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Maurer JJ, Cheng Y, Pedroso A, Thompson KK, Akter S, Kwan T, Morota G, Kinstler S, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Escalante-Semerena JC, Lee MD. Peeling back the many layers of competitive exclusion. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1342887. [PMID: 38591029 PMCID: PMC11000858 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1342887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Baby chicks administered a fecal transplant from adult chickens are resistant to Salmonella colonization by competitive exclusion. A two-pronged approach was used to investigate the mechanism of this process. First, Salmonella response to an exclusive (Salmonella competitive exclusion product, Aviguard®) or permissive microbial community (chicken cecal contents from colonized birds containing 7.85 Log10Salmonella genomes/gram) was assessed ex vivo using a S. typhimurium reporter strain with fluorescent YFP and CFP gene fusions to rrn and hilA operon, respectively. Second, cecal transcriptome analysis was used to assess the cecal communities' response to Salmonella in chickens with low (≤5.85 Log10 genomes/g) or high (≥6.00 Log10 genomes/g) Salmonella colonization. The ex vivo experiment revealed a reduction in Salmonella growth and hilA expression following co-culture with the exclusive community. The exclusive community also repressed Salmonella's SPI-1 virulence genes and LPS modification, while the anti-virulence/inflammatory gene avrA was upregulated. Salmonella transcriptome analysis revealed significant metabolic disparities in Salmonella grown with the two different communities. Propanediol utilization and vitamin B12 synthesis were central to Salmonella metabolism co-cultured with either community, and mutations in propanediol and vitamin B12 metabolism altered Salmonella growth in the exclusive community. There were significant differences in the cecal community's stress response to Salmonella colonization. Cecal community transcripts indicated that antimicrobials were central to the type of stress response detected in the low Salmonella abundance community, suggesting antagonism involved in Salmonella exclusion. This study indicates complex community interactions that modulate Salmonella metabolism and pathogenic behavior and reduce growth through antagonism may be key to exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Maurer
- School of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Adriana Pedroso
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kasey K. Thompson
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shamima Akter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Tiffany Kwan
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Gota Morota
- School of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sydney Kinstler
- School of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Margie D. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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2
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Berdejo D, Mortier J, Cambré A, Sobota M, Van Eyken R, Kim TD, Vanoirbeek K, García Gonzalo D, Pagán R, Diard M, Aertsen A. Evolutionary trade-off between heat shock resistance, growth at high temperature, and virulence expression in Salmonella Typhimurium. mBio 2024; 15:e0310523. [PMID: 38349183 PMCID: PMC10936172 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03105-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of foodborne pathogens throughout our food production chain is of utmost importance. In this study, we reveal that Salmonella Typhimurium can readily and reproducibly acquire vastly increased heat shock resistance upon repeated exposure to heat shock. Counterintuitively, this boost in heat shock resistance was invariantly acquired through loss-of-function mutations in the dnaJ gene, encoding a heat shock protein that acts as a molecular co-chaperone of DnaK and enables its role in protein folding and disaggregation. As a trade-off, however, the acquisition of heat shock resistance inevitably led to attenuated growth at 37°C and higher temperatures. Interestingly, loss of DnaJ also downregulated the activity of the master virulence regulator HilD, thereby lowering the fraction of virulence-expressing cells within the population and attenuating virulence in mice. By connecting heat shock resistance evolution to attenuation of HilD activity, our results confirm the complex interplay between stress resistance and virulence in Salmonella Typhimurium. IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella Typhimurium are equipped with both stress response and virulence features in order to navigate across a variety of complex inhospitable environments that range from food-processing plants up to the gastrointestinal tract of its animal host. In this context, however, it remains obscure whether and how adaptation to one environment would obstruct fitness in another. In this study, we reveal that severe heat stress counterintuitively, but invariantly, led to the selection of S. Typhimurium mutants that are compromised in the activity of the DnaJ heat shock protein. While these mutants obtained massively increased heat resistance, their virulence became greatly attenuated. Our observations, therefore, reveal a delicate balance between optimal tuning of stress response and virulence features in bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berdejo
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julien Mortier
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Cambré
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ronald Van Eyken
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Dongmin Kim
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Vanoirbeek
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diego García Gonzalo
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Pagán
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Abram Aertsen
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Louvado A, Coelho FJRC, Palma M, Magnoni LJ, Silva-Brito F, Ozório ROA, Cleary DFR, Viegas I, Gomes NCM. Study of the influence of tributyrin-supplemented diets on the gut bacterial communities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sci Rep 2024; 14:5645. [PMID: 38454011 PMCID: PMC10920674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with triglyceride tributyrin (TBT), a butyrate precursor, has been associated with beneficial effects on fish health and improvements in the ability of carnivorous fish to tolerate higher levels of plant-based protein. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a plant-based diet supplemented with TBT on the structural diversity and putative function of the digesta-associated bacterial communities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In addition to this, we also assessed the response of fish gut digestive enzyme activities and chyme metabolic profile in response to TBT supplementation. Our results indicated that TBT had no significant effects on the overall fish gut bacterial communities, digestive enzyme activities or metabolic profile when compared with non-supplemented controls. However, a more in-depth analysis into the most abundant taxa showed that diets at the highest TBT concentrations (0.2% and 0.4%) selectively inhibited members of the Enterobacterales order and reduced the relative abundance of a bacterial population related to Klebsiella pneumoniae, a potential fish pathogen. Furthermore, the predicted functional analysis of the bacterial communities indicated that increased levels of TBT were associated with depleted KEGG pathways related to pathogenesis. The specific effects of TBT on gut bacterial communities observed here are intriguing and encourage further studies to investigate the potential of this triglyceride to promote pathogen suppression in the fish gut environment, namely in the context of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Louvado
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F J R C Coelho
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Palma
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - L J Magnoni
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - F Silva-Brito
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - R O A Ozório
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - D F R Cleary
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Viegas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - N C M Gomes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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4
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M de Freitas Pereira R, de Oliveira Filho HS, C Duarte JL, R P Júnior F, de Sousa Lima T, Dos Santos KMOL, da Silva Pereira E, Jerônimo da Silva N, Bruno de Oliveira CJ, Leal de Araújo J, de Souza Mendonça F. Fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). J Comp Pathol 2024; 209:1-5. [PMID: 38306731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae has been recovered from a wide variety of species, including reptiles, and has been linked to important clinical manifestations in snakes and lizards. We describe a case of concomitant fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with S. enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). At necropsy, the mucosa of the large intestine was covered by a focally extensive fibrinonecrotic exudate (diphtheritic pseudomembrane). The left testicle was enlarged, firm and diffusely expanded by a thick fibrinous yellow exudate. Polymerase chain reaction and conclusive antigenic testing indicated that the bacteria isolated from the lesions were S. enterica subsp houtenae, and the virulence genes InvA, slyA, stn and spvC were identified. This report reinforces that, although S. enterica subsp houtenae has been isolated from asymptomatic reptiles, it has the potential to cause life-threatening disease in snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M de Freitas Pereira
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Hodias S de Oliveira Filho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - José L C Duarte
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiano R P Júnior
- Department of Wild Animals, Cesmac University Center, Highway Divaldo Suruagy S/N, Marechal Deodoro-AL, 57081-350, Brazil
| | - Telma de Sousa Lima
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Kin M O L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Nádyra Jerônimo da Silva
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Products of Animal Origin, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Celso J Bruno de Oliveira
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Products of Animal Origin, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Souza Mendonça
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
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5
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Calvigioni M, Mazzantini D, Celandroni F, Ghelardi E. Animal and In Vitro Models as Powerful Tools to Decipher the Effects of Enteric Pathogens on the Human Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms 2023; 12:67. [PMID: 38257894 PMCID: PMC10818369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Examining the interplay between intestinal pathogens and the gut microbiota is crucial to fully comprehend the pathogenic role of enteropathogens and their broader impact on human health. Valid alternatives to human studies have been introduced in laboratory practice to evaluate the effects of infectious agents on the gut microbiota, thereby exploring their translational implications in intestinal functionality and overall health. Different animal species are currently used as valuable models for intestinal infections. In addition, considering the recent advances in bioengineering, futuristic in vitro models resembling the intestinal environment are also available for this purpose. In this review, the impact of the main human enteropathogens (i.e., Clostridioides difficile, Campylobacter jejuni, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus cereus) on intestinal microbial communities is summarized, with specific emphasis on results derived from investigations employing animal and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emilia Ghelardi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.)
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6
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Hastie JL, Carmichael HL, Werner BM, Dunbar KE, Carlson PE. Clostridioides difficile utilizes siderophores as an iron source and FhuDBGC contributes to ferrichrome uptake. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0032423. [PMID: 37971230 PMCID: PMC10729759 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00324-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study is the first example of C. difficile growing with siderophores as the sole iron source and describes the characterization of the ferric hydroxamate uptake ABC transporter (FhuDBGC). This transporter shows specificity to the siderophore ferrichrome. While not required for pathogenesis, this transporter highlights the redundancy in iron acquisition mechanisms that C. difficile uses to compete for iron during an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Hastie
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah L. Carmichael
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Bailey M. Werner
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin E. Dunbar
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul E. Carlson
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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7
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Pereira GDN, Seribelli AA, Gomes CN, Vilela FP, Tonani L, Tiba-Casas MR, Medeiros MIC, Rodrigues DDP, Kress MRVZ, Falcão JP. Virulence potential of Salmonella 1,4, [5],12:i:- strains isolated during decades from different sources in the Southeast region of Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2827-2843. [PMID: 37817050 PMCID: PMC10689702 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella 1,4, [5],12:i:- is one of the most prevalent serovars associated with gastroenteritis in several countries, including Brazil. However, few studies have analyzed the virulence potential of this variant in this country. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize S. 1,4, [5],12:i:- strains isolated in Southeast Brazil. To this end, 113 S. 1,4, [5],12:i:- strains isolated from different sources between 1983 and 2020 were analyzed. For all strains, the frequencies of 11 virulence genes were investigated using PCR and the molecular typing was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Furthermore, 40 strains isolated from human and non-human sources were characterized by survival under acid and oxidative stress, and virulence analysis in Galleria mellonella was performed for 20 selected strains. All virulence genes were detected in more than 91% of the strains. The studied strains were grouped into four clusters using PFGE. Most strains were present in one cluster, named PFGE-A, with a genetic similarity of ≥ 79.5%. All 40 strains survived acid stress after 10 min and 1 h of exposure. Under oxidative stress, all 40 strains survived after 10 min, and 36 survived after 1 h of exposure. In the G. mellonella assay, nine isolates from non-human sources and six isolates from human showed high-to-intermediate virulence profiles. In conclusion, the pathogenic potential of the strains studied was corroborated by the high frequency of all the virulence genes identified. The PFGE results suggested that most strains belonged to one main cluster that has been prevailing in the São Paulo State, Brazil. The S. 1,4, [5],12:i:- strains isolated from human and non-human sources successfully survived the unfavorable conditions in the human gastrointestinal tract. Finally, strains isolated from non-human sources showed a higher proportion of isolates with high to intermediate virulence profiles in G. mellonella than in human isolates, suggesting a possible difference between isolates from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana do Nascimento Pereira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. Do Café, S/N°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Amanda Aparecida Seribelli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. Do Café, S/N°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brasil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular E Molecular E Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. Do Café, S/N°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Carolina Nogueira Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. Do Café, S/N°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Felipe Pinheiro Vilela
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. Do Café, S/N°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Ludmilla Tonani
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. Do Café, S/N°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Márcia Regina von Zeska Kress
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. Do Café, S/N°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. Do Café, S/N°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brasil.
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De Silva PM, Bennett RJ, Kuhn L, Ngondo P, Debande L, Njamkepo E, Ho B, Weill FX, Marteyn BS, Jenkins C, Baker KS. Escherichia coli killing by epidemiologically successful sublineages of Shigella sonnei is mediated by colicins. EBioMedicine 2023; 97:104822. [PMID: 37806286 PMCID: PMC10579285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella sp. are enteric pathogens which causes >125 million cases of shigellosis annually. S. sonnei accounts for about a quarter of those cases and is increasingly prevalent in industrialising nations. Being an enteric pathogen, S. sonnei benefits from outcompeting gut commensals such as Escherichia coli to establish itself and cause disease. There are numerous mechanisms that bacterial pathogens use to outcompete its rivals including molecules called colicins. A Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) was recently described as contributing to E. coli killing in S. sonnei. METHODS We used Bulk Phenotyping of Epidemiological Replicates (BPER) which combined bacterial Genome Wide Association Studies (bGWAS) and high throughput phenotyping on a collection of S. sonnei surveillance isolates to identify the genetic features associated with E. coli killing and explore their relationship with epidemiological behaviour. We further explored the presence of colicins and T6SS components in the isolates using genomics, laboratory experimentation, and proteomics. FINDINGS Our bGWAS analysis returned known and novel colicin and colicin related genes as significantly associated with E. coli killing. In silico analyses identified key colicin clusters responsible for the killing phenotype associated with epidemiologically successful sub-lineages. The killing phenotype was not associated with the presence of a T6SS. Laboratory analyses confirmed the presence of the key colicin clusters and that killing was contact-independent. INTERPRETATION Colicins are responsible for E. coli killing by S. sonnei, not a T6SS. This phenotype contributes to shaping the observed epidemiology of S. sonnei and may contribute to its increasing prevalence globally. BPER is an epidemiologically relevant approach to phenotypic testing that enables the rapid identification of genetic drivers of phenotypic changes, and assessment of their relevance to epidemiology in natural settings. FUNDING Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership studentship, Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council (UK), French National Research Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malaka De Silva
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute for Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Bennett
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute for Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade FR1589 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patryk Ngondo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lorine Debande
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Njamkepo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Brian Ho
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, London, UK
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Benoît S Marteyn
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR9002, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastro and Food Safety (One Health) Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Kate S Baker
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute for Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Hu A, Huang W, Shu X, Ma S, Yang C, Zhang R, Xiao X, Wu Y. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Postbiotics Suppress Salmonella Infection via Modulating Bacterial Pathogenicity, Autophagy and Inflammasome in Mice. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3215. [PMID: 37893938 PMCID: PMC10603688 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the effects of postbiotics on protecting against Salmonella infection in mice and clarify the underlying mechanisms. Eighty 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice were gavaged daily with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP)-derived postbiotics (heat-killed bacteria, LPBinactive; culture supernatant, LPC) or the active bacteria (LPBactive), and gavaged with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST). The Turbidimetry test and agar diffusion assay indicated that LPC directly inhibited Salmonella growth. Real-time PCR and biofilm inhibition assay showed that LPC had a strong ability in suppressing Salmonella pathogenicity by reducing virulence genes (SopE, SopB, InvA, InvF, SipB, HilA, SipA and SopD2), pili genes (FilF, SefA, LpfA, FimF), flagellum genes (FlhD, FliC, FliD) and biofilm formation. LP postbiotics were more effective than LP on attenuating ST-induced intestinal damage in mice, as indicated by increasing villus/crypt ratio and increasing the expression levels of tight junction proteins (Occludin and Claudin-1). Elisa assay showed that LP postbiotics significantly reduced ST-induced inflammation by regulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines (the increased IL-4 and IL-10 and the decreased TNF-α) in serum and ileum (p < 0.05). Furthermore, LP postbiotics inhibited the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by decreasing the protein expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1, and the gene expression of Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18. Meanwhile, both LPC and LPB observably activated autophagy under ST infection, as indicated by the up-regulated expression of LC3 and Beclin1 and the downregulated p62 level (p < 0.05). Finally, we found that LP postbiotics could trigger an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway to induce autophagy. In summary, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-derived postbiotics alleviated Salmonella infection via modulating bacterial pathogenicity, autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in mice. Our results confirmed the effectiveness of postbiotics agents in the control of Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenxia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shiyue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Blondel CJ, Amaya FA, Bustamante P, Santiviago CA, Pezoa D. Identification and distribution of new candidate T6SS effectors encoded in Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 6. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1252344. [PMID: 37664116 PMCID: PMC10469887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1252344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a contact-dependent contractile multiprotein apparatus widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria. These systems can deliver different effector proteins into target bacterial and/or eukaryotic cells, contributing to the environmental fitness and virulence of many bacterial pathogens. Salmonella harbors five different T6SSs encoded in different genomic islands. The T6SS encoded in Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 6 (SPI-6) contributes to Salmonella competition with the host microbiota and its interaction with infected host cells. Despite its relevance, information regarding the total number of effector proteins encoded within SPI-6 and its distribution among different Salmonella enterica serotypes is limited. In this work, we performed bioinformatic and comparative genomics analyses of the SPI-6 T6SS gene cluster to expand our knowledge regarding the T6SS effector repertoire and the global distribution of these effectors in Salmonella. The analysis of a curated dataset of 60 Salmonella enterica genomes from the Secret6 database revealed the presence of 23 new putative T6SS effector/immunity protein (E/I) modules. These effectors were concentrated in the variable regions 1 to 3 (VR1-3) of the SPI-6 T6SS gene cluster. VR1-2 were enriched in candidate effectors with predicted peptidoglycan hydrolase activity, while VR3 was enriched in candidate effectors of the Rhs family with C-terminal extensions with predicted DNase, RNase, deaminase, or ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. A global analysis of known and candidate effector proteins in Salmonella enterica genomes from the NCBI database revealed that T6SS effector proteins are differentially distributed among Salmonella serotypes. While some effectors are present in over 200 serotypes, others are found in less than a dozen. A hierarchical clustering analysis identified Salmonella serotypes with distinct profiles of T6SS effectors and candidate effectors, highlighting the diversity of T6SS effector repertoires in Salmonella enterica. The existence of different repertoires of effector proteins suggests that different effector protein combinations may have a differential impact on the environmental fitness and pathogenic potential of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Blondel
- Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando A. Amaya
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paloma Bustamante
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A. Santiviago
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Pezoa
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
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Lallement C, Goldring WPD, Jelsbak L. Global transcriptomic response of the AI-3 isomers 3,5-DPO and 3,6-DPO in Salmonella Typhimurium. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:117. [PMID: 36929450 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial intercellular signaling mediated by small molecules, also called autoinducers (AIs), enables synchronized behavior in response to environmental conditions, and in many bacterial pathogens, intercellular signaling controls virulence gene expression. However, in the intestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), although three signals, named AI-1, AI-2 and AI-3, have been described, their roles in virulence remain elusive. AI-3 is the 3,6- isomer of a previously described Vibrio cholerae signaling molecule; 3,5-dimethylpyrazin-2-ol (3,5-DPO). To elucidate the role of AI-3/DPO in S. Typhimurium, we have mapped the global transcriptomic responses to 3,5- and 3,6-DPO isomers in S. Typhimurium. Our studies showed that DPO affects expression of almost 8% of all genes. Specifically, expression of several genes involved in gut-colonization respond to DPO. Interestingly, most of the affected genes are similarly regulated by 3,5-DPO and 3,6-DPO, respectively, indicating that the two isomers have overlapping roles in S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lallement
- Department of Sciences and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Lotte Jelsbak
- Department of Sciences and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Functional Fermented Milk with Fruit Pulp Modulates the In Vitro Intestinal Microbiota. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244113. [PMID: 36553855 PMCID: PMC9778618 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of putative probiotic fermented milk (FM) with buriti pulp (FMB) or passion fruit pulp (FMPF) or without fruit pulp (FMC) on the microbiota of healthy humans was evaluated. FM formulations were administered into a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®) to evaluate the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), microbiota composition, presence of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and ammonium ions. The probiotic LAB viability in FM was affected by the addition of the fruit pulp. Phocaeicola was dominant in the FMPF and FMB samples; Bifidobacterium was related to FM formulations, while Alistipes was associated with FMPF and FMB, and Lactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus were predominant in FMC. Trabulsiella was the central element in the FMC, while Mediterraneibacter was the central one in the FMPF and FMB networks. The FM formulations increased the acetic acid, and a remarkably high amount of propionic and butyric acids were detected in the FMB treatment. All FM formulations decreased the ammonium ions compared to the control; FMPF samples stood out for having lower amounts of ammonia. The probiotic FM with fruit pulp boosted the beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiota of healthy humans in addition to increasing SCFA in SHIME® and decreasing ammonium ions, which could be related to the presence of bioactive compounds.
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Afonina IS, Hoffmann E. Infection and immunity: ‘There Are Things Out There You (Don't) Need To Know About’. FEBS J 2022; 289:3920-3925. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inna S. Afonina
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation VIB‐UGent Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology Ghent University Belgium
| | - Eik Hoffmann
- Institute Pasteur Lille Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL) France
- European Regimen Accelerator for Tuberculosis (ERA4TB), Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU no. 853989)
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