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Xuan G, Qiu D, Wang Y, Wang J, Lin H. Bacteriophage-encoded protein utilization in bacterial ghost production: a mini-review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:284. [PMID: 39073496 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are described as bacterial cell envelopes that retain their structure but lack cytoplasmic contents. The study of BGs spans multiple disciplinary domains, and the development of BG production techniques to obtain ample and stable BG samples holds significant implications for probing the biological characteristics of BGs, devising novel disease treatment strategies, and leveraging their industrial applications. Numerous products encoded within bacteriophage (phage) genomes possess the capability to lyse bacteria, thereby inducing BG formation primarily via disruption of bacterial cell wall integrity. This review comprehensively surveys the utilization of phage-encoded proteins in BG production techniques, encompassing methodologies such as phage E protein-mediated lysis, perforin protein-induced lysis, and strategies combining E protein with holin-endolysin systems. Additionally, discussions and summaries are provided on the current applications, challenges, and modification strategies associated with different techniques. Through a focused exploration of BG production techniques, with an emphasis on precise manipulation of BG formation using phage-encoded protein technologies, this study aims to furnish robust tools and methodologies for delving into the mechanisms underlying BG formation, as well as for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and applications based on BGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266400, China.
| | - Dongdong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266400, China
| | - Yinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266400, China
| | - Jingxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266400, China
| | - Hong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266400, China
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Ma Y, Wang S, Hong B, Feng L, Wang J. Construction and Mechanism Exploration of Highly Efficient System for Bacterial Ghosts Preparation Based on Engineered Phage ID52 Lysis Protein E. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:472. [PMID: 38793723 PMCID: PMC11126076 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are hollow bacterial cell envelopes with intact cellular structures, presenting as promising candidates for various biotechnological and biomedical applications. However, the yield and productivity of BGs have encountered limitations, hindering their large-scale preparation and multi-faceted applications of BGs. Further optimization of BGs is needed for the commercial application of BG technology. In this study, we screened out the most effective lysis protein ID52-E-W4A among 13 mutants based on phage ID52 lysis protein E and optimized the liquid culture medium for preparing Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). The results revealed a significantly higher lysis rate of ID52-E-W4A compared to that of ID52-E in the 2xYT medium. Furthermore, EcN BGs were cultivated in a fermenter, achieving an initial OD600 as high as 6.0 after optimization, indicating enhanced BG production. Moreover, the yield of ID52-E-W4A-induced BGs reached 67.0%, contrasting with only a 3.1% yield from φX174-E-induced BGs. The extended applicability of the lysis protein ID52-E-W4A was demonstrated through the preparation of Salmonella pullorum ghosts and Salmonella choleraesuis ghosts. Knocking out the molecular chaperone gene slyD and dnaJ revealed that ID52-mediated BGs could still undergo lysis. Conversely, overexpression of integral membrane enzyme gene mraY resulted in the loss of lysis activity for ID52-E, suggesting that the lysis protein ID52-E may no longer rely on SlyD or DnaJ to function, with MraY potentially being the target of ID52-E. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing ID52-E-W4A for recombinant expression, accelerating the BG formation and thereby enhancing BG yield and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China (J.W.)
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Denic M, Turlin E, Zamble DB, Betton JM, Vinella D, De Reuse H. The SlyD metallochaperone targets iron-sulfur biogenesis pathways and the TCA cycle. mBio 2023; 14:e0096723. [PMID: 37584558 PMCID: PMC10653786 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00967-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Correct folding of proteins represents a crucial step for their functions. Among the chaperones that control protein folding, the ubiquitous PPIases catalyze the cis/trans-isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl bonds. Only few protein targets of PPIases have been reported in bacteria. To fill this knowledge gap, we performed a large-scale two-hybrid screen to search for targets of the Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori SlyD PPIase-metallochaperone. SlyD from both organisms interacts with enzymes (i) containing metal cofactors, (ii) from the central metabolism tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and (iii) involved in the formation of the essential and ancestral Fe-S cluster cofactor. E. coli and H. pylori ∆slyD mutants present similar phenotypes of diminished susceptibility to antibiotics and to oxidative stress. In H. pylori, measurements of the intracellular ATP content, proton motive force, and activity of TCA cycle proteins suggest that SlyD regulates TCA cycle enzymes by controlling the formation of their indispensable Fe-S clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Denic
- Unité Pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Département de Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Turlin
- Unité Pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Département de Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Deborah B. Zamble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Betton
- Unité Adaptation au stress et Métabolisme chez les entérobactéries, Département de Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Vinella
- Unité Pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Département de Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hilde De Reuse
- Unité Pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Département de Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Mezhyrova J, Martin J, Börnsen C, Dötsch V, Frangakis AS, Morgner N, Bernhard F. In vitro characterization of the phage lysis protein MS2-L. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:28. [PMID: 38045926 PMCID: PMC10688784 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: The peptide MS2-L represents toxins of the ssRNA Leviviridae phage family and consists of a predicted N-terminal soluble domain followed by a transmembrane domain. MS2-L mediates bacterial cell lysis through the formation of large lesions in the cell envelope, but further details of this mechanism as a prerequisite for applied bioengineering studies are lacking. The chaperone DnaJ is proposed to modulate MS2-L activity, whereas other cellular targets of MS2-L are unknown. Methods: Here, we provide a combined in vitro and in vivo overexpression approach to reveal molecular insights into MS2-L action and its interaction with DnaJ. Full-length MS2-L and truncated derivatives were synthesized cell-free and co-translationally inserted into nanodiscs or solubilized in detergent micelles. By native liquid bead ion desorption mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that MS2-L assembles into high oligomeric states after membrane insertion. Results: Oligomerization is directed by the transmembrane domain and is impaired in detergent environments. Studies with truncated MS2-L derivatives provide evidence that the soluble domain acts as a modulator of oligomer formation. DnaJ strongly interacts with MS2-L in membranes as well as in detergent environments. However, this interaction affects neither the MS2-L membrane insertion efficiency nor its oligomerization in nanodisc membranes. In accordance with the in vitro data, the assembly of MS2-L derivatives into large membrane located clusters was monitored by overexpression of corresponding fusions with fluorescent monitors in E. coli cells. Analysis by cryo-electron microscopy indicates that lesion formation is initiated in the outer membrane, followed by disruption of the peptidoglycan layer and disintegration of the inner membrane. Conclusion: MS2-L forms oligomeric complexes similar to the related phage toxin ΦX174-E. The oligomeric interface of both peptides is located within their transmembrane domains. We propose a potential function of the higher-order assembly of small phage toxins in membrane disintegration and cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Mezhyrova
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Janosch Martin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Clara Börnsen
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences & Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Achilleas Stefanos Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences & Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Nina Morgner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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Pang C, Liu S, Zhang G, Zhou J, Du G, Li J. Enhancing extracellular production of lipoxygenase in Escherichia coli by signal peptides and autolysis system. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:42. [PMID: 35305645 PMCID: PMC8933919 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoxygenase (LOX) is a non-heme iron containing dioxygenase that is widely used to improve food quality and produce active drug intermediates and biodiesel. Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used host microorganisms for recombinant protein expression; however, its weak extracellular secretion ability precludes its effective production of recombinant proteins into the extracellular environment. To facilitate subsequent characterization and application of LOX, improving its secretion efficiency from E. coli is a major challenge that needs to be solved. Results Several strategies were adopted to improve the extracellular secretion of LOX based on the signal peptides and cell wall permeability of E. coli. Here, we studied the effect of signal peptides on LOX secretion, which increased the secretory capacity for LOX marginally. Although surfactants could increase the permeability of the cell membrane to promote LOX secretion, the extracellular LOX yield could not meet the requirements of industrialization production. Subsequently, an autolysis system was constructed in E. coli based on the bacteriophage lysis gene ΦX174-E to enhance the production of extracellular proteins. Thus, the extracellular production of LOX was achieved and the content of inclusion bodies in the cell was reduced by optimizing cell lysis conditions. The extracellular LOX yield reached 368 ± 1.4 U mL−1 in a 5-L bioreactor under optimized lysis conditions that is, an induction time and temperature, and arabinose concentration of 5 h, 25 °C, and 0.6 mM, respectively. Conclusions In this study, the different signal peptides and cell autolysis system were developed and characterized for extracellular LOX production in E. coli. Finally, the cell autolysis system presented a slight advantage on extracellular LOX yield, which also provides reference for other protein extracellular production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01772-x.
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Grabowski Ł, Łepek K, Stasiłojć M, Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Zdrojewska K, Maciąg-Dorszyńska M, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Bacteriophage-encoded enzymes destroying bacterial cell membranes and walls, and their potential use as antimicrobial agents. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126746. [PMID: 33773329 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Appearance of pathogenic bacteria resistant to most, if not all, known antibiotics is currently one of the most significant medical problems. Therefore, development of novel antibacterial therapies is crucial for efficient treatment of bacterial infections in the near future. One possible option is to employ enzymes, encoded by bacteriophages, which cause destruction of bacterial cell membranes and walls. Bacteriophages use such enzymes to destroy bacterial host cells at the final stage of their lytic development, in order to ensure effective liberation of progeny virions. Nevertheless, to use such bacteriophage-encoded proteins in medicine and/or biotechnology, it is crucial to understand details of their biological functions and biochemical properties. Therefore, in this review article, we will present and discuss our current knowledge on the processes of bacteriophage-mediated bacterial cell lysis, with special emphasis on enzymes involved in them. Regulation of timing of the lysis is also discussed. Finally, possibilities of the practical use of these enzymes as antibacterial agents will be underlined and perspectives of this aspect will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grabowski
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Łepek
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Karolina Zdrojewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Monika Maciąg-Dorszyńska
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
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