400 mg/kg) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cognitive deficits in a rat model. The cognitive parameters were analyzed using elevated plus-maze, novel object recognition, and Y-maze tests. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), neuroinflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)), apoptotic proteins (B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl2 associated X protein (Bax), cysteine aspartate specific protease-3 (caspase-3)), oxidative parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)) were also determined in the brain. PIRA administration offered significant protection against DOX-induced cognitive deficits in all maze tests and restored cholinergic functions via a significant reduction in AChE levels. Additionally, PIRA suppressed DOX-induced neuroinflammatory mediators (COX-2, PGE2, NF-κB, and TNF-α), pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3), and oxidative stress (MDA). Besides, it facilitated antioxidant (CAT and GSH) levels. Hence, our study highlighted that the neuroprotective activity of PIRA against DOX-induced cognitive deficits can be linked to reductions of AChE levels, neuro-inflammatory mediators, pro-apoptotic proteins, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (M.A.); Tel.: +966-508695644 (V.M.)
| | - Syed Imam Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Shariq
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Palanisamy Amirthalingam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia
| | - Minhajul Arfeen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (M.A.); Tel.: +966-508695644 (V.M.)
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Mani V, Arfeen M, Mohammed HA, Elsisi HA, Sajid S, Almogbel Y, Aldubayan M, Dhanasekaran M, Alhowail A. Sukkari dates seed improves type-2 diabetes mellitus-induced memory impairment by reducing blood glucose levels and enhancing brain cholinergic transmission: In vivo and molecular modeling studies. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:750-763. [PMID: 35812141 PMCID: PMC9257867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is one of the serious complications associated with diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of type-2. In this reported work, the effect of aqueous sukkari dates seed extract (ASSE) was evaluated in T2DM-induced rats. T2DM was induced using intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide and streptozocin (STZ) administration. The diabetic rats were then treated orally with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of dates seed extract for 30 days and results were compared with metformin-treated groups. The memory functions were assessed using three maze models. Glucose and insulin levels in the blood and acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase brain homogenates were estimated. The results showed a significant reduction in transfer latency (TL) (p < 0.001) during the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. The novel object recognition (NOR) test revealed a longer exploration time (p > 0.05) with novel objects and a higher discrimination index (p > 0.05). The Y-maze test also showed a significant increase in the number of entries to the novel arm (p > 0.05) and the total number of entries in the trial (p > 0.01) as well as in test (p > 0.05) sessions. Reduction in blood glucose (p > 0.05) and improvement in blood insulin (p > 0.05) levels were also noted. Improvement in ACh levels (p > 0.001) with 400 mg/kg of ASSE and reduction in AChE (p > 0.001) with both doses of ASSE were also observed in the brain homogenates. The results of ASSE were found comparable with the metformin-treated rats. The estimation of phytochemical constituents displayed a significant presence of phenolic content. Further, molecular modeling studies showed ellagic acid, catechin, and epicatechin as the potential molecule interacting with GSK-3β, α-amylase, and AChE and may be responsible for observed bioactivity. In conclusion, ASSE has the ability to alleviate T2DM-related cognitive impairments.
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Mani V, Arfeen M, Sajid S, Almogbel Y. Aqueous Ajwa dates seeds extract improves memory impairment in type-2 diabetes mellitus rats by reducing blood glucose levels and enhancing brain cholinergic transmission. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2738-2748. [PMID: 35531250 PMCID: PMC9072939 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder prevalent across the globe and is known to cause brain dysfunction, especially memory and cognitive decline. The current study investigates the effect of aqueous Ajwa seeds extract (AASE) on type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced memory deficits using a rat model. T2DM was induced by an administration of nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p.) and streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg, i.p.). AASE (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) were treated to T2DM rats for 30 days and the results were compared with the metformin (200 mg/kg). Elevated plus maze (EPM), Y-maze, and novel object recognition (NOR) tests were performed to assess the memory functions. The blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were estimated to assess the anti-diabetic effects of AASE. Acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were estimated from brain homogenates to assess cholinergic transmission. Treatment with AASE resulted in the reversal of behavioral deficits. EPM showed, a significant reduction in transfer latency (TL) among T2DM rats. High exploration time with a novel object and improvement in discrimination index were observed among treated groups during the NOR test. The Y-Maze test improved the entries and also time spent in the novel arm. Moreover, treatment of AASE reversed hyperglycemic and enhanced plasma insulin levels (200 mg/kg: 3.81 ± 0.08 ng/ml and 400 mg/kg: 4.09 ± 0.10 ng/ml) among T2DM rats (2.81 ± 0.15 ng/ml). Improved ACh levels (200 mg/kg: 186.6 ± 9.51 pg/mg protein and 400 mg/kg: 165.5 ± 9.25 pg/mg protein) and reduced AChE levels (200 mg/kg: 0.29 ± 0.02 ng/mg protein and 400 mg/kg: 0.32 ± 0.03 ng/mg protein) were also noted in the brain of AASE treated groups as referred to diabetic group (ACh: 107.1 ± 7.16 pg/mg protein and AChE: 0.51 ± 0.03 ng/mg protein). The above results were found to be comparable with the metformin-treated groups. From the results, it can be concluded that AASE has the potential to improve T2DM associated cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Minhajul Arfeen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sultan Sajid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Almogbel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Barbosa-Méndez S, Salazar-Juarez A. Melatonin does not produce sedation in rats: A chronobiological study. Chronobiol Int 2019; 37:353-374. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1702554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Molecular Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of Addiction, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juarez
- Molecular Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of Addiction, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Ciudad de México, México
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Perry RE, Braren SH, Rincón-Cortés M, Brandes-Aitken AN, Chopra D, Opendak M, Alberini CM, Sullivan RM, Blair C. Enhancing Executive Functions Through Social Interactions: Causal Evidence Using a Cross-Species Model. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2472. [PMID: 31803087 PMCID: PMC6877690 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been theorized that humans develop higher mental functions, such as executive functions (EFs), within the context of interpersonal interactions and social relationships. Various components of social interactions, such as interpersonal communication, perspective taking, and conforming/adhering to social rules, may create important (and perhaps even necessary) opportunities for the acquisition and continued practice of EF skills. Furthermore, positive and stable relationships facilitate the development and maintenance of EFs across the lifespan. However, experimental studies investigating the extent to which social experiences contribute causally to the development of EFs are lacking. Here, we present experimental evidence that social experiences and the acquisition of social skills influence the development of EFs. Specifically, using a rat model, we demonstrate that following exposure to early-life adversity, a socialization intervention causally improves working memory in peri-adolescence. Our findings combined with the broader literature promote the importance of cultivating social skills in support of EF development and maintenance across the lifespan. Additionally, cross-species research will provide insight into causal mechanisms by which social experiences influence cognitive development and contribute to the development of biologically sensitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie E. Perry
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephen H. Braren
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Millie Rincón-Cortés
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Divija Chopra
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maya Opendak
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Shang B, Shi H, Wang X, Guo X, Wang N, Wang Y, Dong L. Protective effect of melatonin on myenteric neuron damage in experimental colitis in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:117-27. [PMID: 26787455 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
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