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Luo Y, Sun Z, Chen Q, Xiao J, Yan X, Li Y, Wu Y. TLR2 mediates autophagy through ERK signaling pathway in Chlamydia psittaci CPSIT_p7 protein-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:469-479. [PMID: 37615441 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic pathogen found in birds and humans. Macrophages, major components of the innate immune system, can resist chlamydial infections and trigger adaptive immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of macrophages against C. psittaci infection are not well understood. This study investigated the roles and mechanisms of plasmid-encoded protein CPSIT_p7 of C. psittaci in regulating autophagy in RAW264.7 cells. The results demonstrated that stimulation of RAW264.7 with C. psittaci plasmid protein CPSIT_p7 induced the expressions of the autophagy signaling primary regulators LC3 and Beclin1, which could also significantly induce the phosphorylation levels of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt. Next, siRNA knockdown of TLR2 resulted in significant downregulation of CPSIT_p7-triggered autophagy in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059 markedly reduced autophagy in CPSIT_p7-stimulated macrophages. In summary, these results indicated that TLR2 plays an essential role in the induction of autophagy through the ERK signaling pathway in CPSIT_p7-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University/Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zhenjie Sun
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - XiaoLiang Yan
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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2
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Arjmandi D, Graeili Z, Mohammadi P, Arshadi M, Jafari Tadi M, Ardekani A, Naeimi R, Abbasi F, Marhoommirzabak E, Mahjour S, Sartip B, Prasa H, Fallah Omrani V, Rostami A. Chlamydia pneumonia infection and risk of multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 77:104862. [PMID: 37442074 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of infectious agents, including Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn), in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), is still a matter of major contention. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis study aimed to assess the actual involvement of Cpn in MS development. METHODS We undertook a search of international scientific databases to identify eligible studies. We used a random-effects meta-analysis model (REM) to generate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was calculated using the I2 statistic. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were applied to assess the effects of study characteristics and socio-demographic variables on the pooled OR. RESULTS We identified 37 studies comprising 51 datasets that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Considering diagnostic methods for Cpn, 26 and 25 datasets used PCR- and serological-based methods, respectively. In PCR-based datasets, REM showed a significant positive association between Cpn infection and the development of MS (OR, 5.29; 95% CI, 3.12-8.97), while a non-significant positive association was achieved in serological-based datasets (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.88-2.03). In subgroup analyses on PCR-based datasets, results were significant for both CSF (OR, 5.70) and serum (OR, 4.84) samples; both healthy (OR, 16.11) and hospital-based (OR, 2.88) controls; and both moderate (OR, 5.14) and high (OR, 5.48) quality studies. In serological-based datasets, only those that used CSF samples yielded significant results (OR, 3.41). CONCLUSIONS Our findings verify the significant positive relationship between Cpn infection and MS. We advocate prospective cohort studies with lifelong follow-ups and also experimental studies to better understand the role of Cpn in MS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaram Arjmandi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Graeili
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Arshadi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mehrdad Jafari Tadi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ali Ardekani
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Naeimi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Abbasi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Elika Marhoommirzabak
- Department of Neurology, University of Visayas, Gullas College of Medicine, Cebu city, 600 Cebu, Philippines
| | - Sanaz Mahjour
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Behnam Sartip
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hamid Prasa
- Department of Neurology, University of Visayas, Gullas College of Medicine, Cebu city, 600 Cebu, Philippines
| | - Vahid Fallah Omrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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3
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Wang C, Jin Y, Wang J, Zheng K, Lei A, Lu C, Wang S, Wu Y. Protective Immunity against Chlamydia psittaci Lung Infection Induced by a DNA Plasmid Vaccine Carrying CPSIT_p7 Gene Inhibits Dissemination in BALB/c Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087013. [PMID: 37108176 PMCID: PMC10138700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci), a zoonotic pathogen, poses a potential threat to public health security and the development of animal husbandry. Vaccine-based preventative measures for infectious diseases have a promising landscape. DNA vaccines, with many advantages, have become one of the dominant candidate strategies in preventing and controlling the chlamydial infection. Our previous study showed that CPSIT_p7 protein is an effective candidate for a vaccine against C. psittaci. Thus, this study evaluated the protective immunity of pcDNA3.1(+)/CPSIT_p7 against C. psittaci infection in BALB/c mice. We found that pcDNA3.1(+)/CPSIT_p7 can induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses. The IFN-γ and IL-6 levels in the infected lungs of mice immunized with pcDNA3.1(+)/CPSIT_p7 reduced substantially. In addition, the pcDNA3.1(+)/CPSIT_p7 vaccine diminished pulmonary pathological lesions and reduced the C. psittaci load in the lungs of infected mice. It is worth noting that pcDNA3.1(+)/CPSIT_p7 suppressed C. psittaci dissemination in BALB/c mice. In a word, these results demonstrate that the pcDNA3.1(+)/CPSIT_p7 DNA vaccine has good immunogenicity and immunity protection effectiveness against C. psittaci infection in BALB/c mice, especially pulmonary infection, and provides essential practical experience and insights for the development of a DNA vaccine against chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yingqi Jin
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jiewen Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Chunxue Lu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuzhi Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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4
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Chan YT, Cheok YY, Cheong HC, Tan GMY, Seow SR, Tang TF, Sulaiman S, Looi CY, Gupta R, Arulanandam B, Wong WF. Influx of podoplanin-expressing inflammatory macrophages into the genital tract following Chlamydia infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:305-320. [PMID: 36658328 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection remains a major health issue as it causes severe complications including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility in females as a result of infection-associated chronic inflammation. Podoplanin, a transmembrane receptor, has been previously reported on inflammatory macrophages. Thus, strategies that specifically target podoplanin might be able to reduce local inflammation. This study investigated the expression level and function of podoplanin in a C. trachomatis infection model. C57BL/6 mice infected with the mouse pathogen Chlamydia muridarum were examined intermittently from days 1 to 60 using flow cytometry analysis. Percentages of conventional macrophages (CD11b+ CD11c- F4/80+ ) versus inflammatory macrophages (CD11b+ CD11c+ F4/80+ ), and the expression of podoplanin in these cells were investigated. Subsequently, a podoplanin-knockout RAW264.7 cell was used to evaluate the function of podoplanin in C. trachomatis infection. Our findings demonstrated an increased CD11b+ cell volume in the spleen at day 9 after the infection, with augmented podoplanin expression, especially among the inflammatory macrophages. A large number of podoplanin-expressing macrophages were detected in the genital tract of C. muridarum-infected mice. Furthermore, analysis of the C. trachomatis-infected patients demonstrated a higher percentage of podoplanin-expressing monocytes than that in the noninfected controls. Using an in vitro infection in a transwell migration assay, we identified that macrophages deficient in podoplanin displayed defective migratory function toward C. trachomatis-infected HeLa 229 cells. Lastly, using immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry method, we identified two potential podoplanin interacting proteins, namely, Cofilin 1 and Talin 1 actin-binding proteins. The present study reports a role of podoplanin in directing macrophage migration to the chlamydial infection site. Our results suggest a potential for reducing inflammation in individuals with chronic chlamydial infections by targeting podoplanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shi Rui Seow
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sofiah Sulaiman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Rishein Gupta
- Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bernard Arulanandam
- Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Abu-Lubad MA, Al-Zereini W, Al-Zeer MA. Deregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 as a putative candidate for transformation in Chlamydia trachomatis infected mesenchymal stem cells. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:131-150. [PMID: 36891539 PMCID: PMC9988407 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Several pathological conditions might cause the degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p27 and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, including cancers and infections. Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr), as an obligatory intracellular pathogen, has been found to alter the fate of the cell from different aspects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Ctr infection on the expression of the important cell cycle regularity protein p27 in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods Isolation of MSCs from healthy human fallopian tube was confirmed by detection of the stemness markers Sox2, Nanog and Oct4 and the surface markers CD44, CD73 and CD90 by Western blotting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. The expression of p27 was downregulated at the protein level upon Ctr D infection measured by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), IF and Western blotting. Recovery of p27 in Ctr D-infected MSCs was achieved by treatment with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). Ctr D infected MSCs were able to produce colonies in anchorage-independent soft agar assay. Conclusion Ctr D infection was able to downregulate the expression of the important cell cycle regulator protein p27, which will be considered a putative candidate for transformation in Ctr D infected MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Abu-Lubad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Wael Al-Zereini
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Munir A Al-Zeer
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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6
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He S, Wang C, Huang Y, Lu S, Li W, Ding N, Chen C, Wu Y. Chlamydia psittaci plasmid-encoded CPSIT_P7 induces macrophage polarization to enhance the antibacterial response through TLR4-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119324. [PMID: 35809864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the protective effects of Chlamydia psittaci plasmid-encoded protein CPSIT_P7 as vaccine antigens to against chlamydial infection have been confirmed in our previous study, the function and mechanism of CPSIT_P7 inducing innate immunity in the antibacterial response remain unknown. Here, we found that plasmid protein CPSIT_P7 could induce M1 macrophage polarization upregulating the genes of the surface molecule CD86, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and antibacterial effector NO synthase 2 (iNOS). During M1 macrophage polarization, macrophages acquire phagocytic and microbicidal competence, which promotes the host antibacterial response. As we observed that CPSIT_P7-induced M1 macrophages could partially reduce the infected mice pulmonary Chlamydia psittaci load. Furthermore, CPSIT_P7 induced M1 macrophage polarization through the TLR4-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Collectively, our results highlight the effect of CPSIT_P7 on macrophage polarization and provide new insights into new prevention and treatment strategies for chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yanru Huang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Simin Lu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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7
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Chlamydia pneumoniae Interferes with Macrophage Differentiation and Cell Cycle Regulation to Promote Its Replication. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9854449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a ubiquitous intracellular bacterium which infects humans via the respiratory route. The tendency of C. pneumoniae to persist in monocytes and macrophages is well known, but the underlying host-chlamydial interactions remain elusive. In this work, we have described changes in macrophage intracellular signaling pathways induced by C. pneumoniae infection. Label-free quantitative proteome analysis and pathway analysis tools were used to identify changes in human THP-1-derived macrophages upon C. pneumoniae CV6 infection. At 48-h postinfection, pathways associated to nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) regulation were stressed, while negative regulation on cell cycle control was prominent at both 48 h and 72 h. Upregulation of S100A8 and S100A9 calcium binding proteins, osteopontin, and purine nucleoside hydrolase, laccase domain containing protein 1 (LACC1) underlined the proinflammatory consequences of the infection, while elevated NF-κB2 levels in infected macrophages indicates interaction with the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Infection-induced alteration of cell cycle control was obvious by the downregulation of mini chromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins MCM2-7, and the significance of host cell cycle regulation for C. pneumoniae replication was demonstrated by the ability of a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor Palbociclib to promote C. pneumoniae replication and infectious progeny production. The infection was found to suppress retinoblastoma expression in the macrophages in both protein and mRNA levels, and this change was reverted by treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor. The epigenetic suppression of retinoblastoma, along with upregulation of S100A8 and S100A9, indicate host cell changes associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) phenotype.
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8
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Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer's disease risk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2759. [PMID: 35177758 PMCID: PMC8854390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a respiratory tract pathogen but can also infect the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, the link between C. pneumoniae CNS infection and late-onset dementia has become increasingly evident. In mice, CNS infection has been shown to occur weeks to months after intranasal inoculation. By isolating live C. pneumoniae from tissues and using immunohistochemistry, we show that C. pneumoniae can infect the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, olfactory bulb and brain within 72 h in mice. C. pneumoniae infection also resulted in dysregulation of key pathways involved in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis at 7 and 28 days after inoculation. Interestingly, amyloid beta accumulations were also detected adjacent to the C. pneumoniae inclusions in the olfactory system. Furthermore, injury to the nasal epithelium resulted in increased peripheral nerve and olfactory bulb infection, but did not alter general CNS infection. In vitro, C. pneumoniae was able to infect peripheral nerve and CNS glia. In summary, the nerves extending between the nasal cavity and the brain constitute invasion paths by which C. pneumoniae can rapidly invade the CNS likely by surviving in glia and leading to Aβ deposition.
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9
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Nazareth L, Walkden H, Chacko A, Delbaz A, Shelper T, Armitage CW, Reshamwala R, Trim LK, St John JA, Beagley KW, Ekberg JAK. Chlamydia muridarum Can Invade the Central Nervous System via the Olfactory and Trigeminal Nerves and Infect Peripheral Nerve Glial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607779. [PMID: 33489937 PMCID: PMC7819965 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the brain and has been linked to late-onset dementia. Chlamydia muridarum, which infects mice, is often used to model human chlamydial infections. While it has been suggested to be also important for modelling brain infection, nervous system infection by C. muridarum has not been reported in the literature. C. pneumoniae has been shown to infect the olfactory bulb in mice after intranasal inoculation, and has therefore been suggested to invade the brain via the olfactory nerve; however, nerve infection has not been shown to date. Another path by which certain bacteria can reach the brain is via the trigeminal nerve, but it remains unknown whether Chlamydia species can infect this nerve. Other bacteria that can invade the brain via the olfactory and/or trigeminal nerve can do so rapidly, however, whether Chlamydia spp. can reach the brain earlier than one-week post inoculation remains unknown. In the current study, we showed that C. muridarum can within 48 h invade the brain via the olfactory nerve, in addition to infecting the trigeminal nerve. We also cultured the glial cells of the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and showed that C. muridarum readily infected the cells, constituting a possible cellular mechanism explaining how the bacteria can invade the nerves without being eliminated by glial immune functions. Further, we demonstrated that olfactory and trigeminal glia differed in their responses to C. muridarum, with olfactory glia showing less infection and stronger immune response than trigeminal glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Heidi Walkden
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Anu Chacko
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Delbaz
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Todd Shelper
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Charles W Armitage
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Logan K Trim
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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10
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Koch RD, Hörner EM, Münch N, Maier E, Kozjak-Pavlovic V. Modulation of Host Cell Death and Lysis Are Required for the Release of Simkania negevensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:594932. [PMID: 33194844 PMCID: PMC7658264 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simkania negevensis is a Chlamydia-like bacterium and emerging pathogen of the respiratory tract. It is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a biphasic developmental cycle, which replicates in a wide range of host cells. The life cycle of S. negevensis has been shown to proceed for more than 12 days, but little is known about the mechanisms that mediate the cellular release of these bacteria. This study focuses on the investigation of host cell exit by S. negevensis and its connection to host cell death modulation. We show that Simkania-infected epithelial HeLa as well as macrophage-like THP-1 cells reduce in number during the course of infection. At the same time, the infectivity of the cell culture supernatant increases, starting at the day 3 for HeLa and day 4 for THP-1 cells and reaching maximum at day 5 post infection. This correlates with the ability of S. negevensis to block TNFα-, but not staurosporin-induced cell death up to 3 days post infection, after which cell death is boosted by the presence of bacteria. Mitochondrial permeabilization through Bax and Bak is not essential for host cell lysis and release of S. negevensis. The inhibition of caspases by Z-VAD-FMK, caspase 1 by Ac-YVAD-CMK, and proteases significantly reduces the number of released infectious particles. In addition, the inhibition of myosin II by blebbistatin also strongly affects Simkania release, pointing to a possible double mechanism of exit through host cell lysis and potentially extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca-Diana Koch
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hörner
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Münch
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elke Maier
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Keb G, Fields KA. An Ancient Molecular Arms Race: Chlamydia vs. Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) Domain Proteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1490. [PMID: 32760406 PMCID: PMC7371996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions that govern the balance between host and pathogen determine the outcome of infection and are shaped by evolutionary pressures. Eukaryotic hosts have evolved elaborate and formidable defense mechanisms that provide the basis for innate and adaptive immunity. Proteins containing a membrane attack complex/Perforin (MACPF) domain represent an important class of immune effectors. These pore-forming proteins induce cell killing by targeting microbial or host membranes. Intracellular bacteria can be shielded from MACPF-mediated killing, and Chlamydia spp. represent a successful paradigm of obligate intracellular parasitism. Ancestors of present-day Chlamydia likely originated at evolutionary times that correlated with or preceded many host defense pathways. We discuss the current knowledge regarding how chlamydiae interact with the MACPF proteins Complement C9, Perforin-1, and Perforin-2. Current evidence indicates a degree of resistance by Chlamydia to MACPF effector mechanisms. In fact, chlamydiae have acquired and adapted their own MACPF-domain protein to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Keb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kenneth A Fields
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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Duncan SA, Sahu R, Dixit S, Singh SR, Dennis VA. Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 Proteins Are Mediators of Interleukin-10 Modulation of Inflammatory Responses Induced by Chlamydia muridarum and Its Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) in Mouse J774 Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7461742. [PMID: 32684836 PMCID: PMC7333066 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7461742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology of chlamydial diseases is exacerbated by a broad-spectrum of inflammatory mediators, which we reported are inhibited by IL-10 in macrophages. However, the chlamydial protein moiety that induces the inflammatory mediators and the mechanisms by which IL-10 inhibits them are unknown. We hypothesized that Chlamydia major outer membrane protein (MOMP) mediates its disease pathogenesis, and the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 proteins are mediators of the IL-10 inhibitory actions. Our hypothesis was tested by exposing mouse J774 macrophages to chlamydial stimulants (live Chlamydia muridarum and MOMP) with and without IL-10. MOMP significantly induced several inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, CCL5, CXCL10), which were dose-dependently inhibited by IL-10. Chlamydial stimulants induced the mRNA gene transcripts and protein expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3, with more SOCS3 expression. Notably, IL-10 reciprocally regulated their expression by reducing SOCS1 and increasing SOCS3. Specific inhibitions of MAPK pathways revealed that p38, JNK, and MEK1/2 are required for inducing inflammatory mediators as well as SOCS1 and SOCS3. Chlamydial stimulants triggered an M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype evidently by an enhanced nos2 (M1 marker) expression, which was skewed by IL-10 towards a more M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype by the increased expression of mrc1 and arg1 (M2 markers) and the reduced SOCS1/SOCS3 ratios. Neutralization of endogenously produced IL-10 augmented the secretion of inflammatory mediators, reduced SOCS3 expression, and skewed the chlamydial M1 to an M2 phenotype. Inhibition of proteasome degradation increased TNF but decreased IL-10, CCL5, and CXCL10 secretion by suppressing SOCS1 and SOCS3 expressions and dysregulating their STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors. Our data show that SOCS1 and SOCS3 are regulators of IL-10 inhibitory actions, and underscore SOCS proteins as therapeutic targets for IL-10 control of inflammation for Chlamydia and other bacterial inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyla A. Duncan
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Shree R. Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Vida A. Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Simkania negevensis is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium (family Simkaniaceae, order Chlamydiales) that has been isolated from domestic and mains water supplies, is able to infect human macrophages, and can induce an inflammatory response in the host. METHODS From June to December 2016, in a single-center observational study, colonic Crohn's disease patients and controls (subjects undergoing screening for colorectal cancer) underwent blood tests to identify serum-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) to S. negevensis and a colonoscopy with biopsies for detection of S. negevensis DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Forty-three Crohn's disease patients and 18 controls were enrolled. Crohn's disease patients had higher prevalence of IgA antibodies to S. negevensis compared with controls (20.9% versus 0%, p = 0.04). Simkaniaceae negevensis DNA was detected in 34.9% and 5.6% of intestinal biopsies in Crohn's disease patients and controls, respectively (p = 0.02). All Crohn's disease patients with PCR-positive biopsies for S. negevensis were IgG seropositive, with specific IgA in 60% of them (p < 0.001). Immunosuppressive therapies, extraintestinal manifestations, or disease activity did not influence the presence of S. negevensis in the Crohn's disease population. CONCLUSIONS We identified S. negevensis in Crohn's disease patients by demonstrating the presence of S. negevensis mucosal DNA and seropositivity to the bacterium. These results could support the presence of an acute or persistent S. negevensis infection and suggest a possible role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
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Chen H, Wen Y, Li Z. Clear Victory for Chlamydia: The Subversion of Host Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1412. [PMID: 31333596 PMCID: PMC6619438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, members of the Chlamydia genera are the pivotal triggers for a wide range of infections, which can lead to blinding trachoma, pelvic inflammation, and respiratory diseases. Because of their restricted parasitism inside eukaryotic cells, the pathogens have to develop multiple strategies for adaptation with the hostile intracellular environment—intrinsically present in all host cells—to survive. The strategies that are brought into play at different stages of chlamydial development mainly involve interfering with diverse innate immune responses, such as innate immune recognition, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, as well as the manipulation of innate immune cells to serve as potential niches for chlamydial replication. This review will focus on the innate immune responses against chlamydial infection, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms used by the Chlamydia spp. to counteract host innate immune defenses. Insights into these subtle pathogenic mechanisms not only provide a rationale for the augmentation of immune responses against chlamydial infection but also open avenues for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms driving the survival of these clinically important pathogens in host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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15
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Chlamydia trachomatis paralyses neutrophils to evade the host innate immune response. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:824-835. [PMID: 29946164 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, is a major cause of sexually transmitted diseases. Infections often occur without symptoms, a feature that has been attributed to the ability of the pathogen to evade the host immune response. We show here that C. trachomatis paralyses the host immune system by preventing the activation of polymorphic nuclear leukocytes (PMNs). PMNs infected with Chlamydia fail to produce neutrophil extracellular traps and the bacteria are able to survive in PMNs for extended periods of time. We have identified the secreted chlamydial protease-like activating factor (CPAF) as an effector mediating the evasion of the innate immune response since CPAF-deficient Chlamydia activate PMNs and are subsequently efficiently killed. CPAF suppresses the oxidative burst and interferes with chemical-mediated activation of neutrophils. We identified formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) as a target of CPAF. FPR2 is cleaved by CPAF and released from the surface of PMNs. In contrast to previously described subversion mechanisms that mainly act on already activated PMNs, we describe here details of how Chlamydia actively paralyses PMNs, including the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, to evade the host's innate immune response.
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16
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Motrich RD, Damiani MT, Saka HA, Quintero CA, Sánchez LR, Moreno-Sosa T, Olivera C, Cuffini C, Rivero VE. Male genital tract immune response against Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Reproduction 2018; 154:R99-R110. [PMID: 28878094 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported agent of sexually transmitted bacterial infections worldwide. This pathogen frequently leads to persistent, long-term, subclinical infections, which in turn may cause severe pathology in susceptible hosts. This is in part due to the strategies that Chlamydia trachomatis uses to survive within epithelial cells and to evade the host immune response, such as subverting intracellular trafficking, interfering signaling pathways and preventing apoptosis. Innate immune receptors such as toll-like receptors expressed on epithelial and immune cells in the genital tract mediate the recognition of chlamydial molecular patterns. After bacterial recognition, a subset of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are continuously released by epithelial cells. The innate immune response is followed by the initiation of the adaptive response against Chlamydia trachomatis, which in turn may result in T helper 1-mediated protection or in T helper 2-mediated immunopathology. Understanding the molecular mechanisms developed by Chlamydia trachomatis to avoid killing and host immune response would be crucial for designing new therapeutic approaches and developing protective vaccines. In this review, we focus on chlamydial survival strategies and the elicited immune responses in male genital tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo. IMBECU-CONICETMendoza, Argentina .,Instituto de Fisiología. Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Darío Motrich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Teresa Damiani
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. IHEM-CONICETFacultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Héctor Alex Saka
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Leonardo Rodolfo Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tamara Moreno-Sosa
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo. IMBECU-CONICETMendoza, Argentina
| | - Carolina Olivera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Cuffini
- Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. VanellaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Elena Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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17
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Savio LEB, de Andrade Mello P, da Silva CG, Coutinho-Silva R. The P2X7 Receptor in Inflammatory Diseases: Angel or Demon? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:52. [PMID: 29467654 PMCID: PMC5808178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the cells, ATP and related nucleotides/nucleoside generated by ectonucleotidases mediate a high evolutionary conserved signaling system: the purinergic signaling, which is involved in a variety of pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases. Extracellular ATP has been considered an endogenous adjuvant that can initiate inflammation by acting as a danger signal through the activation of purinergic type 2 receptors-P2 receptors (P2Y G-protein coupled receptors and P2X ligand-gated ion channels). Among the P2 receptors, the P2X7 receptor is the most extensively studied from an immunological perspective, being involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. P2X7 receptor activation induces large-scale ATP release via its intrinsic ability to form a membrane pore or in association with pannexin hemichannels, boosting purinergic signaling. ATP acting via P2X7 receptor is the second signal to the inflammasome activation, inducing both maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18, and the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. Furthermore, the P2X7 receptor is involved in caspases activation, as well as in apoptosis induction. During adaptive immune response, P2X7 receptor modulates the balance between the generation of T helper type 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. Therefore, this receptor is involved in several inflammatory pathological conditions. In infectious diseases and cancer, P2X7 receptor can have different and contrasting effects, being an angel or a demon depending on its level of activation, cell studied, type of pathogen, and severity of infection. In neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, P2X7 upregulation and function appears to contribute to disease progression. In this review, we deeply discuss P2X7 receptor dual function and its pharmacological modulation in the context of different pathologies, and we also highlight the P2X7 receptor as a potential target to treat inflammatory related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E B Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cleide Gonçalves da Silva
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Herweg JA, Rudel T. The role of host cell organelles in the development of Simkania negevensis. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:155-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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19
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Exploiting induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages to unravel host factors influencing Chlamydia trachomatis pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15013. [PMID: 28440293 PMCID: PMC5414054 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis remains a leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections and preventable blindness worldwide. There are, however, limited in vitro models to study the role of host genetics in the response of macrophages to this obligate human pathogen. Here, we describe an approach using macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSdMs) to study macrophage–Chlamydia interactions in vitro. We show that iPSdMs support the full infectious life cycle of C. trachomatis in a manner that mimics the infection of human blood-derived macrophages. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of the macrophage response to chlamydial infection highlighted the role of the type I interferon and interleukin 10-mediated responses. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated biallelic knockout mutations in host genes encoding IRF5 and IL-10RA in iPSCs, and confirmed their roles in limiting chlamydial infection in macrophages. This model can potentially be extended to other pathogens and tissue systems to advance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and the role of human genetics in influencing the outcome of infections. In vitro models to study the role of host genetics in the response to chlamydial infection are limited. Here, Yeung et al. show that macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (which can be genetically manipulated) support chlamydial infection and can be used for this purpose.
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20
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Carter JD, Hudson AP. Recent advances and future directions in understanding and treating Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:197-206. [PMID: 27627462 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1233816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an inflammatory disease that can follow gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections. The primary etiologic agent for post-venereal ReA is the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis; its relative, C pneumoniae, has also been implicated in disease induction although to a lesser degree. Studies have indicated that the arthritis is elicited by chlamydiae infecting synovial tissue in an unusual biologic state designated persistence. We review clinical aspects, host-pathogen interactions, and treatments for the disease. Areas covered: We briefly discuss both the historic and,more extensively, the current medical literature describing ReA, and we provide a discussion of the biology of the chlamydiae as it relates to elicitation of the disease. A summary of clinical aspects of Chlamydia-induced ReA is included to give context for approaches to treatment of the arthritis. Expert commentary: Basic research into the biology and host-pathogen interactions characteristic of C trachomatis has provided a wealth of information that underlies our current understanding of the pathogenic processes occurring in the ReA synovium. Importantly, a promising approach to cure of the disease is at hand. However, both basic and clinical research into Chlamydia-induced ReA has lagged over the last 5 years, including required studies relating to cure of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Carter
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology , University of South Florida School of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Alan P Hudson
- b Department of Immunology and Microbiology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
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21
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Fielden LF, Kang Y, Newton HJ, Stojanovski D. Targeting mitochondria: how intravacuolar bacterial pathogens manipulate mitochondria. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:141-154. [PMID: 27515462 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of host cell function by bacterial pathogens is paramount for successful invasion and creation of a niche conducive to bacterial replication. Mitochondria play a role in many important cellular processes including energy production, cellular calcium homeostasis, lipid metabolism, haeme biosynthesis, immune signalling and apoptosis. The sophisticated integration of host cell processes by the mitochondrion have seen it emerge as a key target during bacterial infection of human host cells. This review highlights the targeting and interaction of this dynamic organelle by intravacuolar bacterial pathogens and the way that the modulation of mitochondrial function might contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Fielden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yilin Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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22
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Radomski N, Einenkel R, Müller A, Knittler MR. Chlamydia-host cell interaction not only from a bird's eye view: some lessons fromChlamydia psittaci. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3920-3940. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Radomski
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Immunology; Isle of Riems Germany
| | - Rebekka Einenkel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Immunology; Isle of Riems Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Immunology; Isle of Riems Germany
| | - Michael R Knittler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Immunology; Isle of Riems Germany
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23
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Barbier J, Cintrat JC, Gillet D. Intracellular pathogens convert macrophages from death traps into hospitable homes. FEBS J 2016; 283:595-7. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Barbier
- CEA, Section of Molecular Engineering of Proteins (SIMOPRO); Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Saclay (iBiTec-S); LERMIT LabEx; Paris Saclay University; Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- CEA, Section of Bioorganic Chemistry and Labelling (SCBM); Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Saclay (iBiTec-S); LERMIT LabEx; Paris Saclay University; Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- CEA, Section of Molecular Engineering of Proteins (SIMOPRO); Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Saclay (iBiTec-S); LERMIT LabEx; Paris Saclay University; Gif sur Yvette France
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24
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Fischer A, Rudel T. Subversion of Cell-Autonomous Host Defense by Chlamydia Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 412:81-106. [PMID: 27169422 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obligate intracellular bacteria entirely depend on the metabolites of their host cell for survival and generation of progeny. Due to their lifestyle inside a eukaryotic cell and the lack of any extracellular niche, they have to perfectly adapt to compartmentalized intracellular environment of the host cell and counteract the numerous defense strategies intrinsically present in all eukaryotic cells. This so-called cell-autonomous defense is present in all cell types encountering Chlamydia infection and is in addition closely linked to the cellular innate immune defense of the mammalian host. Cell type and chlamydial species-restricted mechanisms point a long-term evolutionary adaptation that builds the basis of the currently observed host and cell-type tropism among different Chlamydia species. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the strategies pathogenic Chlamydia species have developed to subvert and overcome the multiple mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells defend themselves against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology and Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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