1
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Focaccio A, Rossi L, De Luca A. A spotlight on the role of copper in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2024; 354:122972. [PMID: 39142503 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The complex process known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a fundamental role in several biological settings, encompassing embryonic development, wound healing, and pathological conditions such as cancer and fibrosis. In recent years, a bulk of research has brought to light the key role of copper, a trace element with essential functions in cellular metabolism, cancer initiation and progression. Indeed, copper, besides functioning as cofactor of enzymes required for essential cellular processes, such as energy production and oxidation reactions, has emerged as an allosteric regulator of kinases whose activity is required to fulfill cancer dissemination through the EMT. In this comprehensive review, we try to describe the intricate relationship between the transition metal copper and EMT, spanning from the earliest foundational studies to the latest advancements. Our aim is to shed light on the multifaceted roles undertaken by copper in EMT in cancer and to unveil the diverse mechanisms by which copper homeostasis exerts its influence over EMT regulators, signaling pathways, cell metabolic reprogramming and transcription factors ultimately contributing to the spread of cancer. Therefore, this review not only may contribute to a deeper comprehension of copper-mediated mechanisms in EMT but also supports the hypothesis that targeting copper may contribute to counteract the progression of EMT-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Focaccio
- PhD School in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia De Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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2
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Serra-Bardenys G, Blanco E, Escudero-Iriarte C, Serra-Camprubí Q, Querol J, Pascual-Reguant L, Morancho B, Escorihuela M, Tissera NS, Sabé A, Martín L, Segura-Bayona S, Verde G, Aiese Cigliano R, Millanes-Romero A, Jerónimo C, Cebrià-Costa JP, Nuciforo P, Simonetti S, Viaplana C, Dienstmann R, Oliveira M, Peg V, Stracker TH, Arribas J, Canals F, Villanueva J, Di Croce L, García de Herreros A, Tian TV, Peiró S. LOXL2-mediated chromatin compaction is required to maintain the oncogenic properties of triple-negative breast cancer cells. FEBS J 2024; 291:2423-2448. [PMID: 38451841 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Oxidation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4ox) is catalyzed by lysyl oxidase homolog 2 (LOXL2). This histone modification is enriched in heterochromatin in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and has been linked to the maintenance of compacted chromatin. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this maintenance is still unknown. Here, we show that LOXL2 interacts with RuvB-Like 1 (RUVBL1), RuvB-Like 2 (RUVBL2), Actin-like protein 6A (ACTL6A), and DNA methyltransferase 1associated protein 1 (DMAP1), a complex involved in the incorporation of the histone variant H2A.Z. Our experiments indicate that this interaction and the active form of RUVBL2 are required to maintain LOXL2-dependent chromatin compaction. Genome-wide experiments showed that H2A.Z, RUVBL2, and H3K4ox colocalize in heterochromatin regions. In the absence of LOXL2 or RUVBL2, global levels of the heterochromatin histone mark H3K9me3 were strongly reduced, and the ATAC-seq signal in the H3K9me3 regions was increased. Finally, we observed that the interplay between these series of events is required to maintain H3K4ox-enriched heterochromatin regions, which in turn is key for maintaining the oncogenic properties of the TNBC cell line tested (MDA-MB-231).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Serra-Bardenys
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Bonanova FP Sanitaria, Consorci Mar Parc de Salut de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | | | | | - Jessica Querol
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pascual-Reguant
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Anna Sabé
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luna Martín
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gaetano Verde
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alba Millanes-Romero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | - Celia Jerónimo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Simonetti
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Mafalda Oliveira
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Travis H Stracker
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Canals
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tian V Tian
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Peiró
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Kawaf RR, Ramadan WS, El-Awady R. Deciphering the interplay of histone post-translational modifications in cancer: Co-targeting histone modulators for precision therapy. Life Sci 2024; 346:122639. [PMID: 38615747 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chromatin undergoes dynamic regulation through reversible histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), orchestrated by "writers," "erasers," and "readers" enzymes. Dysregulation of these histone modulators is well implicated in shaping the cancer epigenome and providing avenues for precision therapies. The approval of six drugs for cancer therapy targeting histone modulators, along with the ongoing clinical trials of numerous candidates, represents a significant advancement in the field of precision medicine. Recently, it became apparent that histone PTMs act together in a coordinated manner to control gene expression. The intricate crosstalk of histone PTMs has been reported to be dysregulated in cancer, thus emerging as a critical factor in the complex landscape of cancer development. This formed the foundation of the swift emergence of co-targeting different histone modulators as a new strategy in cancer therapy. This review dissects how histone PTMs, encompassing acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, SUMOylation and ubiquitination, collaboratively influence the chromatin states and impact cellular processes. Furthermore, we explore the significance of histone modification crosstalk in cancer and discuss the potential of targeting histone modification crosstalk in cancer management. Moreover, we underscore the significant strides made in developing dual epigenetic inhibitors, which hold promise as emerging candidates for effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan R Kawaf
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa S Ramadan
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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4
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Banerjee S, Onwunyi VRC, Hong J, Martineau S, Fishbein GA, Bonnet SB, Provencher S, Bonnet S, Umar S. RV-specific Targeting of Snai1 Rescues Pulmonary Hypertension-induced Right Ventricular Failure by Inhibiting EndMT and Fibrosis via LOXL2 Mediated Mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.30.591766. [PMID: 38746200 PMCID: PMC11092652 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH)-induced right ventricular (RV) failure (PH-RVF) is a significant prognostic determinant of mortality and is characterized by RV hypertrophy, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT), fibrosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-remodeling. Despite the importance of RV function in PH, the mechanistic details of PH-RVF, especially the regulatory control of RV EndMT, FMT, and fibrosis, remain unclear. The action of transcription factor Snai1 is shown to be mediated through LOXL2 recruitment, and their co-translocation to the nucleus, during EndMT progression. We hypothesize that RV EndMT and fibrosis in PH-RVF are governed by the TGFβ1-Snai1-LOXL2 axis. Furthermore, targeting Snai1 could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for PH-RVF. Methods Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300g) received either a single subcutaneous injection of Monocrotaline (MCT, 60mg/kg, n=9; followed for 30-days) or Sugen (SU5416 20mg/kg, n=9; 10% O 2 hypoxia for 3-weeks followed by normoxia for 2-weeks) or PBS (CTRL, n=9). We performed secondary bioinformatics analysis on the RV bulk RNA-Seq data from MCT, SuHx, and PAB rats and human PH-PVF. We validated EndMT and FMT and their association with Snai1 and LOXL2 in the RVs of MCT and SuHx rat models and human PH-RVF using immunofluorescence, qPCR, and Western blots. For in vivo Snai1 knockdown (Snai1-KD), MCT-rats either received Snai1-siRNA (n=7; 5nM/injection every 3-4 days; 4-injections) or scramble (SCRM-KD; n=7) through tail vein from day 14-30 after MCT. Echocardiography and catheterization were performed terminally. Bulk RNASeq and differential expression analysis were performed on Snai1- and SCRM-KD rat RVs. In vitro Snai1-KD was performed on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) under hypoxia+TGFβ1 for 72-hrs. Results PH-RVF had increased RVSP and Fulton index and decreased RV fractional area change (RVFAC %). RV RNASeq demonstrated EndMT as the common top-upregulated pathway between rat (MCT, SuHx, and PAB) and human PH-RVF. Immunofluorescence using EndMT- and FMT-specific markers demonstrated increased EndMT and FMT in RV of MCT and SuHx rats and PH-RVF patients. Further, RV expression of TGFβ1, Snai1, and LOXL2 was increased in MCT and SuHx. Nuclear co-localization and increased immunoreactivity, transcript, and protein levels of Snai1 and LOXL2 were observed in MCT and SuHx rats and human RVs. MCT rats treated with Snai1-siRNA demonstrated decreased Snai1 expression, RVSP, Fulton index, and increased RVFAC. Snai1-KD resulted in decreased RV-EndMT, FMT, and fibrosis via a LOXL2-dependent manner. Further, Snai1-KD inhibited hypoxia+TGFβ1-induced EndMT in HCAECs and FMT in HCFs in vitro by decreasing perinuclear/nuclear Snai1+LOXL2 expression and co-localization. Conclusions RV-specific targeting of Snai1 rescues PH-RVF by inhibiting EndMT and Fibrosis via a LOXL2-mediated mechanism.
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5
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Wu X, Li X, Wang L, Bi X, Zhong W, Yue J, Chin YE. Lysine Deacetylation Is a Key Function of the Lysyl Oxidase Family of Proteins in Cancer. Cancer Res 2024; 84:652-658. [PMID: 38194336 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins carry a copper-dependent monoamine oxidase domain exclusively within the C-terminal region, which catalyzes ε-amine oxidation of lysine residues of various proteins. However, recent studies have demonstrated that in LOX-like (LOXL) 2-4 the C-terminal canonical catalytic domain and N-terminal scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) repeats domain exhibit lysine deacetylation and deacetylimination catalytic activities. Moreover, the N-terminal SRCR repeats domain is more catalytically active than the C-terminal oxidase domain. Thus, LOX is the third family of lysine deacetylases in addition to histone deacetylase and sirtuin families. In this review, we discuss how the LOX family targets different cellular proteins for deacetylation and deacetylimination to control the development and metastasis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Li
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Luwei Wang
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xianxia Bi
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Weihong Zhong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jicheng Yue
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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6
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Karakatsanis NM, Hamey JJ, Wilkins MR. Taking Me away: the function of phosphorylation on histone lysine demethylases. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:257-276. [PMID: 38233282 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) regulate eukaryotic gene transcription by catalysing the removal of methyl groups from histone proteins. These enzymes are intricately regulated by the kinase signalling system in response to internal and external stimuli. Here, we review the mechanisms by which kinase-mediated phosphorylation influence human histone KDM function. These include the changing of histone KDM subcellular localisation or chromatin binding, the altering of protein half-life, changes to histone KDM complex formation that result in histone demethylation, non-histone demethylation or demethylase-independent effects, and effects on histone KDM complex dissociation. We also explore the structural context of phospho-sites on histone KDMs and evaluate how this relates to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Karakatsanis
- Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joshua J Hamey
- Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
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7
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García de Herreros A. Dual role of Snail1 as transcriptional repressor and activator. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189037. [PMID: 38043804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Snail1 transcriptional factor plays a key role in the control of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a process that remodels tumor cells increasing their invasion and chemo-resistance as well as reprograms their metabolism and provides stemness properties. During this transition, Snail1 acts as a transcriptional repressor and, as growing evidences have demonstrated, also as a direct activator of mesenchymal genes. In this review, I describe the different proteins that interact with Snail1 and are responsible for these two different functions on gene expression; I focus on the transcriptional factors that associate to Snail1 in their target promoters, both activated and repressed. I also present working models for Snail1 action both as repressor and activator and raise some issues that still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Pascual‐Reguant L, Serra‐Camprubí Q, Datta D, Cianferoni D, Kourtis S, Gañez‐Zapater A, Cannatá C, Espinar L, Querol J, García‐López L, Musa‐Afaneh S, Guirola M, Gkanogiannis A, Miró Canturri A, Guzman M, Rodríguez O, Herencia‐Ropero A, Arribas J, Serra V, Serrano L, Tian TV, Peiró S, Sdelci S. Interactions between BRD4S, LOXL2, and MED1 drive cell cycle transcription in triple-negative breast cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e18459. [PMID: 37937685 PMCID: PMC10701626 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202318459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often develops resistance to single-agent treatment, which can be circumvented using targeted combinatorial approaches. Here, we demonstrate that the simultaneous inhibition of LOXL2 and BRD4 synergistically limits TNBC proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LOXL2 interacts in the nucleus with the short isoform of BRD4 (BRD4S), MED1, and the cell cycle transcriptional regulator B-MyB. These interactions sustain the formation of BRD4 and MED1 nuclear transcriptional foci and control cell cycle progression at the gene expression level. The pharmacological co-inhibition of LOXL2 and BRD4 reduces BRD4 nuclear foci, BRD4-MED1 colocalization, and the transcription of cell cycle genes, thus suppressing TNBC cell proliferation. Targeting the interaction between BRD4S and LOXL2 could be a starting point for the development of new anticancer strategies for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pascual‐Reguant
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Debayan Datta
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Damiano Cianferoni
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Savvas Kourtis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Antoni Gañez‐Zapater
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Chiara Cannatá
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Lorena Espinar
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jessica Querol
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura García‐López
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sara Musa‐Afaneh
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Maria Guirola
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Anestis Gkanogiannis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Andrea Miró Canturri
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Guzman
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Olga Rodríguez
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Joaquin Arribas
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)BarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de CáncerMonforte de LemosMadridSpain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversitat Autónoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Violeta Serra
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Luis Serrano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Tian V Tian
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sandra Peiró
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sara Sdelci
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
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9
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Gao Y, Tang J, Ma X, Zhang C, Huang L, Che J, Wen Y, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Liu T, Zhang H. OTUD4 regulates metastasis and chemoresistance in melanoma by stabilizing Snail1. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2546-2555. [PMID: 37642406 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer with rapidly increased incidence worldwide especially in the Caucasian population. Surgical excision represents the curative treatment choice in patients with early-stage disease. However, the therapeutic outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma remains unsatisfactory. Thus, understanding molecular mechanisms contributing to metastasis and chemoresistance is critical for new improved therapies of melanoma. Snail1, an important epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factors (EMT-TFs), is critical to induce the EMT process, thereby contributing to cancer metastasis. However, the involvement of Snail1 in melanoma metastasis remains elusive and the underlying mechanism to regulate Snail1 in melanoma needs to be further investigated. Here, we identified OTUD4 as a novel deubiquitinase of Snail1 in melanoma. Moreover, the depletion of OTUD4 in melanoma cells markedly inhibited Snail1 stability and Snail1-driven malignant phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our study establishes OTUD4 as a novel therapeutic target in metastasis and chemoresistance of melanoma by stabilizing Snail1 and provides a rationale for potential therapeutic strategies of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Gao
- International school, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuqing Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caishi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Che
- International school, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yalei Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinci Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tongzheng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoxing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Cano A, Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Portillo F. LOXL2 in Cancer: A Two-Decade Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14405. [PMID: 37762708 PMCID: PMC10532419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises five lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent copper amine oxidases in humans. In 2003, LOXL2 was first identified as a promoter of tumour progression and, over the course of two decades, numerous studies have firmly established its involvement in multiple cancers. Extensive research with large cohorts of human tumour samples has demonstrated that dysregulated LOXL2 expression is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients. Moreover, investigations have revealed the association of LOXL2 with various targets affecting diverse aspects of tumour progression. Additionally, the discovery of a complex network of signalling factors acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels has provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in tumours. Furthermore, the development of genetically modified mouse models with silenced or overexpressed LOXL2 has enabled in-depth exploration of its in vivo role in various cancer models. Given the significant role of LOXL2 in numerous cancers, extensive efforts are underway to identify specific inhibitors that could potentially improve patient prognosis. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of two decades of research on the role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Eraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Mazón
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Löser R, Kuchar M, Wodtke R, Neuber C, Belter B, Kopka K, Santhanam L, Pietzsch J. Lysyl Oxidases as Targets for Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300331. [PMID: 37565736 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the contribution of the tumour microenvironment to cancer progression and metastasis, in particular the interplay between tumour cells, fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix has grown tremendously over the last years. Lysyl oxidases are increasingly recognised as key players in this context, in addition to their function as drivers of fibrotic diseases. These insights have considerably stimulated drug discovery efforts towards lysyl oxidases as targets over the last decade. This review article summarises the biochemical and structural properties of theses enzymes. Their involvement in tumour progression and metastasis is highlighted from a biochemical point of view, taking into consideration both the extracellular and intracellular action of lysyl oxidases. More recently reported inhibitor compounds are discussed with an emphasis on their discovery, structure-activity relationships and the results of their biological characterisation. Molecular probes developed for imaging of lysyl oxidase activity are reviewed from the perspective of their detection principles, performance and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuchar
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Zhan M, Ding Y, Huang S, Liu Y, Xiao J, Yu H, Lu L, Wang X. Lysyl oxidase-like 3 restrains mitochondrial ferroptosis to promote liver cancer chemoresistance by stabilizing dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3123. [PMID: 37253718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome chemotherapy resistance, novel strategies sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapy are required. Here, we screen the lysyl-oxidase (LOX) family to clarify its contribution to chemotherapy resistance in liver cancer. LOXL3 depletion significantly sensitizes liver cancer cells to Oxaliplatin by inducing ferroptosis. Chemotherapy-activated EGFR signaling drives LOXL3 to interact with TOM20, causing it to be hijacked into mitochondria, where LOXL3 lysyl-oxidase activity is reinforced by phosphorylation at S704. Metabolic adenylate kinase 2 (AK2) directly phosphorylates LOXL3-S704. Phosphorylated LOXL3-S704 targets dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and stabilizes it by preventing its ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. K344-deubiquitinated DHODH accumulates in mitochondria, in turn inhibiting chemotherapy-induced mitochondrial ferroptosis. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated site-mutation of mouse LOXL3-S704 to D704 causes a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Using an advanced liver cancer mouse model, we further reveal that low-dose Oxaliplatin in combination with the DHODH-inhibitor Leflunomide effectively inhibit liver cancer progression by inducing ferroptosis, with increased chemotherapy sensitivity and decreased chemotherapy toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiao Zhan
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufeng Ding
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shanzhou Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ligong Lu
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiongjun Wang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Jiménez V, Pizarro-García P, Cuevas EP, Majuelos-Melguizo J, Morillo-Bernal J, Cano A, Portillo F. New Functions of Intracellular LOXL2: Modulation of RNA-Binding Proteins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114433. [PMID: 37298909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) was initially described as an extracellular enzyme involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. Nevertheless, numerous recent reports have implicated intracellular LOXL2 in a wide variety of processes that impact on gene transcription, development, differentiation, proliferation, migration, cell adhesion, and angiogenesis, suggesting multiple different functions for this protein. In addition, increasing knowledge about LOXL2 points to a role in several types of human cancer. Moreover, LOXL2 is able to induce the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process-the first step in the metastatic cascade. To uncover the underlying mechanisms of the great variety of functions of intracellular LOXL2, we carried out an analysis of LOXL2's nuclear interactome. This study reveals the interaction of LOXL2 with numerous RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) involved in several aspects of RNA metabolism. Gene expression profile analysis of cells silenced for LOXL2, combined with in silico identification of RBPs' targets, points to six RBPs as candidates to be substrates of LOXL2's action, and that deserve a more mechanistic analysis in the future. The results presented here allow us to hypothesize novel LOXL2 functions that might help to comprehend its multifaceted role in the tumorigenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Eraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Mazón
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Pizarro-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jara Majuelos-Melguizo
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Morillo-Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Wang X, Zhou M, Liu Y, Si Z. Cope with copper: From copper linked mechanisms to copper-based clinical cancer therapies. Cancer Lett 2023; 561:216157. [PMID: 37011869 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have established a strong link between copper and cancer biology, as copper is necessary for cancer growth and metastasis. Beyond the conventional concept of copper serving as a catalytic cofactor of metalloenzymes, emerging evidence demonstrates copper as a regulator for signaling transduction and gene expression, which are vital for tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Interestingly, strong redox-active properties make copper both beneficial and detrimental to cancer cells. Cuproplasia is copper-dependent cell growth and proliferation, whereas cuproptosis is copper-dependent cell death. Both mechanisms act in cancer cells, suggesting that copper depletion and copper supplementation may be viable approaches for developing novel anticancer therapies. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of copper's biological role and related molecular mechanisms in cancer proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, autophagy, immunosuppressive microenvironment development, and copper-mediated cancer cell death. We also highlighted copper-based strategies for cancer treatment. The current challenges of copper in cancer biology and therapy and their potential solutions were also discussed. Further investigation in this field will yield a more comprehensive molecular explanation for the causal relationship between copper and cancers. It will reveal a series of key regulators governing copper-dependent signaling pathways, thereby providing potential targets for developing copper-related anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidi Wang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China; Department of Pathology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Ningbo, PR China.
| | - Miao Zhou
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Zizhen Si
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China.
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15
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Xi S, Oyetunji S, Wang H, Azoury S, Liu Y, Hsiao SH, Zhang M, Carr SR, Hoang CD, Chen H, Schrump DS. Cigarette Smoke Enhances the Malignant Phenotype of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells by Disrupting a Repressive Regulatory Interaction Between miR-145 and LOXL2. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100014. [PMID: 36870293 PMCID: PMC10121750 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although linked to esophageal carcinogenesis, the mechanisms by which cigarette smoke mediates initiation and progression of esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, immortalized esophageal epithelial cells and EAC cells (EACCs) were cultured with or without cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) under relevant exposure conditions. Endogenous levels of microRNA (miR)-145 and lysyl-likeoxidase 2 (LOXL2) were inversely correlated in EAC lines/tumors compared with that in immortalized cells/normal mucosa. The CSC repressed miR-145 and upregulated LOXL2 in immortalized esophageal epithelial cells and EACCs. Knockdown or constitutive overexpression of miR-145 activated or depleted LOXL2, respectively, which enhanced or reduced proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenicity of EACC, respectively. LOXL2 was identified as a novel target of miR-145 as well as a negative regulator of this miR in EAC lines/Barrett's epithelia. Mechanistically, CSC induced recruitment of SP1 to the LOXL2 promoter; LOXL2 upregulation coincided with LOXL2 enrichment and concomitant reduction of H3K4me3 levels within the promoter of miR143HG (host gene for miR-145). Mithramycin downregulated LOXL2 and restored miR-145 expression in EACC and abrogated LOXL2-mediated repression of miR-145 by CSC. These findings implicate cigarette smoke in the pathogenesis of EAC and demonstrate that oncogenic miR-145-LOXL2 axis dysregulation is potentially druggable for the treatment and possible prevention of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichuan Xi
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shakirat Oyetunji
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haitao Wang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Said Azoury
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yi Liu
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shih-Hsin Hsiao
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Zhang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shamus R Carr
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chuong D Hoang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haobin Chen
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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16
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Lu X, Xin DE, Du JK, Zou QC, Wu Q, Zhang YS, Deng W, Yue J, Fan XS, Zeng Y, Cheng X, Li X, Hou Z, Mohan M, Zhao TC, Lu X, Chang Z, Xu L, Sun Y, Zu X, Zhang Y, Chinn YE. Loss of LOXL2 Promotes Uterine Hypertrophy and Tumor Progression by Enhancing H3K36ac-Dependent Gene Expression. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4400-4413. [PMID: 36197797 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) repeat carrying LOX family. Although LOXL2 is suspected to be involved in histone association and chromatin modification, the role of LOXL2 in epigenetic regulation during tumorigenesis and cancer progression remains unclear. Here, we report that nuclear LOXL2 associates with histone H3 and catalyzes H3K36ac deacetylation and deacetylimination. Both the N-terminal SRCR repeats and the C-terminal catalytic domain of LOXL2 carry redundant deacetylase catalytic activity. Overexpression of LOXL2 markedly reduced H3K36 acetylation and blocked H3K36ac-dependent transcription of genes, including c-MYC, CCND1, HIF1A, and CD44. Consequently, LOXL2 overexpression reduced cancer cell proliferation in vitro and inhibited xenograft tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, LOXL2 deficiency resulted in increased H3K36 acetylation and aberrant expression of H3K36ac-dependent genes involved in multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. Female LOXL2-deficient mice spontaneously developed uterine hypertrophy and uterine carcinoma. Moreover, silencing LOXL2 in cancer cells enhanced tumor progression and reduced the efficacy of cisplatin and anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) combination therapy. Clinically, low nuclear LOXL2 expression and high H3K36ac levels corresponded to poor prognosis in uterine endometrial carcinoma patients. These results suggest that nuclear LOXL2 restricts cancer development in the female reproductive system via the regulation of H3K36ac deacetylation. SIGNIFICANCE LOXL2 loss reprograms the epigenetic landscape to promote uterine cancer initiation and progression and repress the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, indicating that LOXL2 is a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Lu
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang; Research Center of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dazhuan E Xin
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juanjuan K Du
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quanli C Zou
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang; Research Center of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanan S Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang; Research Center of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang; Research Center of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jicheng Yue
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing S Fan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaju Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Li
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang; Research Center of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhijie Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Y Eugene Chinn
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Serra-Bardenys G, Peiró S. Enzymatic lysine oxidation as a posttranslational modification. FEBS J 2022; 289:8020-8031. [PMID: 34535954 PMCID: PMC10078733 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions and comprise a very large and diverse group of enzymes, which can be subclassified depending on the catalytic mechanisms of the enzymes. One of the most prominent oxidative modifications in proteins is carbonylation, which involves the formation of aldehyde and keto groups in the side chain of lysines. This modification can alter the local macromolecular structure of proteins, thereby regulating their function, stability, and/or localization, as well as the nature of any protein-protein and/or protein-nucleic acid interactions. In this review, we focus on copper-dependent amine oxidases, which catalyze oxidative deamination of amines to aldehydes. In particular, we discuss oxidation reactions that involve lysine residues and that are regulated by members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins. We summarize what is known about the newly identified substrates and how this posttranslational modification regulates protein function in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Peiró
- Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Lysyl Oxidases: Orchestrators of Cellular Behavior and ECM Remodeling and Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911378. [PMID: 36232685 PMCID: PMC9569843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases have long been considered key secreted extracellular matrix modifying enzymes. As such, their activity has been associated with the crosslinking of collagens and elastin, and as a result, they have been linked to multiple developmental and pathological processes. However, numerous lines of evidence also demonstrated that members of this enzyme family are localized and are active within the cytoplasm or cell nuclei, where they regulate and participate in distinct cellular events. In this review, we focus on a few of these events and highlight the intracellular role these enzymes play. Close examination of these events, suggest that the intracellular activities of lysyl oxidases is mostly observed in processes where concomitant changes in the extracellular matrix takes place. Here, we suggest that the LOX family members act in the relay between changes in the cells’ environment and the intracellular processes that promote them or that follow.
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19
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Yun H, Im HJ, Choe C, Roh S. Effect of LOXL2 on metastasis through remodeling of the cell surface matrix in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Gene 2022; 830:146504. [PMID: 35483499 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the prominent cause of cancer-associated death primarily because of distant metastatic disease. The metastatic potential of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with tumor cell aggregation. However, the systemic mechanotransduction mechanism by which tumor cells dynamically aggregate and disseminate is poorly understood, especially in NSCLC. In this study, we examine whether the cell surface matrix plays an important role in metastasis. We used poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-based 3D spheroid formation methods to mimic in vivo metastatic lesions. Supra-structural analysis of human NSCLC A549 cells stained with ruthenium red for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that glycocalyx surrounding the cell surface in 2D culture decreases in 3D culture. Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed that the genes associated with cell adhesion were distinctly enriched in A549 cell spheroids. Of these, downregulation of the tumor metastatic microenvironment facilitator LOXL2, a copper-dependent enzyme catalyzing posttranslational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine, was of special interest. Knockdown of LOXL2 thickened the cell surface matrix in 2D culture and impaired compact aggregate formation in 3D culture. Moreover, A549 cell spheroids with endogenous overexpression of LOXL2 increased their dissemination on basement extracellular matrix Matrigel. Overall, these data imply that cell detachment-downregulated LOXL2 contributes to cell surface matrix remodeling, leading to collective dissemination of free-floating aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesu Yun
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (JBVAMC), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chungyoul Choe
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangho Roh
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Liburkin-Dan T, Toledano S, Neufeld G. Lysyl Oxidase Family Enzymes and Their Role in Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116249. [PMID: 35682926 PMCID: PMC9181702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The five genes of the lysyl oxidase family encode enzymes that covalently cross-link components of the extracellular matrix, such as various types of collagen and elastin, and, thus, promote the stabilization of extracellular matrixes. Several of these genes, in particular lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) were identified as genes that are upregulated by hypoxia, and promote tumor cells invasion and metastasis. Here, we focus on the description of the diverse molecular mechanisms by which the various lysyl oxidases affect tumor progression. We also describe attempts that have been made, and are still on-going, that focus on the development of efficient lysyl oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of various forms of cancer, and of diseases associated with abnormal fibrosis.
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21
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Ouyang J, Qin G, Liu Z, Jian X, Shi T, Xie L. ToPP: Tumor online prognostic analysis platform for prognostic feature selection and clinical patient subgroup selection. iScience 2022; 25:104190. [PMID: 35479398 PMCID: PMC9035726 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer with different molecular characterization and subtypes result in different response to anticancer therapeutics and survival. To identify features that are associated with prognosis is essential to precision medicine by providing clues for target identification, drug discovery. Here, we developed a tumor online prognostic analysis platform (ToPP) which integrated eight multi-omics features and clinical data from 68 cancer projects. It provides multiple approaches for customized prognostic studies, including 1) Prognostic analysis based on multi-omics features and clinical characteristics; 2) Automatic construction of prognostic model; 3) Pancancer prognostic analysis in multi-omics data; 4) Explore the impact of different levels of feature combinations on patient prognosis; 5) More sophisticated prognostic analysis according to regulatory network. ToPP provides a comprehensive source and easy-to-use interface for tumor prognosis research, with one-stop service of multi-omics, subtyping, and online prognostic modeling. The web server is freely available at http://www.biostatistics.online/topp/index.php. ToPP platform integrated eight multi-omics and clinical data from 68 cancer projects ToPP provides multi-omics combination and subgroup selection for prognostic analysis ToPP provides automatic construction of prognostic model for public and custom data Users can perform prognostic analysis based on regulatory network or pathways in ToPP
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ouyang
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Institute for Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guangrong Qin
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhenhao Liu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Institute for Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xingxing Jian
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Institute for Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
- Bioinformatics Center, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- The Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Lu Xie
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Institute for Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
- Bioinformatics Center, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
- Corresponding author
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22
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Kamiya T. Copper in the tumor microenvironment and tumor metastasis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:22-28. [PMID: 35903604 PMCID: PMC9309082 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu), an essential micronutrient, plays an essential role in several physiological processes, including cell proliferation and angiogenesis; however, its dysregulation induces oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Significant Cu accumulation is observed in several tumor tissues. The bioavailability of intracellular Cu is tightly controlled by Cu transporters, including Cu transporter 1 (CTR1) and Cu-transporting P-type ATPase α and β (ATP7A and ATP7B), and Cu chaperones, including Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase 1 (CCS) and antioxidant-1 (Atox-1). In several tumor tissues, these abnormalities that induce intracellular Cu accumulation are involved in tumor progression. In addition, functional disturbance in Cu-containing secretory enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), and lysyl oxidase enzymes (LOX and LOXL1–4) with abnormal Cu dynamics plays a key role in tumor metastasis. For example, the loss of SOD3 in tumor tissues induces oxidative stress, which promotes neovascularization and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). LOX promotes collagen crosslinking, which functions in the metastatic niche formation. Accordingly, restricted Cu regulation may be a novel strategy for the inhibition of tumor metastasis. However, it is unclear how these Cu disturbances occur in tumor tissues and the exact molecular mechanisms underlying Cu secretory enzymes. In this review article, I discuss the role of Cu transporters, Cu chaperones, and Cu-containing secretory enzymes in tumor progression to better understand the role of Cu homeostasis in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kamiya
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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23
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Li R, Li H, Zhu L, Zhang X, Liu D, Li Q, Ni B, Hu L, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Jiang SH. Reciprocal regulation of LOXL2 and HIF1α drives the Warburg effect to support pancreatic cancer aggressiveness. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1106. [PMID: 34836938 PMCID: PMC8626482 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic microenvironment is common in solid tumors, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The Warburg effect is known to facilitate cancer aggressiveness and has long been linked to hypoxia, yet the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we identify that lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a hypoxia-responsive gene and is essential for the Warburg effect in PDAC. LOXL2 stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) from prolyl hydroxylase (PHD)-dependent hydroxylation via hydrogen peroxide generation, thereby facilitating the transcription of multiple glycolytic genes. Therefore, a positive feedback loop exists between LOXL2 and HIF1α that facilitates glycolytic metabolism under hypoxia. Moreover, LOXL2 couples the Warburg effect to tumor growth and metastasis in PDAC. Hijacking glycolysis largely compromises LOXL2-induced oncogenic activities. Collectively, our results identify a hitherto unknown hypoxia-LOXL2-HIF1α axis in regulating the Warburg effect and provide an intriguing drug target for PDAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkun Li
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hengchao Li
- Department of Pancreatic surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Dejun Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lipeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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24
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Acetylation, Methylation and Allysine Modification Profile of Viral and Host Proteins during Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071415. [PMID: 34372620 PMCID: PMC8310381 DOI: 10.3390/v13071415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications dynamically occur and regulate biological processes in all organisms. Towards understanding the significance of protein modifications in influenza virus infection, we performed a global mass spectrometry screen followed by bioinformatics analyses of acetylation, methylation and allysine modification in human lung epithelial cells in response to influenza A virus infection. We discovered 8 out of 10 major viral proteins and 245 out of 2280 host proteins detected to be differentially modified by three modifications in infected cells. Some of the identified proteins were modified on multiple amino acids residues and by more than one modification; the latter occurred either on different or same residues. Most of the modified residues in viral proteins were conserved across >40 subtypes of influenza A virus, and influenza B or C viruses and located on the protein surface. Importantly, many of those residues have already been determined to be critical for the influenza A virus. Similarly, many modified residues in host proteins were conserved across influenza A virus hosts like humans, birds, and pigs. Finally, host proteins undergoing the three modifications clustered in common functional networks of metabolic, cytoskeletal, and RNA processes, all of which are known to be exploited by the influenza A virus.
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25
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Yi X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Feng X, Liu C, Jiang DS, Geng J, Li X, Jiang X, Fang ZM. The Expression Patterns and Roles of Lysyl Oxidases in Aortic Dissection. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:692856. [PMID: 34307505 PMCID: PMC8292648 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.692856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), including LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4, catalyze the formation of a cross-link between elastin (ELN) and collagen. Multiple LOX mutations have been shown to be associated with the occurrence of aortic dissection (AD) in humans, and LOX-knockout mice died during the perinatal period due to aortic aneurysm and rupture. However, the expression levels and roles of other LOX members in AD remain unknown. Methods: A total of 33 aorta samples of AD and 15 normal aorta were collected for LOXs mRNA and protein levels detection. We also analyzed the datasets of AD in GEO database through bioinformatics methods. LOXL2 and LOXL3 were knocked down in primary cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) via lentivirus. Results: Here, we show that the protein levels of LOXL2 and LOXL3 are upregulated, while LOXL4 is downregulated in AD subjects compared with non-AD subjects, but comparable protein levels of LOX and LOXL1 are detected. Knockdown of LOXL2 suppressed MMP2 expression, the phosphorylation of AKT (p-AKT) and S6 (p-S6), but increased the mono-, di-, tri-methylation of H3K4 (H3K4me1/2/3), H3K9me3, and p-P38 levels in HASMCs. These results indicate that LOXL2 is involved in regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in HASMCs. In contrast, LOXL3 knockdown inhibited PCNA and cyclin D1, suppressing HASMC proliferation. Our results suggest that in addition to LOX, LOXL2 and LOXL3 are involved in the pathological process of AD by regulating ECM and the proliferation of HASMCs, respectively. Furthermore, we found that LOXL2 and LOXL4 was inhibited by metformin and losartan in HASMCs, which indicated that LOXL2 and LOXL4 are the potential targets that involved in the therapeutic effects of metformin and losartan on aortic or aneurysm expansion. Conclusions: Thus, differential regulation of LOXs might be a novel strategy to prevent or treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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26
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García-Giménez JL, Garcés C, Romá-Mateo C, Pallardó FV. Oxidative stress-mediated alterations in histone post-translational modifications. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:6-18. [PMID: 33689846 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression provides a finely tuned response capacity for cells when undergoing environmental changes. However, in the context of human physiology or disease, any cellular imbalance that modulates homeostasis has the potential to trigger molecular changes that result either in physiological adaptation to a new situation or pathological conditions. These effects are partly due to alterations in the functionality of epigenetic regulators, which cause long-term and often heritable changes in cell lineages. As such, free radicals resulting from unbalanced/extended oxidative stress have been proved to act as modulators of epigenetic agents, resulting in alterations of the epigenetic landscape. In the present review we will focus on the particular effect that oxidative stress and free radicals produce in histone post-translational modifications that contribute to altering the histone code and, consequently, gene expression. The pathological consequences of the changes in this epigenetic layer of regulation of gene expression are thoroughly evidenced by data gathered in many physiological adaptive processes and in human diseases that range from age-related neurodegenerative pathologies to cancer, and that include respiratory syndromes, infertility, and systemic inflammatory conditions like sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis García-Giménez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Concepción Garcés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia- INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
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27
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ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040391. [PMID: 33917579 PMCID: PMC8067471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.
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28
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Yang H, Kuo YH, Smith ZI, Spangler J. Targeting cancer metastasis with antibody therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1698. [PMID: 33463090 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, the spread of disease from a primary to a distal site through the circulatory or lymphatic systems, accounts for over 90% of all cancer related deaths. Despite significant progress in the field of cancer therapy in recent years, mortality rates remain dramatically higher for patients with metastatic disease versus those with local or regional disease. Although there is clearly an urgent need to develop drugs that inhibit cancer spread, the overwhelming majority of anticancer therapies that have been developed to date are designed to inhibit tumor growth but fail to address the key stages of the metastatic process: invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, and colonization. There is growing interest in engineering targeted therapeutics, such as antibody drugs, that inhibit various steps in the metastatic cascade. We present an overview of antibody therapeutic approaches, both in the pipeline and in the clinic, that disrupt the essential mechanisms that underlie cancer metastasis. These therapies include classes of antibodies that indirectly target metastasis, including anti-integrin, anticadherin, and immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, as well as monoclonal and bispecific antibodies that are specifically designed to interrupt disease dissemination. Although few antimetastatic antibodies have achieved clinical success to date, there are many promising candidates in various stages of development, and novel targets and approaches are constantly emerging. Collectively, these efforts will enrich our understanding of the molecular drivers of metastasis, and the new strategies that arise promise to have a profound impact on the future of cancer therapeutic development. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Huai Kuo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zion I Smith
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie Spangler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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29
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Wen B, Xu LY, Li EM. LOXL2 in cancer: regulation, downstream effectors and novel roles. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188435. [PMID: 32976981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a copper and lysine tyrosyl-quinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidase belonging to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, the canonical function of which is to catalyze the crosslinking of elastin and collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many studies have revealed that the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in multiple cancers is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, poor prognosis, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and tumor progression. LOXL2 is regulated in many ways, such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, microRNA regulation, posttranslational modification, and cleavage. Beyond affecting the extracellular environment, various intracellular roles, such as oxidation and deacetylation activities in the nucleus, have been reported for LOXL2. Additionally, LOXL2 contributes to tumor cell invasion by promoting cytoskeletal reorganization. Targeting LOXL2 has become a potential therapeutic strategy to combat many types of cancers. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and downstream effectors of LOXL2 and discuss the intracellular role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
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30
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Verhagen N, Zieringer J, Takors R. Methylthioadenosine (MTA) boosts cell-specific productivities of Chinese hamster ovary cultures: dosage effects on proliferation, cell cycle and gene expression. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2791-2804. [PMID: 33128321 PMCID: PMC7714083 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal for process and cell engineering in the biopharmaceutical industry is enhancing production through increasing volumetric and cell‐specific productivities (CSP). Here, we present 5′‐deoxy‐5′‐(methylthio)adenosine (MTA), the degradation product of S‐(5′‐adenosyl)‐L‐methionine (SAM), as a highly attractive native additive which can boost CSP by 79% when added to exponentially growing cells at a concentration of 250–300 μm. Notably, cell viability and cell size remain higher than in non‐treated cultures. In addition, cell cycle arrests first in S‐, then in G2‐phase before levelling out compared to non‐treated cultivations. Intensive differential gene analysis reveals that expression of genes for cytoskeleton mediated proteins and vesicle transport is amplified by treatment. Furthermore, the interaction of MTA with cell proliferation additionally stimulated recombinant protein formation. The results may serve as a promising starting point for further developments in process and cell engineering to boost productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Verhagen
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Zieringer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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31
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Gabay Yehezkely R, Zaffryar-Eilot S, Kaganovsky A, Fainshtain Malka N, Aviram R, Livneh I, Hasson P. Intracellular Role for the Matrix-Modifying Enzyme Lox in Regulating Transcription Factor Subcellular Localization and Activity in Muscle Regeneration. Dev Cell 2020; 53:406-417.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Abstract
The advent of deep sequencing technologies led to the identification of a considerable amount of noncoding RNA transcripts, which are increasingly recognized for their functions in controlling cardiovascular diseases. MicroRNAs have already been studied for a decade, leading to the identification of several vasculoprotective and detrimental species, which might be considered for therapeutic targeting. Other noncoding RNAs such as circular RNAs, YRNAs, or long noncoding RNAs are currently gaining increasing attention, and first studies provide insights into their functions as mediators or antagonists of vascular diseases in vivo. The present review article will provide an overview of the different types of noncoding RNAs controlling the vasculature and focus on the developing field of long noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jaé
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration (N.J., S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration (N.J., S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiopulmonary Institute (S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) and Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt (S.D.)
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33
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Abstract
Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to the protonation state, H-bonding, and the conformation of different groups in proteins, including the peptide backbone, amino acid side chains, internal water molecules, or cofactors. In particular, the detection of protonation and H-bonding changes in a time-resolved manner, not easily obtained by other techniques, is one of the most successful applications of IR difference spectroscopy. The present review deals with the use of perturbations designed to specifically change the protein between two (or more) functionally relevant states, a strategy often referred to as reaction-induced IR difference spectroscopy. In the first half of this contribution, I review the technique of reaction-induced IR difference spectroscopy of proteins, with special emphasis given to the preparation of suitable samples and their characterization, strategies for the perturbation of proteins, and methodologies for time-resolved measurements (from nanoseconds to minutes). The second half of this contribution focuses on the spectral interpretation. It starts by reviewing how changes in H-bonding, medium polarity, and vibrational coupling affect vibrational frequencies, intensities, and bandwidths. It is followed by band assignments, a crucial aspect mostly performed with the help of isotopic labeling and site-directed mutagenesis, and complemented by integration and interpretation of the results in the context of the studied protein, an aspect increasingly supported by spectral calculations. Selected examples from the literature, predominately but not exclusively from retinal proteins, are used to illustrate the topics covered in this review.
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Liu X, Liu T, Hu L, Jiang T, Liu H, Wang Y, Lei Y, Zhu J, Bu Y. Identification and characterization of the promoter of cancer-related gene LOXL2. Exp Cell Res 2020; 387:111786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chopra V, Sangarappillai RM, Romero‐Canelón I, Jones AM. Lysyl Oxidase Like‐2 (LOXL2): An Emerging Oncology Target. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vriddhi Chopra
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | | | | | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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Ariel O, Gendron D, Dudemaine PL, Gévry N, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Bissonnette N. Transcriptome Profiling of Bovine Macrophages Infected by Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis Depicts Foam Cell and Innate Immune Tolerance Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2874. [PMID: 31969876 PMCID: PMC6960179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, in ruminants. The mechanisms of JD pathogenesis are not fully understood, but it is known that MAP subverts the host immune system by using macrophages as its primary reservoir. MAP infection in macrophages is often studied in healthy cows or experimentally infected calves, but reports on macrophages from naturally infected cows are lacking. In our study, primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from cows diagnosed as positive (+) or negative (–) for JD were challenged in vitro with live MAP. Analysis using next-generation RNA sequencing revealed that macrophages from JD(+) cows did not present a definite pattern of response to MAP infection. Interestingly, a considerable number of genes, up to 1436, were differentially expressed in JD(–) macrophages. The signatures of the infection time course of 1, 4, 8, and 24 h revealed differential expression of ARG2, COL1A1, CCL2, CSF3, IL1A, IL6, IL10, PTGS2, PTX3, SOCS3, TNF, and TNFAIP6 among other genes, with major effects on host signaling pathways. While several immune pathways were affected by MAP, other pathways related to hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation, lipid homeostasis, such as LXR/RXR (liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor) activation pathways, and autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis) also responded to the presence of live MAP. Comparison of the profiles of the unchallenged MDMs from JD(+) vs. JD(–) cows showed that 868 genes were differentially expressed, suggesting that these genes were already affected before monocytes differentiated into macrophages. The downregulated genes predominantly modified the general cell metabolism by downregulating amino acid synthesis and affecting cholesterol biosynthesis and other energy production pathways while introducing a pro-fibrotic pattern associated with foam cells. The upregulated genes indicated that lipid homeostasis was already supporting fat storage in uninfected JD(+) MDMs. For JD(+) MDMs, differential gene expression expounds long-term mechanisms established during disease progression of paratuberculosis. Therefore, MAP could further promote disease persistence by influencing long-term macrophage behavior by using both tolerance and fat-storage states. This report contributes to a better understanding of MAP's controls over the immune cell response and mechanisms of MAP survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ariel
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Gendron
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pier-Luc Dudemaine
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gévry
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Almacellas-Rabaiget O, Monaco P, Huertas-Martinez J, García-Monclús S, Chicón-Bosch M, Maqueda-Marcos S, Fabra-Heredia I, Herrero-Martín D, Rello-Varona S, de Alava E, López-Alemany R, Giangrande PH, Tirado OM. LOXL2 promotes oncogenic progression in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma independently of its catalytic activity. Cancer Lett 2020; 474:1-14. [PMID: 31911079 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy in childhood and adolescence. Patients with the most aggressive histological variant have an unfavorable prognosis due to a high metastasis incidence. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a lysyl oxidase, member of a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) crosslinking enzymes that recently have emerged as important regulators of tumor progression and metastasis. We report that LOXL2 is overexpressed in RMS, suggesting a potential role for LOXL2 in RMS oncogenic progression. Consistently, transient and stable LOXL2 knockdown decreased cell migratory and invasive capabilities in two ARMS cell lines. Furthermore, introduction of LOXL2 in RMS non-expressing cells using wild type or mutated (catalytically inactive) constructs resulted in increased cell migration, cell invasion and number and incidence of spontaneous lung metastasis in vivo, independently of its catalytic activity. To further study the molecular mechanism associated with LOXL2 expression, a pull-down assay on LOXL2-transfected cells was performed and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The intermediated filament protein vimentin was validated as a LOXL2-interactor. Thus, our results suggest an oncogenic role of LOXL2 in RMS by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics and cell motility capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Almacellas-Rabaiget
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Monaco
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Huertas-Martinez
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia García-Monclús
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Chicón-Bosch
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Maqueda-Marcos
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabra-Heredia
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Herrero-Martín
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Rello-Varona
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique de Alava
- CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roser López-Alemany
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma H Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Oscar M Tirado
- Sarcoma Research Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERONC, Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Institut Català D'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sayed N, Khurana A, Saifi MA, Singh M, Godugu C. Withaferin A reverses bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis by modulating extracellular matrix deposition: Role of LOXL2/Snail1, vimentin, and NFκB signaling. Biofactors 2019; 45:959-974. [PMID: 31336025 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we studied the effect of Withaferin A (WFA) in reversing bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis. BDL was performed on C57BL/6J mice and 2 days later, WFA (1 and 3 mg/kg) was administered for 12 days. Estimation of liver enzymes and assays for lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and nitrite levels were performed. Picrosirius red, Masson's trichrome, and H&E staining were performed to study histological changes. WFA proved to be a holistic intervention for the attenuation and reversal of liver fibrosis. Reduction in inflammatory stimulus and oxidative stress restored the levels of stress-related chaperone Hsp70 (p < .001 vs. BDL) in WFA treated groups. We found 3.59-fold (p < .001) and 1.37-fold (p < .01) reduction in the expression of lysyl oxidase like2 (LOXL2) and Snail1, respectively, in WFA-treated animals as compared with BDL animals. These reductions led to 1.9-fold (p < .001) elevation in levels of E-cadherin signifying the reversal of epithelial to mesenchymal transition by WFA. Further, the reduction in LOXL2 levels enhanced the susceptibility of fibrotic scar toward degradation. The picrosirius red and Masson's trichrome staining done on liver tissue sections supported the above results. We, for the first time, report the role of WFA in modulating the expression of LOXL2 and Snail1 in addition to vimentin inhibition and regulation of NFκB signaling for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOX) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidize lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues in collagen and elastin, as a first step in the stabilization of these extracellular matrix proteins through the formation of covalent cross-linkages, an essential process for connective tissue maturation. Five different LOX enzymes have been identified in mammals, LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) 1 to 4, being genetically different protein products with a high degree of homology in the catalytic carboxy terminal end and a more variable amino terminal proregion. Intensive investigation in the last years has delineated the main biological functions of these enzymes and their involvement in several pathologies including fibrosis, cancer, and ocular disorders. This review article summarizes the major findings on the role of LOX isoforms, with particular focus on their contribution to the development and progression of human disorders.
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Zhan XH, Jiao JW, Zhang HF, Xu XE, He JZ, Li RL, Zou HY, Wu ZY, Wang SH, Wu JY, Liao LD, Wang JJ, Cheng YW, Zhang K, Neufeld G, Xu LY, Li EM. LOXL2 Upregulates Phosphorylation of Ezrin to Promote Cytoskeletal Reorganization and Tumor Cell Invasion. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4951-4964. [PMID: 31409639 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), a copper-dependent enzyme of the lysyl oxidase family and its nonsecreted, catalytically dead spliced isoform L2Δ13, enhance cell migration and invasion, stimulate filopodia formation, modulate the expression of cytoskeletal genes, and promote tumor development and metastasis in vivo. We previously showed that LOXL2 reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms were not identified. Here, using interactome analysis, we identified ezrin (EZR), fascin (FSCN1), heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1), and tropomodulin-3 (TMOD3) as actin-binding proteins that associate with cytoplasmic LOXL2, as well as with its L2Δ13 variant. High levels of LOXL2 and L2Δ13 and their cytoskeletal partners correlated with poor clinical outcome in patients with ESCC. To better understand the significance of these interactions, we focused on the interaction of LOXL2 with ezrin. Phosphorylation of ezrin at T567 was greatly reduced following depletion of LOXL2 and was enhanced following LOXL2/L2Δ13 reexpression. Furthermore, LOXL2 depletion inhibited the ability of ezrin to promote tumor progression. These results suggest that LOXL2-induced ezrin phosphorylation, which also requires PKCα, is critical for LOXL2-induced cytoskeletal reorganization that subsequently promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis in ESCC. In summary, we have characterized a novel molecular mechanism that mediates, in part, the protumorigenic activity of LOXL2. These findings may enable the future development of therapeutic agents targeting cytoplasmic LOXL2. SIGNIFICANCE: LOXL2 and its spliced isoform L2Δ13 promote cytoskeletal reorganization and invasion of esophageal cancer cells by interacting with cytoplasmic actin-binding proteins such as ezrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hui Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ji-Wei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong He
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Run-Liu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yin-Wei Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gera Neufeld
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Lysyl oxidases: from enzyme activity to extracellular matrix cross-links. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:349-364. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe lysyl oxidase family comprises five members in mammals, lysyl oxidase (LOX) and four lysyl oxidase like proteins (LOXL1-4). They are copper amine oxidases with a highly conserved catalytic domain, a lysine tyrosylquinone cofactor, and a conserved copper-binding site. They catalyze the first step of the covalent cross-linking of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins collagens and elastin, which contribute to ECM stiffness and mechanical properties. The role of LOX and LOXL2 in fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis, including changes in their expression level and their regulation of cell signaling pathways, have been extensively reviewed, and both enzymes have been identified as therapeutic targets. We review here the molecular features and three-dimensional structure/models of LOX and LOXLs, their role in ECM cross-linking, and the regulation of their cross-linking activity by ECM proteins, proteoglycans, and by inhibitors. We also make an overview of the major ECM cross-links, because they are the ultimate molecular readouts of LOX/LOXL activity in tissues. The recent 3D model of LOX, which recapitulates its known structural and biochemical features, will be useful to decipher the molecular mechanisms of LOX interaction with its various substrates, and to design substrate-specific inhibitors, which are potential antifibrotic and antitumor drugs.
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Cebrià-Costa JP, Pascual-Reguant L, Gonzalez-Perez A, Serra-Bardenys G, Querol J, Cosín M, Verde G, Cigliano RA, Sanseverino W, Segura-Bayona S, Iturbide A, Andreu D, Nuciforo P, Bernado-Morales C, Rodilla V, Arribas J, Yelamos J, de Herreros AG, Stracker TH, Peiró S. LOXL2-mediated H3K4 oxidation reduces chromatin accessibility in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2019; 39:79-121. [PMID: 31462706 PMCID: PMC6937214 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4ox) by lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) generates an H3 modification with an unknown physiological function. We find that LOXL2 and H3K4ox are higher in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) than those from other breast cancer subtypes. ChIP-seq revealed that H3K4ox is located primarily in heterochromatin, where it is involved in chromatin compaction. Knocking down LOXL2 reduces H3K4ox levels and causes chromatin decompaction, resulting in a sustained activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and increased susceptibility to anticancer agents. This critical role that LOXL2 and oxidized H3 play in chromatin compaction and DDR suggests that functionally targeting LOXL2 could be a way to sensitize TNBC cells to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cebrià-Costa
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - A Gonzalez-Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Serra-Bardenys
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Querol
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Cosín
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Verde
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R A Cigliano
- Sequentia Biotech SL, Comte d'Urgell, 240, Barcelona, Spain
| | - W Sanseverino
- Sequentia Biotech SL, Comte d'Urgell, 240, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Segura-Bayona
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Iturbide
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmoholtz Zentrum München, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - D Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Nuciforo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Bernado-Morales
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Rodilla
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Arribas
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncología (CIBERONC), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J Yelamos
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Garcia de Herreros
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - T H Stracker
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Peiró
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sanada T, Islam A, Kaminota T, Kirino Y, Tanimoto R, Yoshimitsu H, Yano H, Mizuno Y, Okada M, Mitani S, Ugumori T, Tanaka J, Hato N. Elevated exosomal lysyl oxidase like 2 is a potential biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:E327-E334. [PMID: 31219623 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The secretory enzyme lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) is speculated to contribute to tumor progression through its functions in the remodeling of extracellular matrix and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We previously identified elevated expression of LOXL2 in metastatic human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in a mouse lymph node metastases model. Here we performed a case series study examining LOXL2 expression levels in human serum from HNSCC patients to evaluate whether LOXL2 is worth evaluation in a large cohort study. METHODS LOXL2 protein levels in three serum samples from HNSCC patients were assessed by immunoblotting and LOXL2 tissue expression was examined in one human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue by immunohistochemistry as a representative of HNSCC tissue. Serum samples were further fractionated in exosomes and supernatants by ultracentrifugation, which were then subjected to immunoblot and in vitro LOX activity analyses. Exosomal LOXL2 levels of 36 serum samples from HNSCC patients and seven healthy volunteers were measured using polymer sedimentation exosome preparation followed by ELISA measurement and subjected to statistical analyses. RESULTS Immunoblot analyses revealed that LOXL2 was present in serum exosomal fractions from three HNSCC patients, and we observed approximately threefold higher levels of LOXL2 in HNSCC patients compared with three healthy volunteers. Immunohistochemical LOXL2 staining was detected in HNSCC cells in addition to non-cancerous lipid tissues and some muscles in human tongue HNSCC tissue. Further measurements of exosomal LOXL2 by ELISA showed over ninefold higher mean LOXL2 levels in patients compared with controls. Statistical analysis revealed a correlation between elevated serum exosomal LOXL2 levels and low-grade, but not high-grade, HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS Our case series study that elevated serum exosomal LOXL2 levels exhibited a correlation with low-grade HNSCCs. A follow-up large cohort clinical study will be required to determine the potential clinical utility of LOXL2 as a new biomarker and/or therapy target for HNSCCs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:E327-E334, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Sanada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Afsana Islam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Teppei Kaminota
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yui Kirino
- School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | | | | | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Department of Pathological Diagnosis, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Souhei Mitani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tohru Ugumori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Naohito Hato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
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44
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Baulida J, Díaz VM, Herreros AGD. Snail1: A Transcriptional Factor Controlled at Multiple Levels. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060757. [PMID: 31141910 PMCID: PMC6616578 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Snail1 transcriptional factor plays a key role in the control of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and fibroblast activation. As a consequence, Snail1 expression and function is regulated at multiple levels from gene transcription to protein modifications, affecting its interaction with specific cofactors. In this review, we describe the different elements that control Snail1 expression and its activity both as transcriptional repressor or activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Baulida
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Víctor M Díaz
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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45
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Li R, Wang Y, Zhang X, Feng M, Ma J, Li J, Yang X, Fang F, Xia Q, Zhang Z, Shang M, Jiang S. Exosome-mediated secretion of LOXL4 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:18. [PMID: 30704479 PMCID: PMC6354392 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) has been found to be dysregulated in several human malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of LOXL4 in HCC progression remains largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the clinical significance and biological involvement of LOXL4 in the progression of HCC. Methods LOXL4 expression was measured in HCC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression, shRNA-mediated knockdown, recombinant human LOXL4 (rhLOXL4), and deletion mutants were applied to study the function of LOXL4 in HCC. Exosomes derived from HCC cell lines were assessed for the ability to promote cancer progression in standard assays. The effects of LOXL4 on the FAK/Src pathway were examined by western blotting. Results LOXL4 was commonly upregulated in HCC tissues and predicted a poor prognosis. Elevated LOXL4 was associated with tumor differentiation, vascular invasion, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. Overexpression of LOXL4 promoted, whereas knockdown of LOXL4 inhibited cell migration and invasion of HCC in vitro, and overexpressed LOXL4 promoted intrahepatic and pulmonary metastases of HCC in vivo. Most interestingly, we found that HCC-derived exosomes transferred LOXL4 between HCC cells, and intracellular but not extracellular LOXL4 promoted cell migration by activating the FAK/Src pathway dependent on its amine oxidase activity through a hydrogen peroxide-mediated mechanism. In addition, HCC-derived exosomes transferred LOXL4 to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) though a paracrine mechanism to promote angiogenesis. Conclusions Taken together, our data demonstrate a novel function of LOXL4 in tumor metastasis mediated by exosomes through regulation of the FAK/Src pathway and angiogenesis in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-019-0948-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkun Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai, 200336, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxuan Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai, 200336, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingyi Shang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai, 200336, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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46
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de Jong OG, van der Waals LM, Kools FRW, Verhaar MC, van Balkom BWM. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 is a regulator of angiogenesis through modulation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10260-10269. [PMID: 30387148 PMCID: PMC6587725 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase‐like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to the family of lysyl oxidases, and as such promotes crosslinking of collagens and elastin by oxidative deamination of lysine residues. In endothelial cells (ECs), LOXL2 is involved in crosslinking and scaffolding of collagen IV. Additionally, several reports have shown a role for LOXL2 in other processes, including regulation of gene expression, tumor metastasis, and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we demonstrate an additional role for LOXL2 in the regulation of angiogenesis by modulation of endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT). LOXL2 knockdown in ECs results in decreased migration and sprouting, and concordantly, LOXL2 overexpression leads to an increase in migration and sprouting, independent of its catalytic activity. Furthermore, LOXL2 knockdown resulted in a reduced expression of EndMT markers, and inhibition of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)‐mediated induction of EndMT. Interestingly, unlike in EMT, overexpression of LOXL2 alone is insufficient to induce EndMT. Further investigation revealed that LOXL2 expression regulates protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, both pathways that have been implicated in the regulation of EMT. Altogether, our studies reveal a role for LOXL2 in angiogenesis through the modulation of EndMT in ECs, independent of its enzymatic crosslinking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier G de Jong
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lizet M van der Waals
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Farah R W Kools
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a distinct posttranslational modification that causes minimal changes in the size and electrostatic status of lysine residues. Lysine methylation plays essential roles in regulating fates and functions of target proteins in an epigenetic manner. As a result, substrates and degrees (free versus mono/di/tri) of protein lysine methylation are orchestrated within cells by balanced activities of protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and demethylases (KDMs). Their dysregulation is often associated with neurological disorders, developmental abnormalities, or cancer. Methyllysine-containing proteins can be recognized by downstream effector proteins, which contain methyllysine reader domains, to relay their biological functions. While numerous efforts have been made to annotate biological roles of protein lysine methylation, limited work has been done to uncover mechanisms associated with this modification at a molecular or atomic level. Given distinct biophysical and biochemical properties of methyllysine, this review will focus on chemical and biochemical aspects in addition, recognition, and removal of this posttranslational mark. Chemical and biophysical methods to profile PKMT substrates will be discussed along with classification of PKMT inhibitors for accurate perturbation of methyltransferase activities. Semisynthesis of methyllysine-containing proteins will also be covered given the critical need for these reagents to unambiguously define functional roles of protein lysine methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkui Luo
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Science , Cornell University , New York , New York 10021 , United States
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48
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Neumann P, Jaé N, Knau A, Glaser SF, Fouani Y, Rossbach O, Krüger M, John D, Bindereif A, Grote P, Boon RA, Dimmeler S. The lncRNA GATA6-AS epigenetically regulates endothelial gene expression via interaction with LOXL2. Nat Commun 2018; 9:237. [PMID: 29339785 PMCID: PMC5770451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired or excessive growth of endothelial cells contributes to several diseases. However, the functional involvement of regulatory long non-coding RNAs in these processes is not well defined. Here, we show that the long non-coding antisense transcript of GATA6 (GATA6-AS) interacts with the epigenetic regulator LOXL2 to regulate endothelial gene expression via changes in histone methylation. Using RNA deep sequencing, we find that GATA6-AS is upregulated in endothelial cells during hypoxia. Silencing of GATA6-AS diminishes TGF-β2-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and promotes formation of blood vessels in mice. We identify LOXL2, known to remove activating H3K4me3 chromatin marks, as a GATA6-AS-associated protein, and reveal a set of angiogenesis-related genes that are inversely regulated by LOXL2 and GATA6-AS silencing. As GATA6-AS silencing reduces H3K4me3 methylation of two of these genes, periostin and cyclooxygenase-2, we conclude that GATA6-AS acts as negative regulator of nuclear LOXL2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Neumann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Nicolas Jaé
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Andrea Knau
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Simone F Glaser
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Youssef Fouani
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstraße 43, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - David John
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Albrecht Bindereif
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Phillip Grote
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Reinier A Boon
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany. .,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany.
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49
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Mižíková I, Palumbo F, Tábi T, Herold S, Vadász I, Mayer K, Seeger W, Morty RE. Perturbations to lysyl oxidase expression broadly influence the transcriptome of lung fibroblasts. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:416-429. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00026.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases are credited with pathogenic roles in lung diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Lysyl oxidases facilitate the covalent intra- and intermolecular cross-linking of collagen and elastin fibers, thereby imparting tensile strength to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Alternative ECM-independent roles have recently been proposed for lysyl oxidases, including regulation of growth factor signaling, chromatin remodeling, and transcriptional regulation, all of which impact cell phenotype. We demonstrate here that three of the five lysyl oxidase family members, Lox, Loxl1, and Loxl2, are highly expressed in primary mouse lung fibroblasts compared with other constituent cell types of the lung. Microarray analyses revealed that small interfering RNA knockdown of Lox, Loxl1, and Loxl2 was associated with apparent changes in the expression of 134, 3,761, and 3,554 genes, respectively, in primary mouse lung fibroblasts. The impact of lysyl oxidase expression on steady-state Mmp3, Mmp9, Eln, Rarres1, Gdf10, Ifnb1, Csf2, and Cxcl9 mRNA levels was validated, which is interesting, since the corresponding gene products are relevant to lung development and BPD, where lysyl oxidases play a functional role. In vivo, the expression of these genes broadly correlated with Lox, Loxl1, and Loxl2 expression in a mouse model of BPD. Furthermore, β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a selective lysyl oxidase inhibitor, did not affect the steady-state mRNA levels of lysyl oxidase target genes, in vitro in lung fibroblasts or in vivo in BAPN-treated mice. This study is the first to report that lysyl oxidases broadly influence the cell transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Francesco Palumbo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
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50
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Rowbottom MW, Bain G, Calderon I, Lasof T, Lonergan D, Lai A, Huang F, Darlington J, Prodanovich P, Santini AM, King CD, Goulet L, Shannon KE, Ma GL, Nguyen K, MacKenna DA, Evans JF, Hutchinson JH. Identification of 4-(Aminomethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(phenoxy)pyridine Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Efficacious Inhibitors of the Copper-Dependent Amine Oxidase, Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2 (LOXL2). J Med Chem 2017; 60:4403-4423. [PMID: 28471663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
LOXL2 catalyzes the oxidative deamination of ε-amines of lysine and hydroxylysine residues within collagen and elastin, generating reactive aldehydes (allysine). Condensation with other allysines or lysines drives the formation of inter- and intramolecular cross-linkages, a process critical for the remodeling of the ECM. Dysregulation of this process can lead to fibrosis, and LOXL2 is known to be upregulated in fibrotic tissue. Small-molecules that directly inhibit LOXL2 catalytic activity represent a useful option for the treatment of fibrosis. Herein, we describe optimization of an initial hit 2, resulting in identification of racemic-trans-(3-((4-(aminomethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)phenyl)(3-fluoro-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methanone 28, a potent irreversible inhibitor of LOXL2 that is highly selective over LOX and other amine oxidases. Oral administration of 28 significantly reduced fibrosis in a 14-day mouse lung bleomycin model. The (R,R)-enantiomer 43 (PAT-1251) was selected as the clinical compound which has progressed into healthy volunteer Phase 1 trials, making it the "first-in-class" small-molecule LOXL2 inhibitor to enter clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Rowbottom
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Gretchen Bain
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Imelda Calderon
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Taylor Lasof
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - David Lonergan
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Andiliy Lai
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Fei Huang
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Janice Darlington
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Patricia Prodanovich
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Angelina M Santini
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Christopher D King
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Lance Goulet
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Kristen E Shannon
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Gina L Ma
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Katherine Nguyen
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Deidre A MacKenna
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Jilly F Evans
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - John H Hutchinson
- PharmAkea Therapeutics , San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, California 92109, United States
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