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Shiraishi T, Hirata R, Hayashi M, Hirano T. Carbon dioxide emissions through land use change, fire, and oxidative peat decomposition in Borneo. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13067. [PMID: 37567930 PMCID: PMC10421864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Borneo has accumulated an abundance of woody carbon in its forests and peat. However, agricultural land conversion accompanied by plantation development, dead wood burning, and peat drying from drainage are major challenges to climate change mitigation. This study aimed to develop a method of estimating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from land use change, forest and peat fires, and oxidative peat decomposition, and CO2 uptake from biomass growth across Borneo using remote sensing data from 2001 to 2016. Although CO2 uptake by biomass growth in vast forests has shown a significant increasing trend, an annual net release of 461.10 ± 436.51 (average ± 1 standard deviation) Tg CO2 year-1 was observed. The estimated emissions were predominantly characterized by land use changes from 2001 to 2003, with the highest emissions in 2001. Land use change was evaluated from annual land use maps with an accuracy of 92.0 ± 1.0% (average ± 1 standard deviation). Forest and peat fires contributed higher emissions in 2002, 2006, 2009, 2014, and 2015 compared to other years and were strongly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Indexes. These results suggest that more CO2 may have been released into the atmosphere than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraishi
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
- School of Engineering, Nippon Bunri University, Oita, 870-0397, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Hirata
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hayashi
- Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
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2
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Deshmukh CS, Susanto AP, Nardi N, Nurholis N, Kurnianto S, Suardiwerianto Y, Hendrizal M, Rhinaldy A, Mahfiz RE, Desai AR, Page SE, Cobb AR, Hirano T, Guérin F, Serça D, Prairie YT, Agus F, Astiani D, Sabiham S, Evans CD. Net greenhouse gas balance of fibre wood plantation on peat in Indonesia. Nature 2023; 616:740-746. [PMID: 37020018 PMCID: PMC10132972 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands cycle and store large amounts of carbon in their soil and biomass1-5. Climate and land-use change alters greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of tropical peatlands, but the magnitude of these changes remains highly uncertain6-19. Here we measure net ecosystem exchanges of carbon dioxide, methane and soil nitrous oxide fluxes between October 2016 and May 2022 from Acacia crassicarpa plantation, degraded forest and intact forest within the same peat landscape, representing land-cover-change trajectories in Sumatra, Indonesia. This allows us to present a full plantation rotation GHG flux balance in a fibre wood plantation on peatland. We find that the Acacia plantation has lower GHG emissions than the degraded site with a similar average groundwater level (GWL), despite more intensive land use. The GHG emissions from the Acacia plantation over a full plantation rotation (35.2 ± 4.7 tCO2-eq ha-1 year-1, average ± standard deviation) were around two times higher than those from the intact forest (20.3 ± 3.7 tCO2-eq ha-1 year-1), but only half of the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 emission factor (EF)20 for this land use. Our results can help to reduce the uncertainty in GHG emissions estimates, provide an estimate of the impact of land-use change on tropical peat and develop science-based peatland management practices as nature-based climate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Deshmukh
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia.
| | - Ari P Susanto
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Nardi Nardi
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Nurholis Nurholis
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Sofyan Kurnianto
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | | | - M Hendrizal
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Ade Rhinaldy
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Reyzaldi E Mahfiz
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan E Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexander R Cobb
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Frédéric Guérin
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Serça
- LAERO, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UT3, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves T Prairie
- UNESCO Chair in Global Environmental Change, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fahmuddin Agus
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Astiani
- Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Supiandi Sabiham
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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3
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Fulazzaky MA, Ismail I, Harlen H, Sukendi S, Roestamy M, Siregar YI. Evaluation of change in the peat soil properties affected by different fire severities. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:783. [PMID: 36098855 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tropical peatland ecosystems of Indonesia provide direct economic benefits to local communities and act to maintain local weather patterns. The impact of burning tropical peat swamp forests of land clearing for palm oil plantations can have significant consequences on the change in the characteristics of peat soil. The aim of this study was to determine the physical, chemical, and biological properties of peat soils by field and laboratory testing and analysis to understand changes in the nature and characteristics of peatlands at four locations in the Pelalawan Regency of Riau Province. The results showed that the effect of burning peat swamp forests can lead to a change in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the peat soils. Soil permeability and the soil microbial population can significantly decrease with increasing fire severity. The effect of different fire severities on the characteristics of peat soil is verified to contribute to advanced management of the tropical peatland in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Djuanda, Jalan Tol Ciawi No. 1, Ciawi, Bogor, 16720, Indonesia.
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Ibrahim Ismail
- Postgraduate School of Environmental Science, Universitas Riau, Jalan Pattimura No. 9, Gobah Pekanbaru 28125, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Harlen Harlen
- Faculty of Economics, Universitas Riau, Jalan Pattimura No. 9, Gobah, 28125, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Sukendi Sukendi
- Faculty of Economics, Universitas Riau, Jalan Pattimura No. 9, Gobah, 28125, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Martin Roestamy
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Djuanda, Jalan Tol Ciawi No. 1, Ciawi, Bogor, 16720, Indonesia
| | - Yusni Ikhwan Siregar
- Faculty of Fishery and Marine, Universitas Riau, Jalan Pattimura No. 9, Gobah, 28125, Riau, Indonesia
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4
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Apers S, De Lannoy GJM, Baird AJ, Cobb AR, Dargie GC, del Aguila Pasquel J, Gruber A, Hastie A, Hidayat H, Hirano T, Hoyt AM, Jovani‐Sancho AJ, Katimon A, Kurnain A, Koster RD, Lampela M, Mahanama SPP, Melling L, Page SE, Reichle RH, Taufik M, Vanderborght J, Bechtold M. Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002784. [PMID: 35860446 PMCID: PMC9285420 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are among the most carbon-dense ecosystems on Earth, and their water storage dynamics strongly control these carbon stocks. The hydrological functioning of tropical peatlands differs from that of northern peatlands, which has not yet been accounted for in global land surface models (LSMs). Here, we integrated tropical peat-specific hydrology modules into a global LSM for the first time, by utilizing the peatland-specific model structure adaptation (PEATCLSM) of the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM). We developed literature-based parameter sets for natural (PEATCLSMTrop,Nat) and drained (PEATCLSMTrop,Drain) tropical peatlands. Simulations with PEATCLSMTrop,Nat were compared against those with the default CLSM version and the northern version of PEATCLSM (PEATCLSMNorth,Nat) with tropical vegetation input. All simulations were forced with global meteorological reanalysis input data for the major tropical peatland regions in Central and South America, the Congo Basin, and Southeast Asia. The evaluation against a unique and extensive data set of in situ water level and eddy covariance-derived evapotranspiration showed an overall improvement in bias and correlation compared to the default CLSM version. Over Southeast Asia, an additional simulation with PEATCLSMTrop,Drain was run to address the large fraction of drained tropical peatlands in this region. PEATCLSMTrop,Drain outperformed CLSM, PEATCLSMNorth,Nat, and PEATCLSMTrop,Nat over drained sites. Despite the overall improvements of PEATCLSMTrop,Nat over CLSM, there are strong differences in performance between the three study regions. We attribute these performance differences to regional differences in accuracy of meteorological forcing data, and differences in peatland hydrologic response that are not yet captured by our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Apers
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | | | - A. J. Baird
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - A. R. Cobb
- Center for Environmental Sensing and ModelingSingapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingaporeSingapore
| | | | - J. del Aguila Pasquel
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP)IquitosPeru
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP)IquitosPeru
| | - A. Gruber
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - A. Hastie
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - H. Hidayat
- Research Center for LimnologyNational Research and Innovation AgencyCibinongIndonesia
| | - T. Hirano
- Research Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - A. M. Hoyt
- Department of Earth System ScienceStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - A. J. Jovani‐Sancho
- UK Centre for Ecology and HydrologyBangorUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - A. Katimon
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering TechnologyUniversiti Malaysia PerlisKangarMalaysia
| | - A. Kurnain
- Department of Soil ScienceLambung Mangkurat UniversityBanjarmasinIndonesia
| | - R. D. Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Lampela
- Department of Forest SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - S. P. P. Mahanama
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - L. Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research InstituteKuchingMalaysia
| | - S. E. Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - R. H. Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Taufik
- Department of Geophysics and MeteorologyIPB UniversityBogorIndonesia
| | - J. Vanderborght
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
- Agrosphere InstituteIBG‐3Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - M. Bechtold
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
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5
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Energy Balance Closure Problem over a Tropical Seasonal Rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China: Role of Latent Heat Flux. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The unresolved energy-unclosed problem in micrometeorology refers to the fact that the sum of turbulent fluxes (sensible and latent heat fluxes, Hs and LE) monitored by eddy covariance (EC) methods tends to be lower than the available energy (net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G), and heat storage (S)). The lack of energy balance closure (EBC) increases evapotranspiration-measurement uncertainty. Using EC data from Xishuangbanna, a Southeast Asian tropical seasonal rainforest, we analyzed the energy distribution and closure based on micrometeorological features. We found that: (1) the EBC in the rainy season exceeds that in other seasons and that the seasonal moisture content, frictional wind velocity (u*), and LE contribute to the high seasonal variability in EBC; (2) the annual closure is approximately 65%, and energy non-closure is influenced by turbulence intensity and atmospheric stability. When the atmospheric state is unstable to near neutral, u* is greatest, and EBC can reach nearly 80%. (3) energy is mainly allocated to LE, and energy non-closure leads to LE underestimation, especially in the foggy-cool and hot-dry seasons. (4) Heat storage and large time-scale flux effects on EBC were excluded. The causes of energy non-closure in the tropical calm zone need further investigation.
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6
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Evapotranspiration Trends and Interactions in Light of the Anthropogenic Footprint and the Climate Crisis: A Review. HYDROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology8040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a parameter of major importance participating in both hydrological cycle and surface energy balance. Trends of ET are discussed along with the dependence of evaporation to key environmental variables. The evaporation paradox can be approached via natural phenomena aggravated by anthropogenic impact. ET appears as one of the most affected parameters by human activities. Complex hydrological processes are governed by local environmental conditions thus generalizations are difficult. However, in some settings, common hydrological interactions could be detected. Mediterranean climate regions (MCRs) appear vulnerability to the foreseen increase in ET, aggravated by precipitation shifting and air temperature warming, whereas in tropical forests its role is rather beneficial. ET determines groundwater level and quality. Groundwater level appeared to be a robust predictor of annual ET for peatlands in Southeast Asia. In semi-arid to arid areas, increases in ET have implications on water availability and soil salinization. ET-changes after a wildfire can be substantial for groundwater recharge if a canopy-loss threshold is surpassed. Those consequences are site-specific. Post-fire ET rebound seems climate and fire-severity-dependent. Overall, this qualitative structured review sets the foundations for interdisciplinary researchers and water managers to deploy ET as a means to address challenging environmental issues such as water availability.
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7
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Longo M, Saatchi S, Keller M, Bowman K, Ferraz A, Moorcroft PR, Morton DC, Bonal D, Brando P, Burban B, Derroire G, dos‐Santos MN, Meyer V, Saleska S, Trumbore S, Vincent G. Impacts of Degradation on Water, Energy, and Carbon Cycling of the Amazon Tropical Forests. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2020; 125:e2020JG005677. [PMID: 32999796 PMCID: PMC7507752 DOI: 10.1029/2020jg005677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Selective logging, fragmentation, and understory fires directly degrade forest structure and composition. However, studies addressing the effects of forest degradation on carbon, water, and energy cycles are scarce. Here, we integrate field observations and high-resolution remote sensing from airborne lidar to provide realistic initial conditions to the Ecosystem Demography Model (ED-2.2) and investigate how disturbances from forest degradation affect gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and sensible heat flux (H). We used forest structural information retrieved from airborne lidar samples (13,500 ha) and calibrated with 817 inventory plots (0.25 ha) across precipitation and degradation gradients in the eastern Amazon as initial conditions to ED-2.2 model. Our results show that the magnitude and seasonality of fluxes were modulated by changes in forest structure caused by degradation. During the dry season and under typical conditions, severely degraded forests (biomass loss ≥66%) experienced water stress with declines in ET (up to 34%) and GPP (up to 35%) and increases of H (up to 43%) and daily mean ground temperatures (up to 6.5°C) relative to intact forests. In contrast, the relative impact of forest degradation on energy, water, and carbon cycles markedly diminishes under extreme, multiyear droughts, as a consequence of severe stress experienced by intact forests. Our results highlight that the water and energy cycles in the Amazon are driven by not only climate and deforestation but also the past disturbance and changes of forest structure from degradation, suggesting a much broader influence of human land use activities on the tropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Longo
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Sassan Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Institute of Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Michael Keller
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- International Institute of Tropical ForestryUSDA Forest ServiceRio PiedrasPuerto Rico
- Embrapa Informática AgropecuáriaCampinasBrazil
| | - Kevin Bowman
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - António Ferraz
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Institute of Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Paul R. Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SilvaNancyFrance
| | - Paulo Brando
- Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
- Woods Hole Research CenterWoods HoleMAUSA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Benoît Burban
- Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR 0745 EcoFoG, Campus AgronomiqueKourouFrance
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Campus AgronomiqueKourouFrance
| | | | - Victoria Meyer
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Scott Saleska
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | | | - Grégoire Vincent
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAEMontpellierFrance
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8
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Satellite-Based Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Budget in Tropical Peatland Ecosystems. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tropical peatland ecosystems are known as large carbon (C) reservoirs and affect spatial and temporal patterns in C sinks and sources at large scales in response to climate anomalies. In this study, we developed a satellite data-based model to estimate the net biosphere exchange (NBE) in Indonesia and Malaysia by accounting for fire emissions (FE), ecosystem respiration (Re), and gross primary production (GPP). All input variables originated from satellite-based datasets, e.g., the precipitation of global satellite mapping of precipitation (GSMaP), the land surface temperature (LST) of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), the photosynthetically active radiation of MODIS, and the burned area of MODIS fire products. First, we estimated the groundwater table (GWT) by incorporating LST and precipitation into the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI). The GWT was validated using in-situ measurements, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 24.97 cm and an r-squared (R2) of 0.61. The daily GWT variations from 2002 to 2018 were used to estimate respiration (Re) based on a relationship between the in situ GWT and flux-tower-observed Re. Fire emissions are a large direct source of CO2 from terrestrial ecosystems into the atmosphere and were estimated by using MODIS fire products and estimated biomass. The GPP was calculated based on the MODIS GPP product after parameter calibration at site scales. As a result, averages of long-term (17 years) Re, GPP, FE, and NBE from whole peatlands in the study area (6°N–11°S, 95–141°E) were 66.71, 39.15, 1.9, and 29.46 Mt C/month, respectively. We found that the NBE from tropical peatlands in the study area was greater than zero, acting as a C source. Re and FE were influenced by El Niño, and the value of the NBE was also high in the El Niño period. In future studies, the status of peatland degradation should be clarified in detail to accurately estimate the C budget by applying appropriate algorithms of Re with delineations of types of anthropogenic impacts (e.g., drainages and fires).
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9
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Tang ACI, Stoy PC, Hirata R, Musin KK, Aeries EB, Wenceslaus J, Shimizu M, Melling L. The exchange of water and energy between a tropical peat forest and the atmosphere: Seasonal trends and comparison against other tropical rainforests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:166-174. [PMID: 31132697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tropical rainforests control the exchange of water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere near the equator and thus play an important role in the global climate system. Measurements of latent (LE) and sensible heat exchange (H) have not been synthesized across global tropical rainforests to date, which can help place observations from individual tropical forests in a global context. We measured LE and H for four years in a tropical peat forest ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo using eddy covariance, and hypothesize that the study ecosystem will exhibit less seasonal variability in turbulent fluxes than other tropical ecosystems as soil water is not expected to be limiting in a tropical forested wetland. LE and H show little variability across seasons in the study ecosystem, with LE values on the order of 11 MJ m-2 day and H on the order of 3 MJ m-2 day-1. Annual evapotranspiration (ET) did not differ among years and averaged 1579 ± 47 mm year-1. LE exceeded characteristic values from other tropical rainforest ecosystems in the FLUXNET2015 database with the exception of GF-Guy near coastal French Guyana, which averaged 8-11 MJ m-2 day-1. The Bowen ratio (Bo) in tropical rainforests in the FLUXNET2015 database either exhibited little seasonal trend, one seasonal peak, or two peaks. Volumetric water content (VWC) and VPD explained a trivial amount of the variability of LE and Bo in some of the tropical rainforests including the study ecosystem, but were strong controls in others, suggesting differences in stomatal regulation and/or the partitioning between evaporation and transpiration. Results demonstrate important differences in the seasonal patterns in water and energy exchange across different tropical rainforest ecosystems that need to be understood to quantify how ongoing changes in tropical rainforest extent will impact the global climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C I Tang
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Ryuichi Hirata
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kevin K Musin
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Edward B Aeries
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Joseph Wenceslaus
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mariko Shimizu
- Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Sapporo 062-8602, Japan
| | - Lulie Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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10
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Taufik M, Setiawan BI, Van Lanen HAJ. Increased fire hazard in human-modified wetlands in Southeast Asia. AMBIO 2019; 48:363-373. [PMID: 30076525 PMCID: PMC6411813 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vast areas of wetlands in Southeast Asia are undergoing a transformation process to human-modified ecosystems. Expansion of agricultural cropland and forest plantations changes the landscape of wetlands. Here we present observation-based modelling evidence of increased fire hazard due to canalization in tropical wetland ecosystems. Two wetland conditions were tested in South Sumatra, Indonesia, natural drainage and canal drainage, using a hydrological model and a drought-fire index (modified Keetch-Byram index). Our results show that canalization has amplified fire susceptibility by 4.5 times. Canal drainage triggers the fire season to start earlier than under natural wetland conditions, indicating that the canal water level regime is a key variable controlling fire hazard. Furthermore, the findings derived from the modelling experiment have practical relevance for public and private sectors, as well as for water managers and policy makers, who deal with canalization of tropical wetlands, and suggest that improved water management can reduce fire susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh Taufik
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Budi I. Setiawan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Henny A. J. Van Lanen
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Lion M, Kosugi Y, Takanashi S, Noguchi S, Itoh M, Katsuyama M, Matsuo N, Shamsuddin S. Evapotranspiration and water source of a tropical rainforest in peninsular Malaysia. HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 2017; 31:4338-4353. [PMID: 32336875 PMCID: PMC7165644 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate water use and the supporting water source of a tropical rainforest, a 4-year assessment of evapotranspiration (ET) was conducted in Pasoh Forest Reserve, a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. The eddy covariance method and isotope signals of rain, plant, soil, and stream waters were used to determine forest water sources under different moisture conditions. Four sampling events were conducted to collect soil and plant twig samples in wet, moderate, dry, and very dry conditions for the identification of isotopic signals. Annual ET from 2012 to 2015 was quite stable with an average of 1,182 ± 26 mm, and a substantial daily ET was observed even during drought periods, although some decline was observed, corresponding with volumetric soil water content. During the wet period, water for ET was supplied from the surface soil layer between 0 and 0.5 m, whereas in the dry period, approximately 50% to 90% was supplied from the deeper soil layer below 0.5-m depth, originating from water precipitated several months previously at this forest. Isotope signatures demonstrated that the water sources of the plants, soil, and stream were all different. Water in plants was often different from soil water, probably because plant water came from a different source than water that was strongly bound to the soil particles. Plants showed no preference for soil depth with their size, whereas the existence of storage water in the xylem was suggested. The evapotranspiration at this forest is balanced and maintained using most of the available water sources except for a proportion of rapid response run-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marryanna Lion
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia52109KepongSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8502Japan
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Kansai Research CenterForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteKyoto612‐0855Japan
| | - Shoji Noguchi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian StudiesKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8501Japan
| | - Masanori Katsuyama
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research (C‐PIER)Kyoto UniversityHigashi Ichijokan, 1 Yoshida Nakaadachi, SakyoKyoto606‐8306Japan
| | - Naoko Matsuo
- Graduate School of BioresourcesMie UniversityTsuMie514‐8507Japan
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Wakhid N, Hirano T, Okimoto Y, Nurzakiah S, Nursyamsi D. Soil carbon dioxide emissions from a rubber plantation on tropical peat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:857-865. [PMID: 28088548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Land-use change in tropical peatland potentially results in a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions owing to drainage, which lowers groundwater level (GWL) and consequently enhances oxidative peat decomposition. However, field information on carbon balance is lacking for rubber plantations, which are expanding into Indonesia's peatlands. To assess soil CO2 emissions from an eight-year-old rubber plantation established on peat after compaction, soil CO2 efflux was measured monthly using a closed chamber system from December 2014 to December 2015, in which a strong El Niño event occurred, and consequently GWL lowered deeply. Total soil respiration (SR) and oxidative peat decomposition (PD) were separately quantified by trenching. In addition, peat surface elevation was measured to determine annual subsidence along with GWL. With GWL, SR showed a negative logarithmic relationship (p<0.01), whereas PD showed a strong negative linearity (p<0.001). Using the significant relationships, annual SR and PD were calculated from hourly GWL data to be 3293±1039 and 1408±214gCm-2yr-1 (mean±1 standard deviation), respectively. PD accounted for 43% of SR on an annual basis. SR showed no significant difference between near and far positions from rubber trees (p>0.05). Peat surface elevation varied seasonally in almost parallel with GWL. After correcting for GWL difference, annual total subsidence was determined at 5.64±3.20 and 5.96±0.43cmyr-1 outside and inside the trenching, respectively. Annual subsidence only through peat oxidation that was calculated from the annual PD, peat bulk density and peat carbon content was 1.50cmyr-1. As a result, oxidative peat decomposition accounted for 25% of total subsidence (5.96cmyr-1) on average on an annual basis. The contribution of peat oxidation was lower than those of previous studies probably because of compaction through land preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Wakhid
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Jakarta 12540, Indonesia
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Okimoto
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Siti Nurzakiah
- Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Jakarta 12540, Indonesia
| | - Dedi Nursyamsi
- Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Jakarta 12540, Indonesia
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