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Goins LM, Girard JR, Mondal BC, Buran S, Su CC, Tang R, Biswas T, Kissi JA, Banerjee U. Wnt signaling couples G2 phase control with differentiation during hematopoiesis in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00341-1. [PMID: 38866012 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
During homeostasis, a critical balance is maintained between myeloid-like progenitors and their differentiated progeny, which function to mitigate stress and innate immune challenges. The molecular mechanisms that help achieve this balance are not fully understood. Using genetic dissection in Drosophila, we show that a Wnt6/EGFR-signaling network simultaneously controls progenitor growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Unlike G1-quiescence of stem cells, hematopoietic progenitors are blocked in G2 phase by a β-catenin-independent (Wnt/STOP) Wnt6 pathway that restricts Cdc25 nuclear entry and promotes cell growth. Canonical β-catenin-dependent Wnt6 signaling is spatially confined to mature progenitors through localized activation of the tyrosine kinases EGFR and Abelson kinase (Abl), which promote nuclear entry of β-catenin and facilitate exit from G2. This strategy combines transcription-dependent and -independent forms of both Wnt6 and EGFR pathways to create a direct link between cell-cycle control and differentiation. This unique combinatorial strategy employing conserved components may underlie homeostatic balance and stress response in mammalian hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Goins
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bama Charan Mondal
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sausan Buran
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chloe C Su
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruby Tang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Titash Biswas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Kissi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Qian J, Peng M, Li Y, Liu W, Zou X, Chen H, Zhou S, Xiao S, Zhou J. Case report: A germline CHEK1 c.613 + 2T>C leads to a splicing error in a family with multiple cancer patients. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1380093. [PMID: 38686193 PMCID: PMC11056527 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1380093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Genome instability plays a crucial role in promoting tumor development. Germline mutations in genes responsible for DNA repair are often associated with familial cancer syndromes. A noticeable exception is the CHEK1 gene. Despite its well-established role in homologous recombination, germline mutations in CHEK1 are rarely reported. Case presentation In this report, we present a patient diagnosed with ovarian clear cell carcinoma who has a family history of cancer. Her relatives include a grandfather with esophageal cancer, a father with gastric cancer, and an uncle with a brain tumor. The patient carried a typical genomic profile of clear cell carcinoma including mutations in KRAS, PPP2R1A, and PIK3R1. Importantly, her paired peripheral blood cells harbored a germline CHEK1 mutation, CHEK1 exon 6 c.613 + 2T>C, which was also found in her father. Unfortunately, the CHEK1 status of her grandfather and uncle remains unknown due to the unavailability of their specimens. Further evaluation via RT-PCR confirmed a splicing error in the CHEK1 gene, resulting in truncation at the kinase domain region, indicative of a loss-of-function mutation. Conclusion This case highlights a rare germline CHEK1 mutation within a family with a history of cancer. The confirmed splicing error at the mRNA level underscores the functional consequences of this mutation. Documenting such cases is vital for future evaluation of inheritance patterns, clinical penetrance of the mutation, and its association with specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Zou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huafei Chen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Zhou
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Suzhou Sano Precision Medicine Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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3
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Tian J, Wen M, Gao P, Feng M, Wei G. RUVBL1 ubiquitination by DTL promotes RUVBL1/2-β-catenin-mediated transcriptional regulation of NHEJ pathway and enhances radiation resistance in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:259. [PMID: 38609375 PMCID: PMC11015013 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy effectiveness in breast cancer is limited by radioresistance. Nevertheless, the mechanisms behind radioresistance are not yet fully understood. RUVBL1 and RUVBL2, referred to as RUVBL1/2, are crucial AAA+ ATPases that act as co-chaperones and are connected to cancer. Our research revealed that RUVBL1, also known as pontin/TIP49, is excessively expressed in MMTV-PyMT mouse models undergoing radiotherapy, which is considered a murine spontaneous breast-tumor model. Our findings suggest that RUVBL1 enhances DNA damage repair and radioresistance in breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we discovered that DTL, also known as CDT2 or DCAF2, which is a substrate adapter protein of CRL4, promotes the ubiquitination of RUVBL1 and facilitates its binding to RUVBL2 and transcription cofactor β-catenin. This interaction, in turn, attenuates its binding to acetyltransferase Tat-interacting protein 60 (TIP60), a comodulator of nuclear receptors. Subsequently, ubiquitinated RUVBL1 promotes the transcriptional regulation of RUVBL1/2-β-catenin on genes associated with the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. This process also attenuates TIP60-mediated H4K16 acetylation and the homologous recombination (HR) repair process. Expanding upon the prior study's discoveries, we exhibited that the ubiquitination of RUVBL1 by DTL advances the interosculation of RUVBL1/2-β-catenin. And, it then regulates the transcription of NHEJ repair pathway protein. Resulting in an elevated resistance of breast cancer cells to radiation therapy. From the aforementioned, it is evident that targeting DTL-RUVBL1/2-β-catenin provides a potential radiosensitization approach when treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Mingxin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Maoxiao Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Guangwei Wei
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Zhu Z, Li S, Yin X, Sun K, Song J, Ren W, Gao L, Zhi K. Review: Protein O-GlcNAcylation regulates DNA damage response: A novel target for cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130351. [PMID: 38403231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) safeguards the stable genetic information inheritance by orchestrating a complex protein network in response to DNA damage. However, this mechanism can often hamper the effectiveness of radiotherapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapy in destroying tumor cells, causing cancer resistance. Inhibiting DDR can significantly improve tumor cell sensitivity to radiotherapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Thus, DDR can be a potential target for cancer treatment. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of DDR-associated proteins profoundly affect their activity and function by covalently attaching new functional groups. O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is an emerging PTM associated with adding and removing O-linked N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues of proteins. It acts as a dual sensor for nutrients and stress in the cell and is sensitive to DNA damage. However, the explanation behind the specific role of O-GlcNAcylation in the DDR remains remains to be elucidated. To illustrate the complex relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and DDR, this review systematically describes the role of O-GlcNAcylation in DNA repair, cell cycle, and chromatin. We also discuss the defects of current strategies for targeting O-GlcNAcylation-regulated DDR in cancer therapy and suggest potential directions to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Shaoming Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Central Laboratory of Jinan Stamotological Hospital, Jinan Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jianzhong Song
- Department of Oral and Maxilloafacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
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Leem J, Lee C, Choi DY, Oh JS. Distinct characteristics of the DNA damage response in mammalian oocytes. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:319-328. [PMID: 38355825 PMCID: PMC10907590 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a critical threat that poses significant challenges to all cells. To address this issue, cells have evolved a sophisticated molecular and cellular process known as the DNA damage response (DDR). Among the various cell types, mammalian oocytes, which remain dormant in the ovary for extended periods, are particularly susceptible to DNA damage. The occurrence of DNA damage in oocytes can result in genetic abnormalities, potentially leading to infertility, birth defects, and even abortion. Therefore, understanding how oocytes detect and repair DNA damage is of paramount importance in maintaining oocyte quality and preserving fertility. Although the fundamental concept of the DDR is conserved across various cell types, an emerging body of evidence reveals striking distinctions in the DDR between mammalian oocytes and somatic cells. In this review, we highlight the distinctive characteristics of the DDR in oocytes and discuss the clinical implications of DNA damage in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Leem
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Crystal Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Da Yi Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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Rezende TMT, Menezes HSG, Rezende AM, Cavalcanti MP, Silva YMG, de-Melo-Neto OP, Romão TP, Silva-Filha MHNL. Culex quinquefasciatus Resistant to the Binary Toxin from Lysinibacillus sphaericus Displays a Consistent Downregulation of Pantetheinase Transcripts. Biomolecules 2023; 14:33. [PMID: 38254633 PMCID: PMC10813629 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus resistance to the binary (Bin) toxin, the major larvicidal component from Lysinibacillus sphaericus, is associated with mutations in the cqm1 gene, encoding the Bin-toxin receptor. Downregulation of the cqm1 transcript was found in the transcriptome of larvae resistant to the L. sphaericus IAB59 strain, which produces both the Bin toxin and a second binary toxin, Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa. Here, we investigated the transcription profiles of two other mosquito colonies having Bin resistance only. These confirmed the cqm1 downregulation and identified transcripts encoding the enzyme pantetheinase as the most downregulated mRNAs in both resistant colonies. Further quantification of these transcripts reinforced their strong downregulation in Bin-resistant larvae. Multiple genes were found encoding this enzyme in Cx. quinquefasciatus and a recombinant pantetheinase was then expressed in Escherichia coli and Sf9 cells, with its presence assessed in the midgut brush border membrane of susceptible larvae. The pantetheinase was expressed as a ~70 kDa protein, potentially membrane-bound, which does not seem to be significantly targeted by glycosylation. This is the first pantetheinase characterization in mosquitoes, and its remarkable downregulation might reflect features impacted by co-selection with the Bin-resistant phenotype or potential roles in the Bin-toxin mode of action that deserve to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M. T. Rezende
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
| | - Heverly S. G. Menezes
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
| | - Antonio M. Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (M.P.C.); (O.P.d.-M.-N.)
| | - Milena P. Cavalcanti
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (M.P.C.); (O.P.d.-M.-N.)
| | - Yuri M. G. Silva
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
| | - Osvaldo P. de-Melo-Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (M.P.C.); (O.P.d.-M.-N.)
| | - Tatiany P. Romão
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
| | - Maria Helena N. L. Silva-Filha
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (T.M.T.R.); (H.S.G.M.); (Y.M.G.S.); (T.P.R.)
- National Institute for Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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7
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Hernández-Suárez B, Gillespie DA, Dejnaka E, Kupczyk P, Obmińska-Mrukowicz B, Pawlak A. Studying the DNA damage response pathway in hematopoietic canine cancer cell lines, a necessary step for finding targets to generate new therapies to treat cancer in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1227683. [PMID: 37655260 PMCID: PMC10467447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1227683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs present a significant opportunity for studies in comparative oncology. However, the study of cancer biology phenomena in canine cells is currently limited by restricted availability of validated antibody reagents and techniques. Here, we provide an initial characterization of the expression and activity of key components of the DNA Damage Response (DDR) in a panel of hematopoietic canine cancer cell lines, with the use of commercially available antibody reagents. Materials and methods The techniques used for this validation analysis were western blot, qPCR, and DNA combing assay. Results Substantial variations in both the basal expression (ATR, Claspin, Chk1, and Rad51) and agonist-induced activation (p-Chk1) of DDR components were observed in canine cancer cell lines. The expression was stronger in the CLBL-1 (B-cell lymphoma) and CLB70 (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia) cell lines than in the GL-1 (B-cell leukemia) cell line, but the biological significance of these differences requires further investigation. We also validated methodologies for quantifying DNA replication dynamics in hematopoietic canine cancer cell lines, and found that the GL-1 cell line presented a higher replication fork speed than the CLBL-1 cell line, but that both showed a tendency to replication fork asymmetry. Conclusion These findings will inform future studies on cancer biology, which will facilitate progress in developing novel anticancer therapies for canine patients. They can also provide new knowledge in human oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Hernández-Suárez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - David A. Gillespie
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ewa Dejnaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Kupczyk
- Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Obmińska-Mrukowicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Bloomfield M, Cimini D. The fate of extra centrosomes in newly formed tetraploid cells: should I stay, or should I go? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1210983. [PMID: 37576603 PMCID: PMC10413984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1210983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in centrosome number is commonly observed in cancer cells, but the role centrosome amplification plays along with how and when it occurs during cancer development is unclear. One mechanism for generating cancer cells with extra centrosomes is whole genome doubling (WGD), an event that occurs in over 30% of human cancers and is associated with poor survival. Newly formed tetraploid cells can acquire extra centrosomes during WGD, and a generally accepted model proposes that centrosome amplification in tetraploid cells promotes cancer progression by generating aneuploidy and chromosomal instability. Recent findings, however, indicate that newly formed tetraploid cells in vitro lose their extra centrosomes to prevent multipolar cell divisions. Rather than persistent centrosome amplification, this evidence raises the possibility that it may be advantageous for tetraploid cells to initially restore centrosome number homeostasis and for a fraction of the population to reacquire additional centrosomes in the later stages of cancer evolution. In this review, we explore the different evolutionary paths available to newly formed tetraploid cells, their effects on centrosome and chromosome number distribution in daughter cells, and their probabilities of long-term survival. We then discuss the mechanisms that may alter centrosome and chromosome numbers in tetraploid cells and their relevance to cancer progression following WGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Tao L, Zhou K, Zhao Y, Xia X, Guo Y, Gao Y, Peng G, Liu Y. Betulinic acid, a major therapeutic triterpene of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb., acts as a chemosensitizer of gemcitabine by promoting Chk1 degradation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 309:116295. [PMID: 36813244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb., also called as oriental bittersweet vine or climbing spindle berry, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine has been used to treat a spectrum of painful and inflammatory diseases for centuries. Explored for their unique medicinal properties, C.orbiculatus offers additional therapeutic effects on cancerous diseases. The effect of single-agent gemcitabine on survival has not long been encouraging, combination therapies provide patients multiple chances of benefit for improved clinical response. AIMS OF THIS STUDY This study aims at expounding the chemopotentiating effects and underlying mechanisms of betulinic acid, a primary therapeutic triterpene of C. orbiculatus in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The preparation of betulinic acid was optimized using ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. Gemcitabine-resistant cell model was established by induction of the cytidine deaminase. MTT, colony formation, EdU incorporation and Annexin V/PI staining assays were used to evaluate cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and apoptosis in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cell line and H1299 non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line. Comet assay, metaphase chromosome spread and γH2AX immunostaining were applied for DNA damage assessment. Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation was used to detect the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of Chk1. Mode of action of gemcitabine in combination with betulinic acid was further captured in BxPC-3-derived mouse xenograft model. RESULTS We noticed that the extraction method had an impact on the thermal stability of C. orbiculatus. Ultrasound-assisted extraction at room temperature in shorter processing time could maximize the overall yields and biological activities of C. orbiculatus. The major constituent was identified as betulinic acid, and the pentacyclic triterpene represented the prominent anticancer activity of C. orbiculatus. Forced expression of cytidine deaminase conferred acquired resistance to gemcitabine, while betulinic acid displayed equivalent cytotoxicity toward gemcitabine-resistant and sensitive cells. A combination therapy of gemcitabine with betulinic acid produced synergistic pharmacologic interaction on cell viability, apoptosis and DNA double-strand breaks. Moreover, betulinic acid abrogated gemcitabine-triggered Chk1 activation by destabilizing Chk1 loading via proteasomal degradation. The combination of gemcitabine and betulinic acid significantly retarded BxPC-3 tumor growth in vivo compared to single-agent gemcitabine treatment alone, accompanied with reduced Chk1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that betulinic acid is a potential candidate for chemosensitization as a naturally occurring Chk1 inhibitor and warrants further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Kehui Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Department of Medicine, Linfen Vocational and Technical College, Linfen, Shanxi, 041000, China
| | - Xiangyu Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yang Gao
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Yanqing Liu
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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10
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Baran V, Mayer A. Checkpoint Kinase 1 Is a Key Signal Transducer of DNA Damage in the Early Mammalian Cleavage Embryo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076778. [PMID: 37047751 PMCID: PMC10095474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
After fertilization, remodeling of the oocyte and sperm genome is essential for the successful initiation of mitotic activity in the fertilized oocyte and subsequent proliferative activity of the early embryo. Despite the fact that the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle control in early mammalian embryos are in principle comparable to those in somatic cells, there are differences resulting from the specific nature of the gene totipotency of the blastomeres of early cleavage embryos. In this review, we focus on the Chk1 kinase as a key transduction factor in monitoring the integrity of DNA molecules during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Baran
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 040 00 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Mayer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Zhao Y, Zhou K, Xia X, Guo Y, Tao L. Chk1 inhibition-induced BRCAness synergizes with olaparib in p53-deficient cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:200-212. [PMID: 35959961 PMCID: PMC9815235 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although targeting DNA-damage repair by inhibition of PARP exhibits weak or modest single-agent activity due to the existence of functional BRCA1/2 alleles, PARP inhibitors have been gradually applicable in BRCA-proficient cancers. Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibition selectively disrupts homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair and confers synthetic lethality in p53-deficient tumors, we therefore aim at expounding the chemopotentiating effects of Chk1 inhibition on PARPi in BRCA-proficient and p53-deficient cancer cells. Initially, BRCA wild-type, p53-null cells including AsPC-1 and H1299 demonstrated innate resistance to PARP inhibitor olaparib compared to BRCA1-mutant, p53-null MDA-MB-436 cells. We quantified the interaction between olaparib and a selective Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776, which produced synergistic effects under sub-IC50 concentrations in p53-depleted AsPC-1 and H1299 cells. Olaparib in combination with MK-8776 showed enhanced antitumor effects through prohibiting proliferation and secondarily inducing apoptosis in two cell lines. Of note, we observed that MK-8776 significantly sensitized cells to olaparib by broad DNA and chromosomal breaks. Mechanistically, MK-8776 abrogated olaparib-induced BRCA1 intranuclear foci formation, MCM7-mediated replication machineries, and ultimately triggered an accumulation of γH2AX, a well-recognized marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Additionally, we established ectopic expression of hotspot mutant p53 in H1299 cells. Introduction of p53R175 H promoted olaparib resistance as single-agent treatment, but the synergy between olaparib and MK-8776 was still achievable and the region of synergy was produced by lower combination concentrations. These data provide insight into how Chk1 inhibition could be effectively targeted and confer sensitivity to olaparib toward p53-deficient and HR-proficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Medicine, Linfen Vocational and Technical College, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Kehui Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Ahmed S, Alam W, Aschner M, Alsharif KF, Albrakati A, Saso L, Khan H. Natural products targeting the ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113797. [PMID: 36271573 PMCID: PMC9590097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most severe medical conditions in the world, causing millions of deaths each year. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are critical for treatment approaches, but both have numerous adverse health effects. Furthermore, the resistance of cancerous cells to anticancer medication leads to treatment failure. The rising burden of cancer requires novel efficacious treatment modalities. Natural remedies offer feasible alternative options against malignancy in contrast to available synthetic medication. Selective killing of cancer cells is privileged mainstream in cancer treatment, and targeted therapy represents the new tool with the potential to pursue this aim. The discovery of innovative therapies targeting essential components of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related Checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1)has offered a possibility of significant therapeutic improvement in oncology. The activation and inhibition of this pathway account for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity, respectively. Targeting this pathway can also aid to overcome the resistance of conventional chemo- or radiotherapy. This review enlightens the anticancer role of natural products by ATR-CHK1 activation and inhibition. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic synergistic potential when used in combination with other anticancer drugs. Ideally, this review will trigger interest in natural products targeting ATR-CHK1 and their potential efficacy and safety as cancer lessening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer"Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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13
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Johnson J, Emerson JW, Lawley SD. Recapitulating human ovarian aging using random walks. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13941. [PMID: 36032944 PMCID: PMC9406804 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanism(s) that control whether individual human primordial ovarian follicles (PFs) remain dormant, or begin to grow, are all but unknown. One of our groups has recently shown that activation of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) pathway can slow follicular granulosa cell proliferation by activating cell cycle checkpoints. Those data suggest that the ISR is active and fluctuates according to local conditions in dormant PFs. Because cell cycle entry of (pre)granulosa cells is required for PF growth activation (PFGA), we propose that rare ISR checkpoint resolution allows individual PFs to begin to grow. Fluctuating ISR activity within individual PFs can be described by a random process. In this article, we model ISR activity of individual PFs by one-dimensional random walks (RWs) and monitor the rate at which simulated checkpoint resolution and thus PFGA threshold crossing occurs. We show that the simultaneous recapitulation of (i) the loss of PFs over time within simulated subjects, and (ii) the timing of PF depletion in populations of simulated subjects equivalent to the distribution of the human age of natural menopause can be produced using this approach. In the RW model, the probability that individual PFs grow is influenced by regionally fluctuating conditions, that over time manifests in the known pattern of PFGA. Considered at the level of the ovary, randomness appears to be a key, purposeful feature of human ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - John W. Emerson
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Sean D. Lawley
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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14
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Multi-Level Control of the ATM/ATR-CHK1 Axis by the Transcription Factor E4F1 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169217. [PMID: 36012478 PMCID: PMC9409040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
E4F1 is essential for early embryonic mouse development and for controlling the balance between proliferation and survival of actively dividing cells. We previously reported that E4F1 is essential for the survival of murine p53-deficient cancer cells by controlling the expression of genes involved in mitochondria functions and metabolism, and in cell-cycle checkpoints, including CHEK1, a major component of the DNA damage and replication stress responses. Here, combining ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq approaches, we identified the transcriptional program directly controlled by E4F1 in Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer cells (TNBC). E4F1 binds and regulates a limited list of direct target genes (57 genes) in these cells, including the human CHEK1 gene and, surprisingly, also two other genes encoding post-transcriptional regulators of the ATM/ATR-CHK1 axis, namely, the TTT complex component TTI2 and the phosphatase PPP5C, that are essential for the folding and stability, and the signaling of ATM/ATR kinases, respectively. Importantly, E4F1 also binds the promoter of these genes in vivo in Primary Derived Xenograft (PDX) of human TNBC. Consequently, the protein levels and signaling of CHK1 but also of ATM/ATR kinases are strongly downregulated in E4F1-depleted TNBC cells resulting in a deficiency of the DNA damage and replicative stress response in these cells. The E4F1-depleted cells fail to arrest into S-phase upon treatment with the replication-stalling agent Gemcitabine, and are highly sensitized to this drug, as well as to other DNA-damaging agents, such as Cisplatin. Altogether, our data indicate that in breast cancer cells the ATM/ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway and DNA damage-stress response are tightly controlled at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level by E4F1.
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15
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Lohmüller M, Roeck BF, Szabo TG, Schapfl MA, Pegka F, Herzog S, Villunger A, Schuler F. The SKP2-p27 axis defines susceptibility to cell death upon CHK1 inhibition. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:2771-2787. [PMID: 35673965 PMCID: PMC9348596 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1; encoded by CHEK1) is an essential gene that monitors DNA replication fidelity and prevents mitotic entry in the presence of under-replicated DNA or exogenous DNA damage. Cancer cells deficient in p53 tumor suppressor function reportedly develop a strong dependency on CHK1 for proper cell cycle progression and maintenance of genome integrity, sparking interest in developing kinase inhibitors. Pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 triggers B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-regulated cell death in malignant cells largely independently of p53, and has been suggested to kill p53-deficient cancer cells even more effectively. Next to p53 status, our knowledge about factors predicting cancer cell responsiveness to CHK1 inhibitors is limited. Here, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based loss-of-function screen to identify genes defining sensitivity to chemical CHK1 inhibitors. Next to the proapoptotic BCL2 family member, BCL2 Binding Component 3 (BBC3; also known as PUMA), the F-box protein S-phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2 (SKP2) was validated to tune the cellular response to CHK1 inhibition. SKP2 is best known for degradation of the Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B; also known as p27), thereby promoting G1-S transition and cell cycle progression in response to mitogens. Loss of SKP2 resulted in the predicted increase in p27 protein levels, coinciding with reduced DNA damage upon CHK1-inhibitor treatment and reduced cell death in S-phase. Conversely, overexpression of SKP2, which consequently results in reduced p27 protein levels, enhanced cell death susceptibility to CHK1 inhibition. We propose that assessing SKP2 and p27 expression levels in human malignancies will help to predict the responsiveness to CHK1-inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lohmüller
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard F Roeck
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tamas G Szabo
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marina A Schapfl
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fragka Pegka
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Schuler
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Seleem M, Abulfadl YS, Hoffy N, Lotfy NM, Ewida HA. Promising role of topical caffeine mesoporous gel in collagen resynthesis and UV protection through proline assessment. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Caffeine, an alkaloid agent, has been globally used regularly in drinks, for the reduction in skin cancers and wrinkle formation. As a result of the previous, attempts have been carried out to use caffeine in cosmetology due to its antioxidant and UV ray protection effects. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of caffeine on collagen resynthesis via its effect on proline and prolidase biosynthesis on mice, orally and topically as mesoporous silica at three levels, and the influence on UV protection. In skin biopsies of orally and topically treated mice, the following was assessed using ELISA and Western blot techniques, the activity of prolidase, together with the concentrations of proline, beta integrin, insulin growth factor, protein kinases beta, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Moreover, we loaded the caffeine on mesoporous silica and assessed the aforementioned parameters together with checkpoint kinase 1 and Rad3-related protein.
Results
Caffeine promoted collagen resynthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of this process was found at the level of prolidase activity as caffeine significantly increased the enzyme activity. Caffeine also had a protective effect against UV exhibited by the over-expression of beta integrin, insulin growth factor together with the under-expression of protein kinases beta, mitogen-activated protein kinase, checkpoint kinase 1, and Rad3-related protein.
Conclusions
Our study revealed the superiority of SYL-C12 (mesoporous silica-loaded caffeine gel), compromising the high level of the three independent factors, in terms of the measured responses in mesoporous silica with caffeine. Moreover, caffeine promoted collagen resynthesis with significant protective effect against UV apoptotic damage.
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17
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Gillespie DA. When more is less: heritable gain‐of‐function chk1 mutations impair human fertility. FEBS J 2022; 290:1719-1724. [PMID: 35231158 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heritable loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding key regulators of DNA repair and genome stability can result in degenerative progeroid and/or cancer predisposition syndromes; however, such mutations have never been found to affect the Chk1 protein kinase, despite its central role in DNA damage signalling and checkpoint activation. Remarkably, two recent reports now demonstrate that heritable, gain-of-function mutations within the Chk1 C-terminal regulatory domain can cause female infertility in humans. In vitro, oocytes from individuals heterozygous for such mutant Chk1 alleles fail to undergo the first mitotic division after fertilization owing to arrest in G2 phase of the cell cycle. This arrest results from inhibition of the master regulator of mitosis, the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1, through the same molecular mechanisms that are engaged by activated Chk1 to impose G2 checkpoint arrest in somatic cells bearing DNA damage. Remarkably, the failure of this first zygotic division in heterozygotes in vitro can be rescued through treatment with selective Chk1 inhibitor drugs, allowing development of apparently normal blastocysts and offering hope that a pharmacological solution to this cause of infertility may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Gillespie
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias Facultad de Medicina Campus Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de La Laguna España
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18
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Kelly RL, Huehls AM, Venkatachalam A, Huntoon CJ, Machida YJ, Karnitz LM. Intra-S phase checkpoint kinase Chk1 dissociates replication proteins Treslin and TopBP1 through multiple mechanisms during replication stress. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101777. [PMID: 35231445 PMCID: PMC8965152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication stress impedes DNA polymerase progression causing activation of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related signaling pathway, which promotes the intra-S phase checkpoint activity through phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1). Chk1 suppresses replication origin firing, in part, by disrupting the interaction between the preinitiation complex components Treslin and TopBP1, an interaction that is mediated by TopBP1 BRCT domain-binding to two cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phosphorylation sites, T968 and S1000, in Treslin. Two nonexclusive models for how Chk1 regulates the Treslin–TopBP1 interaction have been proposed in the literature: in one model, these proteins dissociate due to a Chk1-induced decrease in CDK activity that reduces phosphorylation of the Treslin sites that bind TopBP1 and in the second model, Chk1 directly phosphorylates Treslin, resulting in dissociation of TopBP1. However, these models have not been formally examined. We show here that Treslin T968 phosphorylation was decreased in a Chk1-dependent manner, while Treslin S1000 phosphorylation was unchanged, demonstrating that T968 and S1000 are differentially regulated. However, CDK2-mediated phosphorylation alone did not fully account for Chk1 regulation of the Treslin–TopBP1 interaction. We also identified additional Chk1 phosphorylation sites on Treslin that contributed to disruption of the Treslin–TopBP1 interaction, including S1114. Finally, we showed that both of the proposed mechanisms regulate origin firing in cancer cell line models undergoing replication stress, with the relative roles of each mechanism varying among cell lines. This study demonstrates that Chk1 regulates Treslin through multiple mechanisms to promote efficient dissociation of Treslin and TopBP1 and furthers our understanding of Treslin regulation during the intra-S phase checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Kelly
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amelia M Huehls
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Annapoorna Venkatachalam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Yuichi J Machida
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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19
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Li J, Cui P, Sun Q, Du Z, Chen Z, Li Z, Liu C, Cao Y, Yang Z, Liu R, Luo M. PSPC1 regulates CHK1 phosphorylation through phase separation and participates in mouse oocyte maturation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1527-1537. [PMID: 34490876 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) underlies the formation of membraneless compartments in mammal cells. However, there are few reports that focus on the correlation of mouse oocyte maturation with LLPS. Previous studies have reported that paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1) is related to the occurrence and development of tumors, but whether PSPC1 functions in mouse oocyte maturation is still unclear. Sequence analysis of PSPC1 protein showed that it contains a prion-like domain (PrLD) that is required for phase separation of proteins. In this study, we found that PSPC1 could undergo phase separation. Moreover, the loss of PrLD domain of PSPC1 could greatly weaken its phase separation ability. The immunofluorescence assays showed that PSPC1 is present in mouse oocytes in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. Knockdown of PSPC1 significantly impeded the maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro. CHK1 has been reported to play important roles in the GV stage of mouse oocytes. Co-IP experiment revealed that PSPC1 could interact with phosphatase serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 5 (PPP5C), which regulates CHK1 phosphorylation. Western blot analysis revealed that PSPC1 could regulate the phosphorylation of CHK1 through PPP5C; however, PSPC1 without PrLD domain was inactive, suggesting that the lack of phase separation ability led to the abnormal function of PSPC1 in regulating CHK1 phosphorylation. Thus, we conclude that PSPC1 may undergo phase separation to regulate the phosphorylation level of CHK1 via PPP5C and participate in mouse oocyte maturation. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism of mouse oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ziye Du
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zejia Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yuming Cao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mengcheng Luo
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
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20
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hSSB2 (NABP1) is required for the recruitment of RPA during the cellular response to DNA UV damage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20256. [PMID: 34642383 PMCID: PMC8511049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic stability is critical to prevent diseases such as cancer. As such, eukaryotic cells have multiple pathways to efficiently detect, signal and repair DNA damage. One common form of exogenous DNA damage comes from ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. UVB generates cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) that must be rapidly detected and repaired to maintain the genetic code. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is the main repair system for this type of DNA damage. Here, we determined the role of the human Single-Stranded DNA Binding protein 2, hSSB2, in the response to UVB exposure. We demonstrate that hSSB2 levels increase in vitro and in vivo after UVB irradiation and that hSSB2 rapidly binds to chromatin. Depletion of hSSB2 results in significantly decreased Replication Protein A (RPA32) phosphorylation and impaired RPA32 localisation to the site of UV-induced DNA damage. Delayed recruitment of NER protein Xeroderma Pigmentosum group C (XPC) was also observed, leading to increased cellular sensitivity to UVB. Finally, hSSB2 was shown to have affinity for single-strand DNA containing a single CPD and for duplex DNA with a two-base mismatch mimicking a CPD moiety. Altogether our data demonstrate that hSSB2 is involved in the cellular response to UV exposure.
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21
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A catalytic-independent function of human DNA polymerase Kappa controls the stability and abundance of the Checkpoint Kinase 1. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0009021. [PMID: 34398682 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00090-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase kappa (Pol κ) has been well documented thus far for its specialized DNA synthesis activity during translesion replication, progression of replication forks through regions difficult to replicate, restart of stalled forks and replication checkpoint efficiency. Pol κ is also required for the stabilization of stalled forks although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we unveiled an unexpected role for Pol κ in controlling the stability and abundance of Chk1, an important actor for the replication checkpoint and fork stabilization. We found that loss of Pol κ decreased the Chk1 protein level in the nucleus of four human cell lines. Pol κ and not the other Y-family polymerase members is required to maintain the Chk1 protein pool all along the cell cycle. We showed that Pol κ depletion affected the protein stability of Chk1 and protected it from proteasome degradation. Importantly, we also observed that the fork restart defects observed in Pol κ-depleted cells could be overcome by the re-expression of Chk1. Strikingly, this new function of Pol κ does not require its catalytic activity. We propose that Pol κ could contribute to the protection of stalled forks through Chk1 stability.
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22
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Liu XM, Chen F, Wang L, Zhang F, Huo LJ. Checkpoint kinases are required for oocyte meiotic progression by the maintenance of normal spindle structure and chromosome condensation. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112657. [PMID: 34081985 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinases (Chk) 1/2 are known for DNA damage checkpoint and cell cycle control in somatic cells. According to recent findings, the involvement of Chk1 in oocyte meiotic resumption and Chk2 is regarded as an essential regulator for progression at the post metaphase I stage (MI). In this study, AZD7762 (Chk1/2 inhibitor) and SB218078 (Chk1 inhibitor) were used to uncover the joint roles of Chk1/2 and differentiate the importance of Chk1 and Chk2 during oocyte meiotic maturation. Inhibition of Chk1/2 or Chk1 alone had no significant effect on germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) but significantly inhibited the first polar body (PB1). Interestingly, inhibition of Chk1 alone could not increase or completely block the extrusion of PB1 like Chk1/2 inhibition. Also, Chk1/2 inhibition resulted in defective meiotic spindle organization and chromosome condensation both in MI and metaphase II (MII) stages of oocytes. The location of γ-tubulin and Securin were abnormal or missing, while P38 MAPK was activated by Chk1/2 inhibition. Meanwhile, Chk1/2 inhibition reduced the percentage of the second polar body extrusion and pronuclear formation. In conclusion, our results further understand the functions and regulatory mechanism of Chk1/2 during oocyte meiotic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Reproductive Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory Animal Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Zhang H, Chen T, Wu K, Hou Z, Zhao S, Zhang C, Gao Y, Gao M, Chen ZJ, Zhao H. Dominant mutations in CHK1 cause pronuclear fusion failure and zygote arrest that can be rescued by CHK1 inhibitor. Cell Res 2021; 31:814-817. [PMID: 33953335 PMCID: PMC8249641 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tailai Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keliang Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shigang Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Han Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids cause cell cycle and DNA damage repair defects as analyzed by transcriptomics in cytochrome P450 3A4-overexpressing HepG2 clone 9 cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:325-345. [PMID: 33884520 PMCID: PMC8986750 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a large group of highly toxic chemical compounds, which are found as cross-contaminants in numerous food products (e.g., honey), dietary supplements, herbal teas, and pharmaceutical herbal medicines. PA contaminations are responsible for serious hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis. Health authorities have to set legal limit values to guarantee the safe consumption of plant-based nutritional and medical products without harmful health. Toxicological and chemical analytical methods are conventionally applied to determine legally permitted limit values for PAs. In the present investigation, we applied a highly sensitive transcriptomic approach to investigate the effect of low concentrations of five PAs (lasiocarpine, riddelliine, lycopsamine, echimidine, and monocrotaline) on human cytochrome P450 3A4-overexpressing HepG2 clone 9 hepatocytes. The transcriptomic profiling of deregulated gene expression indicated that the PAs disrupted important signaling pathways related to cell cycle regulation and DNA damage repair in the transfected hepatocytes, which may explain the carcinogenic PA effects. As PAs affected the expression of genes that involved in cell cycle regulation, we applied flow cytometric cell cycle analyses to verify the transcriptomic data. Interestingly, PA treatment led to an arrest in the S phase of the cell cycle, and this effect was more pronounced with more toxic PAs (i.e., lasiocarpine and riddelliine) than with the less toxic monocrotaline. Using immunofluorescence, high fractions of cells were detected with chromosome congression defects upon PA treatment, indicating mitotic failure. In conclusion, the tested PAs revealed threshold concentrations, above which crucial signaling pathways were deregulated resulting in cell damage and carcinogenesis. Cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair point to the mutagenicity of PAs. The disturbance of chromosome congression is a novel mechanism of Pas, which may also contribute to PA-mediated carcinogenesis. Transcriptomic, cell cycle, and immunofluorescence analyses should supplement the standard techniques in toxicology to unravel the biological effects of PA exposure in liver cells as the primary target during metabolization of PAs.
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25
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Critical role of SMG7 in activation of the ATR-CHK1 axis in response to genotoxic stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7502. [PMID: 33820915 PMCID: PMC8021557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CHK1 is a crucial DNA damage checkpoint kinase and its activation, which requires ATR and RAD17, leads to inhibition of DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Recently, we reported that SMG7 stabilizes and activates p53 to induce G1 arrest upon DNA damage; here we show that SMG7 plays a critical role in the activation of the ATR-CHK1 axis. Following genotoxic stress, SMG7-null cells exhibit deficient ATR signaling, indicated by the attenuated phosphorylation of CHK1 and RPA32, and importantly, unhindered DNA replication and fork progression. Through its 14-3-3 domain, SMG7 interacts directly with the Ser635-phosphorylated RAD17 and promotes chromatin retention of the 9-1-1 complex by the RAD17-RFC, an essential step to CHK1 activation. Furthermore, through maintenance of CHK1 activity, SMG7 controls G2-M transition and facilitates orderly cell cycle progression during recovery from replication stress. Taken together, our data reveals SMG7 as an indispensable signaling component in the ATR-CHK1 pathway during genotoxic stress response.
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26
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Herbert KJ, Puliyadi R, Prevo R, Rodriguez-Berriguete G, Ryan A, Ramadan K, Higgins GS. Targeting TOPK sensitises tumour cells to radiation-induced damage by enhancing replication stress. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1333-1346. [PMID: 33168956 PMCID: PMC8027845 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T-LAK-originated protein kinase (TOPK) overexpression is a feature of multiple cancers, yet is absent from most phenotypically normal tissues. As such, TOPK expression profiling and the development of TOPK-targeting pharmaceutical agents have raised hopes for its future potential in the development of targeted therapeutics. Results presented in this paper confirm the value of TOPK as a potential target for the treatment of solid tumours, and demonstrate the efficacy of a TOPK inhibitor (OTS964) when used in combination with radiation treatment. Using H460 and Calu-6 lung cancer xenograft models, we show that pharmaceutical inhibition of TOPK potentiates the efficacy of fractionated irradiation. Furthermore, we provide in vitro evidence that TOPK plays a hitherto unknown role during S phase, showing that TOPK depletion increases fork stalling and collapse under conditions of replication stress and exogenous DNA damage. Transient knockdown of TOPK was shown to impair recovery from fork stalling and to increase the formation of replication-associated single-stranded DNA foci in H460 lung cancer cells. We also show that TOPK interacts directly with CHK1 and Cdc25c, two key players in the checkpoint signalling pathway activated after replication fork collapse. This study thus provides novel insights into the mechanism by which TOPK activity supports the survival of cancer cells, facilitating checkpoint signalling in response to replication stress and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J Herbert
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rathi Puliyadi
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Remko Prevo
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gonzalo Rodriguez-Berriguete
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson Ryan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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27
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Day M, Parry-Morris S, Houghton-Gisby J, Oliver AW, Pearl LH. Structural basis for recruitment of the CHK1 DNA damage kinase by the CLASPIN scaffold protein. Structure 2021; 29:531-539.e3. [PMID: 33789090 PMCID: PMC8204404 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CHK1 is a protein kinase that functions downstream of activated ATR to phosphorylate multiple targets as part of intra-S and G2/M DNA damage checkpoints. Its role in allowing cells to survive replicative stress has made it an important target for anti-cancer drug discovery. Activation of CHK1 by ATR depends on their mutual interaction with CLASPIN, a natively unstructured protein that interacts with CHK1 through a cluster of phosphorylation sites in its C-terminal half. We have now determined the crystal structure of the kinase domain of CHK1 bound to a high-affinity motif from CLASPIN. Our data show that CLASPIN engages a conserved site on CHK1 adjacent to the substrate-binding cleft, involved in phosphate sensing in other kinases. The CLASPIN motif is not phosphorylated by CHK1, nor does it affect phosphorylation of a CDC25 substrate peptide, suggesting that it functions purely as a scaffold for CHK1 activation by ATR. Novel crystal forms of the CHK1 kinase domain are reported Nucleotide-bound CHK1 structure Phosphorylated CLASPIN peptide-bound CHK1 structure CHK1-CLASPIN interaction does not affect kinase kinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Day
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Sarah Parry-Morris
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Jack Houghton-Gisby
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Antony W Oliver
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - Laurence H Pearl
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
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28
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Gorecki L, Andrs M, Korabecny J. Clinical Candidates Targeting the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 Axis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:795. [PMID: 33672884 PMCID: PMC7918546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective killing of cancer cells while sparing healthy ones is the principle of the perfect cancer treatment and the primary aim of many oncologists, molecular biologists, and medicinal chemists. To achieve this goal, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms that distinguish cancer cells from healthy ones. Accordingly, several clinical candidates that use particular mutations in cell-cycle progressions have been developed to kill cancer cells. As the majority of cancer cells have defects in G1 control, targeting the subsequent intra‑S or G2/M checkpoints has also been extensively pursued. This review focuses on clinical candidates that target the kinases involved in intra‑S and G2/M checkpoints, namely, ATR, CHK1, and WEE1 inhibitors. It provides insight into their current status and future perspectives for anticancer treatment. Overall, even though CHK1 inhibitors are still far from clinical establishment, promising accomplishments with ATR and WEE1 inhibitors in phase II trials present a positive outlook for patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin Andrs
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.G.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (L.G.); (M.A.)
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29
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Awate S, Sommers JA, Datta A, Nayak S, Bellani MA, Yang O, Dunn CA, Nicolae CM, Moldovan GL, Seidman MM, Cantor SB, Brosh RM. FANCJ compensates for RAP80 deficiency and suppresses genomic instability induced by interstrand cross-links. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9161-9180. [PMID: 32797166 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FANCJ, a DNA helicase and interacting partner of the tumor suppressor BRCA1, is crucial for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL), a highly toxic lesion that leads to chromosomal instability and perturbs normal transcription. In diploid cells, FANCJ is believed to operate in homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB); however, its precise role and molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Moreover, compensatory mechanisms of ICL resistance when FANCJ is deficient have not been explored. In this work, we conducted a siRNA screen to identify genes of the DNA damage response/DNA repair regime that when acutely depleted sensitize FANCJ CRISPR knockout cells to a low concentration of the DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C (MMC). One of the top hits from the screen was RAP80, a protein that recruits repair machinery to broken DNA ends and regulates DNA end-processing. Concomitant loss of FANCJ and RAP80 not only accentuates DNA damage levels in human cells but also adversely affects the cell cycle checkpoint, resulting in profound chromosomal instability. Genetic complementation experiments demonstrated that both FANCJ's catalytic activity and interaction with BRCA1 are important for ICL resistance when RAP80 is deficient. The elevated RPA and RAD51 foci in cells co-deficient of FANCJ and RAP80 exposed to MMC are attributed to single-stranded DNA created by Mre11 and CtIP nucleases. Altogether, our cell-based findings together with biochemical studies suggest a critical function of FANCJ to suppress incompletely processed and toxic joint DNA molecules during repair of ICL-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Awate
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua A Sommers
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arindam Datta
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School - UMASS Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marina A Bellani
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Dunn
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Michael M Seidman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School - UMASS Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Sun J, Zhu Z, Li W, Shen M, Cao C, Sun Q, Guo Z, Liu L, Wu D. UBE2T-regulated H2AX monoubiquitination induces hepatocellular carcinoma radioresistance by facilitating CHK1 activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:222. [PMID: 33087136 PMCID: PMC7576867 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Radioresistance is the major obstacle in radiation therapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dysregulation of DNA damage response (DDR), which includes DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints activation, leads to radioresistance and limits radiotherapy efficacy in HCC patients. However, the underlying mechanism have not been clearly understood. Methods We obtained 7 pairs of HCC tissues and corresponding non-tumor tissues, and UBE2T was identified as one of the most upregulated genes. The radioresistant role of UBE2T was examined by colony formation assays in vitro and xenograft tumor models in vivo. Comet assay, cell cycle flow cytometry and γH2AX foci measurement were used to investigate the mechanism by which UBE2T mediating DDR. Chromatin fractionation and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1(CHK1) activation. Finally, we analyzed clinical data from HCC patients to verify the function of UBE2T. Results Here, we found that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T) was upregulated in HCC tissues, and the HCC patients with higher UBE2T levels exhibited poorer outcomes. Functional studies indicated that UBE2T increased HCC radioresistance in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, UBE2T-RNF8, was identified as the E2-E3 pair, physically bonded with and monoubiquitinated histone variant H2AX/γH2AX upon radiation exposure. UBE2T-regulated H2AX/γH2AX monoubiquitination facilitated phosphorylation of CHK1 for activation and CHK1 release from the chromatin to cytosol for degradation. The interruption of UBE2T-mediated monoubiquitination on H2AX/γH2AX, including E2-enzyme-deficient mutation (C86A) of UBE2T and monoubiquitination-site-deficient mutation (K119/120R) of H2AX, cannot effectively activate CHK1. Moreover, genetical and pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 impaired the radioresistant role of UBE2T in HCC. Furthermore, clinical data suggested that the HCC patients with higher UBE2T levels exhibited worse response to radiotherapy. Conclusion Our results revealed a novel role of UBE2T-mediated H2AX/γH2AX monoubiquitination on facilitating cell cycle arrest activation to provide sufficient time for radiation-induced DNA repair, thus conferring HCC radioresistance. This study indicated that disrupting UBE2T-H2AX-CHK1 pathway maybe a promising potential strategy to overcome HCC radioresistance. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13046-020-01734-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhenru Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mengying Shen
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chuanhui Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qingcan Sun
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zeqin Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Dehua Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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31
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Moses N, Zhang M, Wu JY, Hu C, Xiang S, Geng X, Chen Y, Bai W, Zhang YW, Bepler G, Zhang XM. HDAC6 Regulates Radiosensitivity of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Promoting Degradation of Chk1. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102237. [PMID: 33020410 PMCID: PMC7600810 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously discovered that HDAC6 regulates the DNA damage response (DDR) via modulating the homeostasis of a DNA mismatch repair protein, MSH2, through HDAC6’s ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. Here, we have reported HDAC6’s second potential E3 ligase substrate, a critical cell cycle checkpoint protein, Chk1. We have found that HDAC6 and Chk1 directly interact, and that HDAC6 ubiquitinates Chk1 in vivo and in vitro. Specifically, HDAC6 interacts with Chk1 via the DAC1 domain, which contains its ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. During the cell cycle, Chk1 protein levels fluctuate, peaking at the G2 phase, subsequently resolving via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and thereby allowing cells to progress to the M phase. However, in HDAC6 knockdown non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, Chk1 is constitutively active and fails to resolve post-ionizing radiation (IR), and this enhanced Chk1 activity leads to preferential G2 arrest in HDAC6 knockdown cells accompanied by a reduction in colony formation capacity and viability. Depletion or pharmacological inhibition of Chk1 in HDAC6 knockdown cells reverses this radiosensitive phenotype, suggesting that the radiosensitivity of HDAC6 knockdown cells is dependent on increased Chk1 kinase activity. Overall, our results highlight a novel mechanism of Chk1 regulation at the post-translational level, and a possible strategy for sensitizing NSCLC to radiation via inhibiting HDAC6’s E3 ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Moses
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Mu Zhang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R. Street Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (C.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Jheng-Yu Wu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R. Street Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (C.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Chen Hu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R. Street Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (C.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Shengyan Xiang
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.X.); (W.B.)
| | - Xinran Geng
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University,2109 Adelbert Road, Wood Building W343A, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (X.G.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Wenlong Bai
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.X.); (W.B.)
| | - You-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University,2109 Adelbert Road, Wood Building W343A, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (X.G.); (Y.-W.Z.)
| | - Gerold Bepler
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R. Street Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (C.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Xiaohong Mary Zhang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R. Street Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (C.H.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-313-576-8672; Fax: +1-313-576-8928
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Ju JQ, Li XH, Pan MH, Xu Y, Sun MH, Xu Y, Sun SC. CHK1 monitors spindle assembly checkpoint and DNA damage repair during the first cleavage of mouse early embryos. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12895. [PMID: 32914523 PMCID: PMC7574881 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES DNA damage and errors of accurate chromosome segregation lead to aneuploidy and foetal defects. DNA repair and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) are the mechanisms developed to protect from these defects. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is reported to be an important DNA damage response protein in multiple models, but its functions remain unclear in early mouse embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunofluorescence staining, immunoblotting and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to perform the analyses. Reactive oxygen species levels and Annexin-V were also detected. RESULTS Loss of CHK1 activity accelerated progress of the cell cycle at the first cleavage; however, it disturbed the development of early embryos to the morula/blastocyst stages. Further analysis indicated that CHK1 participated in spindle assembly and chromosome alignment, possibly due to its regulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachment and recruitment of BubR1 and p-Aurora B to the kinetochores, indicating its role in SAC activity. Loss of CHK1 activity led to embryonic DNA damage and oxidative stress, which further induced early apoptosis and autophagy, indicating that CHK1 is responsible for interphase DNA damage repair. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CHK1 is a key regulator of the SAC and DNA damage repair during early embryonic development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Alonso-de Vega I, Paz-Cabrera MC, Rother MB, Wiegant WW, Checa-Rodríguez C, Hernández-Fernaud JR, Huertas P, Freire R, van Attikum H, Smits VAJ. PHF2 regulates homology-directed DNA repair by controlling the resection of DNA double strand breaks. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4915-4927. [PMID: 32232336 PMCID: PMC7229830 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational histone modifications and chromatin remodelling play a critical role controlling the integrity of the genome. Here, we identify histone lysine demethylase PHF2 as a novel regulator of the DNA damage response by regulating DNA damage-induced focus formation of 53BP1 and BRCA1, critical factors in the pathway choice for DNA double strand break repair. PHF2 knockdown leads to impaired BRCA1 focus formation and delays the resolution of 53BP1 foci. Moreover, irradiation-induced RPA phosphorylation and focus formation, as well as localization of CtIP, required for DNA end resection, to sites of DNA lesions are affected by depletion of PHF2. These results are indicative of a defective resection of double strand breaks and thereby an impaired homologous recombination upon PHF2 depletion. In accordance with these data, Rad51 focus formation and homology-directed double strand break repair is inhibited in cells depleted for PHF2. Importantly, we demonstrate that PHF2 knockdown decreases CtIP and BRCA1 protein and mRNA levels, an effect that is dependent on the demethylase activity of PHF2. Furthermore, PHF2-depleted cells display genome instability and are mildly sensitive to the inhibition of PARP. Together these results demonstrate that PHF2 promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination by controlling CtIP-dependent resection of double strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdalena B Rother
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W Wiegant
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pablo Huertas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique A J Smits
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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34
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Mai NT, Lan NT, Vu TY, Duong PTM, Tung NT, Phung HTT. Estimation of the ligand-binding free energy of checkpoint kinase 1 via non-equilibrium MD simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107648. [PMID: 32653524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in cell cycle regulation in eukaryotes. Inhibition of CHK1 is thus considered as a promising approach in cancer therapy. In this study, the fast pulling of ligand (FPL) process was applied to predict the relative binding affinities of CHK1 inhibitors using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The work of external harmonic forces to pull the ligand out of the binding cavity strongly correlated with the experimental binding affinity of CHK1 inhibitors with the correlation coefficient of R = -0.88 and an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.99 kcal/mol. The data indicate that the FPL method is highly accurate in predicting the relative binding free energies of CHK1 inhibitors with an affordable CPU time. A new set of molecules were designed based on the molecular modeling of interactions between the known inhibitor and CHK1 as inhibitory candidates. Molecular docking and FPL results exhibited that the binding affinities of developed ligands were similar to the known inhibitor in interaction with the catalytic site of CHK1, producing very potential CHK1 inhibitors of that the inhibitory activities should be further evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Mai
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Thi Lan
- Institute of Materials Science & Graduate University of Science and Technology, Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thien Y Vu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Phuong Thi Mai Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute of Materials Science & Graduate University of Science and Technology, Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Huong Thi Thu Phung
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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35
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Chesnokova V, Melmed S. Peptide Hormone Regulation of DNA Damage Responses. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5818084. [PMID: 32270196 PMCID: PMC7279704 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair pathways determine neoplastic cell transformation and therapeutic responses, as well as the aging process. Altered DDR functioning results in accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage, increased frequency of tumorigenic mutations, and premature aging. Recent evidence suggests that polypeptide hormones play a role in modulating DDR and DNA damage repair, while DNA damage accumulation may also affect hormonal status. We review the available reports elucidating involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), growth hormone (GH), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/gonadotropins in DDR and DNA repair as well as the current understanding of pathways enabling these actions. We discuss effects of DNA damage pathway mutations, including Fanconi anemia, on endocrine function and consider mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 19, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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36
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ATR-CHK1 pathway as a therapeutic target for acute and chronic leukemias. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102026. [PMID: 32592909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in cancer therapy changed the outcome of many patients and moved therapy from chemotherapy agents to targeted drugs. Targeted drugs already changed the clinical practice in treatment of leukemias, such as imatinib (BCR/ABL inhibitor) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), ibrutinib (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor) in CLL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or midostaurin (FLT3 inhibitor) in AML. In this review, we focused on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition, specifically on inhibition of ATR-CHK1 pathway. Cancer cells harbor often defects in different DDR pathways, which render them vulnerable to DDR inhibition. Some DDR inhibitors showed interesting single-agent activity even in the absence of cytotoxic drug especially in cancers with underlying defects in DDR or DNA replication. Almost no mutations were found in ATR and CHEK1 genes in leukemia patients. Together with the fact that ATR-CHK1 pathway is essential for cell development and survival of leukemia cells, it represents a promising therapeutic target for treatment of leukemia. ATR-CHK1 inhibition showed excellent results in preclinical testing in acute and chronic leukemias. However, results in clinical trials are so far insufficient. Therefore, the ongoing and future clinical trials will decide on the success of ATR/CHK1 inhibitors in clinical practice of leukemia treatment.
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37
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Fadaka AO, Bakare OO, Sibuyi NRS, Klein A. Gene Expression Alterations and Molecular Analysis of CHEK1 in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030662. [PMID: 32178478 PMCID: PMC7139733 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the Checkpoint kinase (CHEK1) gene, its regulation, and the possible clinical outcomes in human solid tumors have not been previously examined. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the expression of CHEK1 in solid tumors as well as the mechanism by which it can be regulated through non-coding RNAs. The expression of CHEK1 was investigated using Oncomine analysis. cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and PrognoScan were performed to identify the prognostic roles of this gene in solid tumors. The copy number alteration, mutation, interactive analysis, and visualization of the altered networks were performed by cBioPortal. The molecular binding analysis was carried out by Schrodinger suite, PATCHDOCK, and discovery studio visualizer. The study demonstrated that the CHEK1 gene was differentially expressed in four different cancers, and that reduced CHEK1 mRNA expression is an unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with gastric and colorectal cancer. The molecular docking results showed that the CHEK1 gene can be regulated by microRNAs (miR-195-5p) due to the number of stable hydrogen atoms observed within the distance of 2.0 Å and the favorable amino acids (Ala221, Ile353, Ile365, Ile756, Val797, Val70, Val154, Ile159, Val347, Tyr804, Phe811, Tyr815, and Phe156) identified in the binding pocket of the argonaute protein. Due to the possibility of CHEK1's involvement in solid tumors, it may potentially be a target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Further studies into the interaction between CHEK1 and other co-expressed genes may give further insight into other modes of regulation of this gene in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-630511928 or +234-8039242052
| | - Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi
- Department of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Plant Omics group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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38
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. DNA damage response proteins regulating mitotic cell division: double agents preserving genome stability. FEBS J 2020; 287:1700-1721. [PMID: 32027459 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response recognizes DNA lesions and coordinates a cell cycle arrest with the repair of the damaged DNA, or removal of the affected cells to prevent the passage of genetic alterations to the next generation. The mitotic cell division, on the other hand, is a series of processes that aims to accurately segregate the genomic material from the maternal to the two daughter cells. Despite their great importance in safeguarding genomic integrity, the DNA damage response and the mitotic cell division were long viewed as unrelated processes, mainly because animal cells that are irradiated during mitosis continue cell division without repairing the broken chromosomes. However, recent studies have demonstrated that DNA damage proteins play an important role in mitotic cell division. This is performed through regulation of the onset of mitosis, mitotic spindle formation, correction of misattached kinetochore-microtubules, spindle checkpoint signaling, or completion of cytokinesis (abscission), in the absence of DNA damage. In this review, we summarize the roles of DNA damage proteins in unperturbed mitosis, analyze the molecular mechanisms involved, and discuss the potential implications of these findings in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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39
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Kim PR, Koon YL, Lee RTC, Azizan F, Koh DHZ, Chiam KH, Koh CG. Phosphatase POPX2 interferes with cell cycle by interacting with Chk1. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:405-418. [PMID: 31944151 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1711577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction network analysis plays critical roles in predicting the functions of target proteins. In this study, we used a combination of SILAC-MS proteomics and bioinformatic approaches to identify Checkpoint Kinase 1 (Chk1) as a possible POPX2 phosphatase interacting protein. POPX2 is a PP2C phosphatase that has been implicated in cancer cell invasion and migration. From the Domain-Domain Interaction (DDI) database, we first determined that the PP2C phosphatase domain interacts with Pkinase domain. Subsequently, 46 proteins with Pkinase domain were identified from POPX2 SILAC-MS data. We then narrowed down the leads and confirmed the biological interaction between Chk1 and POPX2. We also found that Chk1 is a substrate of POPX2. Chk1 is a key regulator of the cell cycle and is activated when the cell suffers DNA damage. Our approach has led us to identify POPX2 as a regulator of Chk1 and can interfere with the normal function of Chk1 at G1-S transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Rum Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Ling Koon
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,ASTAR, Biopolis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Farouq Azizan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dylan Hong Zheng Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keng-Hwee Chiam
- ASTAR, Biopolis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Gee Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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40
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Wang B, Zheng J, Li R, Tian Y, Lin J, Liang Y, Sun Q, Xu A, Zheng R, Liu M, Ji A, Bu J, Yuan Y. Long noncoding RNA LINC02582 acts downstream of miR-200c to promote radioresistance through CHK1 in breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:764. [PMID: 31601781 PMCID: PMC6787210 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is essential to treat breast cancer and microRNA (miRNA) miR-200c is considered as a radiosensitizer of breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which miR-200c regulates radiosensitivity remain largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that induction of miR-200c led to widespread alteration in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression in breast cancer cells. We identified lncRNA LINC02582 as a target of miR-200c. Inhibition of LINC02582 expression increased radiosensitvity, while overexpression of LINC02582 promoted radioresistance. Mechanistically, LINC02582 interacts with deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (USP7) to deubiquitinate and stabilize checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), a critical effector kinase in DNA damage response, thus promoting radioresistance. Furthermore, we detected an inverse correlation between the expression of miR-200c vs. LINC02582 and CHK1 in breast cancer samples. These findings identified LINC02582 as a downstream target of miR-200c linking miR-200c to CHK1, in which miR-200c increases radiosensitivity by downregulation of CHK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieling Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanquan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghui Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junguo Bu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Chk1 Inhibitor MK-8776 Restores the Sensitivity of Chemotherapeutics in P-glycoprotein Overexpressing Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174095. [PMID: 31443367 PMCID: PMC6747525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is encoded by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) gene, is one of the most pivotal ABC transporters that transport its substrates across the cell membrane. Its overexpression is one of the confirmed causes of multidrug resistance (MDR), which results in the failure of cancer treatment. Here, we report that checkpoint kinase (Chk) 1 inhibitor MK-8776, a drug candidate in clinical trial, can restore the sensitivity of chemotherapeutics that are substrates of P-gp in KB-C2, SW620/Ad300 cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK)293/ABCB1 cells that overexpress P-gp. MK-8776 remarkably enhanced the cellular [3H]-paclitaxel accumulation and suppressed the efflux function of P-gp without reducing its expression and affecting its cellular localization in cancer cells. Furthermore, MK-8776 (0–40 μM) stimulated the activity of ATPase in P-gp, which was 4.1-fold greater than the control. In addition, MK-8776 formed a cation–π bond and π–π interaction with key residues of the substrate-binding site in P-gp, as indicated by computer-aided molecular docking study. Our study indicated that MK-8776 may significantly enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapeutics that are substrates of P-gp, providing important information for its application in the reversal of MDR.
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42
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Michelena J, Gatti M, Teloni F, Imhof R, Altmeyer M. Basal CHK1 activity safeguards its stability to maintain intrinsic S-phase checkpoint functions. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2865-2875. [PMID: 31366665 PMCID: PMC6719454 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential kinase CHK1 controls cell cycle checkpoint signaling and S-phase progression. Michelena et al. reveal that steady-state activity of CHK1 is required to sustain its own stability and that failure to do so results in CHK1 degradation and sensitizes cells to replication stress. The DNA replication machinery frequently encounters impediments that slow replication fork progression and threaten timely and error-free replication. The CHK1 protein kinase is essential to deal with replication stress (RS) and ensure genome integrity and cell survival, yet how basal levels and activity of CHK1 are maintained under physiological, unstressed conditions is not well understood. Here, we reveal that CHK1 stability is controlled by its steady-state activity during unchallenged cell proliferation. This autoactivatory mechanism, which depends on ATR and its coactivator ETAA1 and is tightly associated with CHK1 autophosphorylation at S296, counters CHK1 ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation, thereby preventing attenuation of S-phase checkpoint functions and a compromised capacity to respond to RS. Based on these findings, we propose that steady-state CHK1 activity safeguards its stability to maintain intrinsic checkpoint functions and ensure genome integrity and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Michelena
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Gatti
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Teloni
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Imhof
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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43
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Cabrera E, Raninga P, Khanna KK, Freire R. GSK3-β Stimulates Claspin Degradation via β-TrCP Ubiquitin Ligase and Alters Cancer Cell Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081073. [PMID: 31362447 PMCID: PMC6721324 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Claspin is essential for activating the DNA damage checkpoint effector kinase Chk1, a target in oncotherapy. Claspin functions are tightly correlated to Claspin protein stability, regulated by ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. Here we identify Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3-β (GSK3-β) as a new regulator of Claspin stability. Interestingly, as Chk1, GSK3-β is a therapeutic target in cancer. GSK3-β inhibition or knockdown stabilizes Claspin, whereas a GSK3-β constitutively active form reduces Claspin protein levels by ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Our results also suggest that GSK3-β modulates the interaction of Claspin with β-TrCP, a critical E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates Claspin stability. Importantly, GSK3-β knock down increases Chk1 activation in response to DNA damage in a Claspin-dependent manner. Therefore, Chk1 activation could be a pro-survival mechanism that becomes activated upon GSK3-β inhibition. Importantly, treating triple negative breast cancer cell lines with Chk1 or GSK3-β inhibitors alone or in combination, demonstrates that Chk1/GSK3-β double inhibition restrains cell growth and triggers more apoptosis compared to individual treatments, thereby revealing novel possibilities for a combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cabrera
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n, La Cuesta, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Prahlad Raninga
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n, La Cuesta, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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44
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Abe H, Alavattam KG, Kato Y, Castrillon DH, Pang Q, Andreassen PR, Namekawa SH. CHEK1 coordinates DNA damage signaling and meiotic progression in the male germline of mice. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1136-1149. [PMID: 29360988 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuity of life depends on mechanisms in the germline that ensure the integrity of the genome. The DNA damage response/checkpoint kinases ATM and ATR are essential signaling factors in the germline. However, it remains unknown how a downstream transducer, Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHEK1 or CHK1), mediates signaling in the male germline. Here, we show that CHEK1 has distinct functions in both the mitotic and meiotic phases of the male germline in mice. In the mitotic phase, CHEK1 is required for the resumption of prospermatogonia proliferation after birth and the maintenance of spermatogonia. In the meiotic phase, we uncovered two functions for CHEK1: one is the stage-specific attenuation of DNA damage signaling on autosomes, and the other is coordination of meiotic stage progression. On autosomes, the loss of CHEK1 delays the removal of DNA damage signaling that manifests as phosphorylation of histone variant H2AX at serine 139 (γH2AX). Importantly, CHEK1 does not have a direct function in meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), an essential event in male meiosis, in which ATR is a key regulator. Thus, the functions of ATR and CHEK1 are uncoupled in MSCI, in contrast to their roles in DNA damage signaling in somatic cells. Our study reveals stage-specific functions for CHEK1 that ensure the integrity of the male germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Abe
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kris G Alavattam
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yasuko Kato
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Diego H Castrillon
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qishen Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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45
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Karimian A, Mir SM, Parsian H, Refieyan S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Yousefi B, Majidinia M. Crosstalk between Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway with DNA damage response and oxidative stress in cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:10248-10272. [PMID: 30592328 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway is one of the well-characterized and most important signaling pathways activated in response to DNA damage. This review discusses the most recent discoveries on the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in cancer development, as well as stimulation of some important signaling networks involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon DNA damage, with an exploration of how PI3K/Akt signaling pathway contributes to the regulation of modulators and effectors underlying DNA damage response, the intricate, protein-based signal transduction network, which decides between cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis, the elimination of irreparably damaged cells to maintain homeostasis. The review continues by looking at the interplay between cell cycle checkpoints, checking the repair of damage inflicted to the DNA before entering DNA replication to facilitate DNA synthesis, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. We then investigate the challenges the cells overcome to ameliorate damages induced by oxidative activities, for example, the recruitment of many pathways and factors to maintain integrity and hemostasis. Finally, the review provides a discussion of how cells use the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to regulate the balance between these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cancer & Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sayed Mostafa Mir
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cancer & Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sona Refieyan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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46
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Chk1 KA1 domain auto-phosphorylation stimulates biological activity and is linked to rapid proteasomal degradation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17536. [PMID: 30510197 PMCID: PMC6277497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage-activated protein kinase Chk1 is known to undergo auto-phosphorylation, however the sites and functional significance of this modification remain poorly understood. We have identified two novel Chk1 auto-phosphorylation sites, threonines 378 and 382 (T378/382), located in a highly conserved motif within the C-terminal Kinase Associated 1 (KA1) domain. T378/382 occur within optimal consensus Chk1 phosphorylation motifs and substitution with phospho-mimetic aspartic acid residues results in a constitutively active mutant Chk1 kinase (Chk1-DD) that arrests cell cycle progression in G2 phase of the cell cycle in the absence of DNA damage. Remarkably, the mutant Chk1-DD protein is also subject to very rapid proteasomal degradation, with a half-life approximately one tenth that of wild-type Chk1. Consistent with this, T378/T382 auto-phosphorylation also accelerates the proteasomal degradation of constitutively active Chk1 KA1 domain structural mutants. T378/382 auto-phosphorylation and accelerated degradation of wild-type Chk1 occurs at low levels during unperturbed growth, but surprisingly, is not augmented in response to genotoxic stress. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that Chk1 T378/T382 auto-phosphorylation within the KA1 domain is linked to kinase activation and rapid proteasomal degradation, and suggest a non-canonical mechanism of regulation.
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47
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Song L, Han X, Jia C, Zhang X, Jiao Y, Du T, Xiao S, Hiscox JA, Zhou EM, Mu Y. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibits MARC-145 proliferation via inducing apoptosis and G2/M arrest by activation of Chk/Cdc25C and p53/p21 pathway. Virol J 2018; 15:169. [PMID: 30400903 PMCID: PMC6219034 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) is an important immunosuppressive virus which can suppresses infected cells proliferation. In this work, we examined PRRSV ability to manipulate cell cycle progression of MARC-145 cells and explored the potential molecular mechanisms. The results showed that PRRSV infection imposed a growth-inhibitory effect on MARC-145 cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. This arrest was due to the significant decrease of Cdc2-cyclinB1 complex activity in PRRSV-infected cells and the activity reduction was a result of Cdc2 Tyr15 phosphorylation and the accumulation of Cdc2 and cyclinB1 in the nucleus. Not only elevated Wee1 and Myt1 expression and inactivated Cdc25C, but also increase of p21 and 14–3-3σ in a p53-dependent manner caused the inhibitory Tyr15 phosphorylation of Cdc2. PRRSV infection also activated Chk1. Our data suggest PRRSV infection induces G2/M arrest via various molecular regulatory mechanisms. These results provide a new insights for PRRSV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Song
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ximeng Han
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cunyu Jia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunjie Jiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Taofeng Du
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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48
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Wang L, Wang Y, Chen A, Jalali A, Liu S, Guo Y, Na S, Nakshatri H, Li BY, Yokota H. Effects of a checkpoint kinase inhibitor, AZD7762, on tumor suppression and bone remodeling. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1001-1012. [PMID: 30015873 PMCID: PMC6065446 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy for suppressing tumor growth and metastasis tends to induce various effects on other organs. Using AZD7762, an inhibitor of checkpoint kinase (Chk) 1 and 2, the present study examined its effect on mammary tumor cells in addition to bone cells (osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes), using monolayer cell cultures and three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids. The results revealed that AZD7762 blocked the proliferation of 4T1.2 mammary tumor cells and suppressed the development of RAW264.7 pre-osteoclast cells by downregulating nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1. AZD7762 also promoted the mineralization of MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells and 3D bio-printed bone constructs of MLO-A5 osteocyte spheroids. While a Chk1 inhibitor, PD407824, suppressed the proliferation of tumor cells and the differentiation of pre-osteoclasts, its effect on gene expression in osteoblasts was markedly different compared with AZD7762. Western blotting indicated that the stimulating effect of AZD7762 on osteoblast development was associated with the inhibition of Chk2 and the downregulation of cellular tumor antigen p53. The results of the present study indicated that in addition to acting as a tumor suppressor, AZD7762 may prevent bone loss by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and stimulating osteoblast mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Aydin Jalali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Simon Cancer Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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49
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Smits VAJ, Cabrera E, Freire R, Gillespie DA. Claspin – checkpoint adaptor and
DNA
replication factor. FEBS J 2018; 286:441-455. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronique A. J. Smits
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias Unidad de Investigación La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Elisa Cabrera
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias Unidad de Investigación La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias Unidad de Investigación La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - David A. Gillespie
- Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife Spain
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50
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Emptage RP, Lemmon MA, Ferguson KM, Marmorstein R. Structural Basis for MARK1 Kinase Autoinhibition by Its KA1 Domain. Structure 2018; 26:1137-1143.e3. [PMID: 30099988 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinase associated-1 (KA1) domain is found at the C-terminus of multiple Ser/Thr protein kinases from yeast to humans, and has been assigned autoinhibitory, membrane-binding, and substrate-targeting roles. Here, we report the crystal structure of the MARK1 kinase/UBA domain bound to its autoinhibitory KA1 domain, revealing an unexpected interface at the αD helix and contacts with both the N- and C-lobes of the kinase domain. We confirm the binding interface location in kinetic studies of variants mutated on the kinase domain surface. Together with other MARK kinase structures, the data implicate that the KA1 domain blocks peptide substrate binding. The structure highlights the kinase-specific autoinhibitory binding modes of different KA1 domains, and provides potential new avenues by which to intervene therapeutically in Alzheimer's disease and cancers in which MARK1 or related kinases are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Emptage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kathryn M Ferguson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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