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Guimaraes AF, de Alagao Querido LC, Rocha T, de Jesus Rodrigues D, Viana PL, de Godoy Bergallo H, Fernandes GW, Toma TSP, Streit H, Overbeck GE, de Souza AQS, Lima AP, da Rosa CA, de Viveiros Grelle CE, Lopes AM, Curcino A, de Paula AS, Andriolo A, Dos Santos Dias A, Santos AT, Bernardes AA, da Silva Oliveira AB, de Barros AAM, E Silva ACBL, da Cruz ACR, de Holanda ASS, Bueno AS, Nunes-Freitas AF, Yves A, da Silva Alencar A, Scabin AB, Manzatto AG, Lima ACS, Pontes ARM, Castro AB, Gomes AM, Banhos A, Rosado BHP, Dos Santos Batista CA, Siqueira CC, Fontana CS, da Rocha CFD, Brocardo CR, da Costa Doria CR, Castilho CV, Pessanha C, Cordeiro CAMM, Cronemberger C, Andretti CB, Cornelius C, Campos C, Borges-Matos C, Barros CF, Keller C, de Oliveira Cavalcante C, de Sales Dambros C, da Silva Machado DN, Tassinari D, Villela DM, Chiaraniv E, de Farias Geisler E, Velez-Martin E, Carvalho-Junior EAR, Drechsler-Santos ER, Lourenco EC, Franklin E, Higashikawa EM, Pezzini F, de Oliveira Roque F, Baccaro FB, Becker FG, Cabeceira FG, do Prado Florencio F, Barbosa FR, Pezzini F, Zuquim G, Ferreira GB, de Vargas GK, Mourao G, Rousseau GX, de Lima HC, Farias HLS, Kaefer IL, Ghizoni IR, da Costa de Noronha J, de Oliveira JL, Santos JRS, Jarenkow JA, de Melo-Junior JCF, Dos Santos JVC, de Oliveira J, de Souza JLP, Baumgratz JFA, de Morais JW, de Melo Silva J, de Gois Silva J, Wingert JM, Menger J, Ferrer J, Dayrell JS, da Silva-Goncalves KC, Torralvo K, da Silva Cruz K, da Silva Sylvestre L, de Andrade Ribas L, Battirola LD, Ramos L, Caires LR, da Silva Carvalho LC, Stegmann LF, Carvalho LN, da Silva Menezes L, Costa LM, Podgaiski LR, Silveira LF, Malabarba LR, Frangipani MA, Tabarelli M, Nascimento MT, Marques MCM, Spies MR, de Oliveira Dos Santos MA, Anaicy M, Vital MJS, Silveira M, Vieira MV, de Moura Araujo MA, de Almeida Silveira MAP, Barros MF, Faitanin MA, Iguatemy M, da Cunha MS, da Silva Murakami MM, Messias MR, Martins MB, Camana M, de Medeiros Correa N, Fonseca NC, Prieto-Benavides OO, Pena Rodrigues PJF, de Andrade PL, Pequeno PACL, Gananca PHS, da Silva Ferreira PP, de Andrade PCR, Azarak PA, de Fraga R, Rabelo RM, de Lima Santos R, Barbosa RI, Dala-Corte RB, Vicente RE, de Oliveira Perdiz R, da Cunha Araujo RP, de Andrade RTG, de Cassia Quitete Portela R, Fadini R, Feitosa RM, Santa-Brigida R, Cerqueira R, Muller SC, Santorelli S, Dos Santos SB, Cechin SZ, Avilla SS, Pansini S, Aragon S, da Silva Figueiredo T, Sobroza TV, de Fatima Ramos Guimaraes T, Dos Santos TF, Emilio T, de Azevedo Amorim T, Izzo T, Sogral T, Dos Santos TG, Vincent TL, de Lima Rocha T, Pillar VD, Mesquita VP, Silva VD, Cyrino VME, Borges-Junior VNT, Layme VMG, Mota WG, Santos WN, Drose W, Silva WR, Magnusson WE. Disentangling the veil line for Brazilian biodiversity: An overview from two long-term research programs reveals huge gaps in ecological data reporting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:174880. [PMID: 39053522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The lack of synthesized information regarding biodiversity is a major problem among researchers, leading to a pervasive cycle where ecologists make field campaigns to collect information that already exists and yet has not been made available for a broader audience. This problem leads to long-lasting effects in public policies such as spending money multiple times to conduct similar studies in the same area. We aim to identify this knowledge gap by synthesizing information available regarding two Brazilian long-term biodiversity programs and the metadata generated by them. Using a unique dataset containing 1904 metadata, we identified patterns of metadata distribution and intensity of research conducted in Brazil, as well as where we should concentrate research efforts in the next decades. We found that the majority of metadata were about vertebrates, followed by plants, invertebrates, and fungi. Caatinga was the biome with least metadata, and that there's still a lack of information regarding all biomes in Brazil, with none of them being sufficiently sampled. We hope that these results will have implications for broader conservation and management guiding, as well as to funding allocation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aretha Franklin Guimaraes
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | | | - Taina Rocha
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Avenida Magalhaes Barata 376, Belem, Para 66040-170, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Lage Viana
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Avenida Magalhaes Barata 376, Belem, Para 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Helena de Godoy Bergallo
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helena Streit
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Ernst Overbeck
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alberico Queiroz Salgueiro de Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ecologia e Conservacao da Biodiversidade, Laboratorio de Ecologia Aplicada a Conservacao, Rodovia Ilheus-Itabuna, Km 16, Salobrinho, zip 45662-000, Ilheus, BA, Brazil
| | - Albertina Pimentel Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Avenida Andre Araujo 2936, Manaus, AM 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Alves da Rosa
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Monteiro Lopes
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Coordenacao de zoologia, Av. Perimetral, 1901 - Terra Firme, Belem, PA, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Curcino
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Agroecologia da Universidade Estadual de Roraima. Rua 7 de Setembro, 231, Bairro Canarinho, zip 68902-280 Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Andriolo
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Conservacao e Uso de Recursos Naturais, Presidente Dutra Avenue, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, zip 76801-974, Rondonia, Brazil
| | - Aline Dos Santos Dias
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Tavares Santos
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentavel Mamiraua, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefe zip 69553225, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Amanda Araujo Bernardes
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Carolina Borges Lins E Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Dom Manuel de Medeiros street, Dois Irmaos, zip 52171030 Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rodrigues da Cruz
- Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Senador Furtado street, 121, zip 20061-002 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Sofia Sousa de Holanda
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Para, 68040-255 Santarem, Para, Brazil
| | - Anderson Saldanha Bueno
- Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Julio de Castilhos, RS 98130-000, Brazil
| | - Andre Felippe Nunes-Freitas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientais, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, km 7, zip 23897-000, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre Yves
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andreia da Silva Alencar
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Recursos Naturais, Capitao Ene Garces Avenue, 2413, Universidade Federal de Roraima, zip 69310-000 Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | - Angelo Gilberto Manzatto
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Conservacao e Uso de Recursos Naturais, Presidente Dutra Avenue, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, zip 76801-974 Rondonia, Brazil
| | - Antonio Cesar Silva Lima
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Recursos Naturais, Capitao Ene Garces Avenue, 2413, Universidade Federal de Roraima, zip 69310-000 Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | - Arlison B Castro
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Para, 68040-255 Santarem, Para, Brazil
| | - Arthur Monteiro Gomes
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Aureo Banhos
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciencias Exatas, Naturais e da Saude, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ZIP 29500-000, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Bruno H P Rosado
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio Augusto Dos Santos Batista
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Carla Costa Siqueira
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Suertegaray Fontana
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolucao, Santa Maria, zip 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos R Brocardo
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Para, 68040-255 Santarem, Para, Brazil
| | - Carolina Rodrigues da Costa Doria
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Conservacao e Uso de Recursos Naturais, Presidente Dutra Avenue, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, zip 76801-974 Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Pessanha
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, zip 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cesar A M M Cordeiro
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, zip 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Cronemberger
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade, zip 12952-011 Atibaia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Borges Andretti
- Instituto Pro-Pampa (IPPampa), Laboratorio de Ornitologia. Rua Uruguai, 1242, Bairro Centro, 96010-630 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cintia Cornelius
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, General Rodrigo Otavio street, Coroado, Manaus zip 69097-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ciro Campos
- Instituto Socioambiental - ISA. Costa e Silva, 116, Sao Pedro, 69306670 Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Franca Barros
- Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao, 915, zip 22460030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Keller
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Cristian de Sales Dambros
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolucao, Santa Maria, zip 97105-900. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Tassinari
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Producao Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, zip 39100-000 Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dora Maria Villela
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, zip 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Chiaraniv
- Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga, Avenue, 6681 , Partenon, zip 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Farias Geisler
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Velez-Martin
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elizabete Captivo Lourenco
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Franklin
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Emilio Manabu Higashikawa
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Flavia Pezzini
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Biodiversity Genomics and Analytics, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio de Oliveira Roque
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, zip 79070- 900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, General Rodrigo Otavio street, Coroado, Manaus, zip 69097-000. Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gertum Becker
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Goncalvez Cabeceira
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, zip 79070- 900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flavia Pezzini
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Biodiversity Genomics and Analytics, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Guilherme Krahl de Vargas
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Mourao
- Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, zip: 79320-900. Corumba, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisa Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao, 915, zip 22460030. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo Leonardo Sousa Farias
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Nucleo de Pesquisas de Roraima, zip 69080-971 Roraima, Brazil
| | - Igor Luis Kaefer
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, General Rodrigo Otavio street, Coroado, Manaus, zip 69097-000. Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ivo Rohling Ghizoni
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, zip 88040-900 Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Joao Andre Jarenkow
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jocieli de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, zip 78550-728 Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz Pereira de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, General Rodrigo Otavio street, Coroado, Manaus zip 69097-000. Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Wellinton de Morais
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Joyce de Melo Silva
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia de Gois Silva
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Wingert
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Menger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, Department of Conservation Biology & Social-Ecological Systems, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliano Ferrer
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jussara Santos Dayrell
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Kelly Cristina da Silva-Goncalves
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientais, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, km 7, zip 23897-000 Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelly Torralvo
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentavel Mamiraua, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefe zip 69553225, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Kely da Silva Cruz
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Lana da Silva Sylvestre
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pedro Calmon Avenue, 550, Cidade Universitaria, zip 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonor de Andrade Ribas
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Ramos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, zip 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leticia Rocha Caires
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciana da Silva Menezes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Moraes Costa
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Regina Podgaiski
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Fabio Silveira
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, zip 05508-030. Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Malabarba
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Araujo Frangipani
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, zip 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia R Spies
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, zip 97300-970 Sao Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Anaicy
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcos Jose Salgado Vital
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Nucleo de Pesquisas de Roraima, zip 69080-971 Roraima, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Universidade Federal do Acre, zip 69920-900 Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pedro Calmon Avenue, 550, Cidade Universitaria, zip 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Aurea Pinheiro de Almeida Silveira
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Conservacao e Uso de Recursos Naturais, Presidente Dutra Avenue, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, zip 76801-974 Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Alves Faitanin
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, zip 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Iguatemy
- Instituto Internacional para Sustentabilidade, zip 22460-320 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Souza da Cunha
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Nucleo de Pesquisas de Roraima, zip 69080-971 Roraima, Brazil
| | | | - Mariluce Rezende Messias
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Conservacao e Uso de Recursos Naturais, Presidente Dutra Avenue, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, zip 76801-974 Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Camana
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nadjara de Medeiros Correa
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientais, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, km 7, zip 23897-000 Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathan Castro Fonseca
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Dom Manuel de Medeiros street, Dois Irmaos, zip 52171030 Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro Henrique Salomao Gananca
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo da Silva Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pedro Calmon Avenue, 550, Cidade Universitaria, zip 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Alencar Azarak
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Nucleo de Pesquisas de Roraima, zip 69080-971 Roraima, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Fraga
- Instituto Tecnologico Vale, zip 66055-090 Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Rabelo
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentavel Mamiraua, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefe, zip 69553225, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Raylanne de Lima Santos
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Recursos Naturais, Capitao Ene Garces Avenue, 2413, Universidade Federal de Roraima, zip 69310-000 Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Nucleo de Pesquisas de Roraima, zip 69080-971 Roraima, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Eduardo Vicente
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociencias, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, zip 78060-900 Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Perdiz
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Recursos Naturais, Capitao Ene Garces Avenue, 2413, Universidade Federal de Roraima, zip 69310-000 Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rita de Cassia Quitete Portela
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pedro Calmon Avenue, 550, Cidade Universitaria, zip 21941-901. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fadini
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Para, 68040-255 Santarem, Para, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rui Cerqueira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pedro Calmon Avenue, 550, Cidade Universitaria, zip 21941-901. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Cristina Muller
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sergio Santorelli
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Sonia Barbosa Dos Santos
- Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia Zanini Cechin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolucao, Santa Maria zip 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Stefano Spiteri Avilla
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, General Rodrigo Otavio street, Coroado, Manaus zip 69097-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Susamar Pansini
- Universidade Federal de Rondonia, zip 76801-974. Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil
| | - Susan Aragon
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Nucleo de Pesquisas de Rondonia, zip 76801-974 Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil
| | - Taina da Silva Figueiredo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Avenida Andre Araujo 2936, Manaus, AM 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Tainara Venturini Sobroza
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, General Rodrigo Otavio street, Coroado, Manaus zip 69097-000. Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Tais de Fatima Ramos Guimaraes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Talitha Ferreira Dos Santos
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Thaise Emilio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociencias, Campus Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Thiago de Azevedo Amorim
- Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Predio da Biodiversidade, Rua UO, s/n, CEP 23897-035 Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Izzo
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Instituto de Biociencias, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, zip 78060-900 Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Thadeu Sogral
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Instituto de Biociencias, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, zip 78060-900 Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Timothy Lee Vincent
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Tomas de Lima Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, zip 29075-910. Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Valerio D Pillar
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pontes Mesquita
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Duncan Silva
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, zip 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Melo Erse Cyrino
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, zip 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane Maria Guedes Layme
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Instituto de Biociencias, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, zip 78060-900 Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Wendarlem Galvao Mota
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Agroecologia da Universidade Estadual de Roraima. Rua 7 de Setembro, 231, Bairro Canarinho, zip 68902-280. Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Wenderson Nunes Santos
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Recursos Naturais, Capitao Ene Garces Avenue, 2413, Universidade Federal de Roraima, zip 69310-000 Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - William Drose
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Goncalves Avenue, 9500, zip 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Williamar Rodrigues Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Nucleo de Pesquisas de Roraima, zip 69080-971 Roraima, Brazil
| | - William E Magnusson
- Coordenacao de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. Andre Araujo 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
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2
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Greenwood EE, Lauber T, van den Hoogen J, Donmez A, Bain RES, Johnston R, Crowther TW, Julian TR. Mapping safe drinking water use in low- and middle-income countries. Science 2024; 385:784-790. [PMID: 39146419 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Safe drinking water access is a human right, but data on safely managed drinking water services (SMDWS) is lacking for more than half of the global population. We estimate SMDWS use in 135 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) at subnational levels with a geospatial modeling approach, combining existing household survey data with available global geospatial datasets. We estimate that only one in three people used SMDWS in LMICs in 2020 and identified fecal contamination as the primary limiting factor affecting almost half of the population of LMICs. Our results are relevant for raising awareness about the challenges and limitations of current global monitoring approaches and demonstrating how globally available geospatial data can be leveraged to fill data gaps and identify priority areas in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E Greenwood
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lauber
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ayca Donmez
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children's Fund, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert E S Bain
- Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children's Fund, New York, NY, USA
- Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa, United Nations Children's Fund, Amman, Jordan
| | - Richard Johnston
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Asyhari A, Gangga A, Putra CAS, Ritonga RP, Candra RA, Anshari GZ, Bowen JC, Perryman CR, Novita N. Quantifying the fluxes of carbon loss from an undrained tropical peatland ecosystem in Indonesia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11459. [PMID: 38769331 PMCID: PMC11106321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conservation of undrained tropical peatland ecosystems is critical for climate change mitigation as they store a tremendous amount of soil carbon that is preserved under anoxic water-logged conditions. Unfortunately, there are too few measurements of carbon fluxes from these ecosystems to estimate the climate change mitigation potential from such conservation efforts. Here, we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes as well as fluvial organic carbon export over the peat swamp forest within an undrained tropical peatland landscape in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Our measurements throughout one year (Oct 2022-Sep 2023) showed that despite its water-logged condition, peat and water overlying the swamp forest on average emits 11.02 ± 0.49 MgCO2 ha-1 yr-1 of CO2 and 0.58 ± 0.04 MgCO2e ha-1 yr-1 of CH4. Further, the fluvial organic carbon export contributes to additional carbon loss of 1.68 ± 0.06 MgCO2e ha-1 yr-1. Our results help improve the accuracy of carbon accounting from undrained tropical peatlands, where we estimated a total carbon loss of 13.28 ± 0.50 MgCO2e ha-1 yr-1. Nevertheless, the total carbon loss reported from our sites is about half than what is reported from the drained peatland landscapes in the region and resulted in a larger onsite carbon sink potential estimate compared to other undrained peat swamp forests. Together, these findings indicate that conserving the remaining undrained peatland ecosystems in Indonesia from drainage and degradation is a promising natural climate solution strategy that avoids significant carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adi Gangga
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Gusti Z Anshari
- Magister of Environmental Science, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia
- Department of Soil Science, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Jennifer C Bowen
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Clarice R Perryman
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nisa Novita
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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4
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Luize BG, Palma‐Silva C, Siqueira T, Silva TSF. Tree species occurring in Amazonian wetland forests consistently show broader range sizes and niche breadths than trees in upland forests. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11230. [PMID: 38681185 PMCID: PMC11045914 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Generally, species with broad niches also show large range sizes. We investigated the relationship between hydrological niche breadth and geographic range size for Amazonian tree species seeking to understand the role of habitat specialization to Amazonian wetlands and upland forests on the current distribution of tree species. We obtained 571,092 valid occurrence points from GBIF and SpeciesLink to estimate the range size and the niche breadth of 76% of all known Amazonian tree species (5150 tree species). Hydrological niche breadth was measured on different unidimensional axes defined by (1) total annual precipitation; (2) precipitation seasonality; (3) actual evapotranspiration; and (4) water table depth. Geographic range sizes were estimated using alpha-hull adjustments. General linear models were used to relate niche breadth to range size while contrasting tree species occurring and not occurring in wetlands. The hydrological niche breadth of Amazonian tree species varied mostly along the water table depth axis. The average range size for an Amazonian tree species was 751,000 km2 (median of 154,000 km2 and standard deviation of 1,550,000 km2). Niche breadth-range size relationships for Amazonian tree species were positive for all models, and the explanatory power of the models improved when including whether a species occurred in wetlands or in terrestrial uplands. Wetland species had steeper positive slopes for the niche breadth-range size relationship, and consistently larger range sizes for a given niche breadth. Amazonian tree species varied strongly in hydrological niche breadth and range size, but most species had narrow niche breadths and range sizes. Our results suggest that the South American riverscape may have been acting as a corridor for species dispersal in the Neotropical lowlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Garcia Luize
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Rio ClaroBrazil
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de BiologiaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMPCampinasBrazil
| | - Clarisse Palma‐Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de BiologiaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMPCampinasBrazil
| | - Tadeu Siqueira
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Rio ClaroBrazil
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Thiago Sanna Freire Silva
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Rio ClaroBrazil
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
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5
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Marcus MS, Hergoualc'h K, Honorio Coronado EN, Gutiérrez-Vélez VH. Spatial distribution of degradation and deforestation of palm swamp peatlands and associated carbon emissions in the Peruvian Amazon. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119665. [PMID: 38086114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The vast peat deposits in the Peruvian Amazon are crucial to the global climate. Palm swamp, the most extensive regional peatland ecosystem faces different threats, including deforestation and degradation due to felling of the dominant palm Mauritia flexuosa for fruit harvesting. While these activities convert this natural C sink into a source, the distribution of degradation and deforestation in this ecosystem and related C emissions remain unstudied. We used remote sensing data from Landsat, ALOS-PALSAR, and NASA's GEDI spaceborne LiDAR-derived products to map palm swamp degradation and deforestation within a 28 Mha area of the lowland Peruvian Amazon in 1990-2007 and 2007-2018. We combined this information with a regional peat map, C stock density data and peat emission factors to determine (1) peatland C stocks of peat-forming ecosystems (palm swamp, herbaceous swamp, pole forest), and (2) areas of palm swamp peatland degradation and deforestation and associated C emissions. In the 6.9 ± 0.1 Mha of predicted peat-forming ecosystems within the larger 28 Mha study area, 73% overlaid peat (5.1 ± 0.9 Mha) and stored 3.88 ± 0.12 Pg C. Degradation and deforestation in palm swamp peatlands totaled 535,423 ± 8,419 ha over 1990-2018, with a pronounced dominance for degradation (85%). The degradation rate increased 15% from 15,400 ha y-1 (1990-2007) to 17,650 ha y-1 (2007-2018) and the deforestation rate more than doubled from 1,900 ha y-1 to 4,200 ha y-1. Over 1990-2018, emissions from degradation amounted to 26.3 ± 3.5 Tg C and emissions from deforestation were 12.9 ± 0.5 Tg C. The 2007-2018 emission rate from both biomass and peat loss of 1.9 Tg C yr-1 is four times the average biomass loss rate due to gross deforestation in 2010-2019 reported for the hydromorphic Peruvian Amazon. The magnitude of emissions calls for the country to account for deforestation and degradation of peatlands in national reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Marcus
- Temple University, Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Arizona, School of Geography, Development and Environment, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Kristell Hergoualc'h
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Lima, Peru; Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France
| | - Eurídice N Honorio Coronado
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom
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6
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Mohibul S, Sarif MN, Parveen N, Khanam N, Siddiqui MA, Naqvi HR, Nasrin T, Siddiqui L. Wetland health assessment using DPSI framework: a case study in Kolkata Metropolitan Area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107158-107178. [PMID: 36918489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands are among the most valuable components of the ecosystem, playing an important role in preventing floods, maintaining the hydrological cycle, protecting against natural hazards, and controlling local weather conditions and ecological restoration. The Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) is considered one of the most ecologically valuable regions in terms of wetland ecosystem, but due to haphazard development and human activities, the wetlands of the city are under constant threat of degradation. Therefore, this study aims to assess the factors responsible for wetland health and their dynamics using Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact (DPSI) framework. To assess wetland health during 2011-2020, seventeen indicators and four sub-indicators were selected to calculate weights using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed that most of the municipalities in the healthy category were in the pressure (P) section in 2011, while fluctuations were observed in the impact (I) section in several wards during 2011-20. The condition section (S) showed the overall change in the water, vegetation, and built-up categories from 2011 to 2020, so the most dominant category was "healthy," followed by "unhealthy" and "poor." The highly significant factors worsening wetland health were population density (B1), road density (B3), per capita wastewater generation (B5), per capita solid waste generation (B7), biological oxygen demand (D1a), dissolved oxygen (D1b), pH (D1c), and total coliform (D1d). The results of the study can help develop sustainable conservation and management of the wetland ecosystem in the KMA urban area and at the global level with similar geographical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Mohibul
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Nawaj Sarif
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Parveen
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Nazreen Khanam
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Masood Ahsan Siddiqui
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Hasan Raja Naqvi
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Tania Nasrin
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Lubna Siddiqui
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, New Delhi, India.
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7
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Carvalho RL, Resende AF, Barlow J, França FM, Moura MR, Maciel R, Alves-Martins F, Shutt J, Nunes CA, Elias F, Silveira JM, Stegmann L, Baccaro FB, Juen L, Schietti J, Aragão L, Berenguer E, Castello L, Costa FRC, Guedes ML, Leal CG, Lees AC, Isaac V, Nascimento RO, Phillips OL, Schmidt FA, Ter Steege H, Vaz-de-Mello F, Venticinque EM, Vieira ICG, Zuanon J, Ferreira J. Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3495-3504.e4. [PMID: 37473761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%-18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Carvalho
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Amazônia Oriental, Belém 66095-903, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil.
| | - Angelica F Resende
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Amazônia Oriental, Belém 66095-903, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Esalq, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, UK.
| | | | - Mario R Moura
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Jack Shutt
- Manchester Metropolitan University, M15 6BH Manchester, UK
| | - Cassio A Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lis Stegmann
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Amazônia Oriental, Belém 66095-903, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Juen
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-119, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Luiz Aragão
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, UK; University of Oxford, OX1 3QY Oxford, UK
| | | | - Flavia R C Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliver L Phillips
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém 66077-830, Brazil; University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | | | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jansen Zuanon
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Amazônia Oriental, Belém 66095-903, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-119, Brazil
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8
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Lane CR, D’Amico E, Christensen JR, Golden HE, Wu Q, Rajib A. Mapping global non-floodplain wetlands. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA 2023; 15:2927-2955. [PMID: 37841644 PMCID: PMC10569017 DOI: 10.5194/essd-15-2927-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-floodplain wetlands - those located outside the floodplains - have emerged as integral components to watershed resilience, contributing hydrologic and biogeochemical functions affecting watershed-scale flooding extent, drought magnitude, and water-quality maintenance. However, the absence of a global dataset of non-floodplain wetlands limits their necessary incorporation into water quality and quantity management decisions and affects wetland-focused wildlife habitat conservation outcomes. We addressed this critical need by developing a publicly available "Global NFW" (Non-Floodplain Wetland) dataset, comprised of a global river-floodplain map at 90 m resolution coupled with a global ensemble wetland map incorporating multiple wetland-focused data layers. The floodplain, wetland, and non-floodplain wetland spatial data developed here were successfully validated within 21 large and heterogenous basins across the conterminous United States. We identified nearly 33 million potential non-floodplain wetlands with an estimated global extent of over 16×106 km2. Non-floodplain wetland pixels comprised 53% of globally identified wetland pixels, meaning the majority of the globe's wetlands likely occur external to river floodplains and coastal habitats. The identified global NFWs were typically small (median 0.039 km2), with a global median size ranging from 0.018-0.138 km2. This novel geospatial Global NFW static dataset advances wetland conservation and resource-management goals while providing a foundation for global non-floodplain wetland functional assessments, facilitating non-floodplain wetland inclusion in hydrological, biogeochemical, and biological model development. The data are freely available through the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Dataset Gateway (https://gaftp.epa.gov/EPADataCommons/ORD/Global_NonFloodplain_Wetlands/, last access: 24 May 2023) and through https://doi.org/10.23719/1528331 (Lane et al., 2023a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Lane
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ellen D’Amico
- Pegasus Technical Service, Inc. c/o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jay R. Christensen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Heather E. Golden
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiusheng Wu
- Department of Geography & Sustainability, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adnan Rajib
- Hydrology and Hydroinformatics Innovation Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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9
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Tiwari AD, Pokhrel Y, Kramer D, Akhter T, Tang Q, Liu J, Qi J, Loc HH, Lakshmi V. A synthesis of hydroclimatic, ecological, and socioeconomic data for transdisciplinary research in the Mekong. Sci Data 2023; 10:283. [PMID: 37188677 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mekong River basin (MRB) is a transboundary basin that supports livelihoods of over 70 million inhabitants and diverse terrestrial-aquatic ecosystems. This critical lifeline for people and ecosystems is under transformation due to climatic stressors and human activities (e.g., land use change and dam construction). Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the changing hydrological and ecological systems in the MRB and develop improved adaptation strategies. This, however, is hampered partly by lack of sufficient, reliable, and accessible observational data across the basin. Here, we fill this long-standing gap for MRB by synthesizing climate, hydrological, ecological, and socioeconomic data from various disparate sources. The data- including groundwater records digitized from the literature-provide crucial insights into surface water systems, groundwater dynamics, land use patterns, and socioeconomic changes. The analyses presented also shed light on uncertainties associated with various datasets and the most appropriate choices. These datasets are expected to advance socio-hydrological research and inform science-based management decisions and policymaking for sustainable food-energy-water, livelihood, and ecological systems in the MRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Deep Tiwari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yadu Pokhrel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tanjila Akhter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Qiuhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junguo Liu
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaguo Qi
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ho Huu Loc
- Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Venkataraman Lakshmi
- Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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10
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Benavides JC, Vitt DH, Cooper DJ. The High-Elevation Peatlands of the Northern Andes, Colombia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12040955. [PMID: 36840306 PMCID: PMC9967791 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Andean peatlands are important carbon reservoirs for countries in the northern Andes and have a unique diversity. Peatland plant diversity is generally related to hydrology and water chemistry, and the response of the vegetation in tropical high-elevation peatlands to changes in elevation, climate, and disturbance is poorly understood. Here, we address the questions of what the main vegetation types of peat-forming vegetation in the northern Andes are, and how the different vegetation types are related to water chemistry and pH. We measured plant diversity in 121 peatlands. We identified a total of 264 species, including 124 bryophytes and 140 vascular plants. We differentiated five main vegetation types: cushion plants, Sphagnum, true mosses, sedges, and grasses. Cushion-dominated peatlands are restricted to elevations above 4000 m. Variation in peatland vegetation is mostly driven be elevation and water chemistry. Encroachment of sedges and Sphagnum sancto-josephense in disturbed sites was associated with a reduction in soil carbon. We conclude that peatland variation is driven first by elevation and climate followed by water chemistry and human disturbances. Sites with higher human disturbances had lower carbon content. Peat-forming vegetation in the northern Andes was unique to each site bringing challenges on how to better conserve them and the ecosystem services they offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Benavides
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Dale H Vitt
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6509, USA
| | - David J Cooper
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1572, USA
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11
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Rangel Pinagé E, Keller M, Peck CP, Longo M, Duffy P, Csillik O. Effects of forest degradation classification on the uncertainty of aboveground carbon estimates in the Amazon. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 18:2. [PMID: 36786979 PMCID: PMC9926651 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-023-00221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropical forests are critical for the global carbon budget, yet they have been threatened by deforestation and forest degradation by fire, selective logging, and fragmentation. Existing uncertainties on land cover classification and in biomass estimates hinder accurate attribution of carbon emissions to specific forest classes. In this study, we used textural metrics derived from PlanetScope images to implement a probabilistic classification framework to identify intact, logged and burned forests in three Amazonian sites. We also estimated biomass for these forest classes using airborne lidar and compared biomass uncertainties using the lidar-derived estimates only to biomass uncertainties considering the forest degradation classification as well. RESULTS Our classification approach reached overall accuracy of 0.86, with accuracy at individual sites varying from 0.69 to 0.93. Logged forests showed variable biomass changes, while burned forests showed an average carbon loss of 35%. We found that including uncertainty in forest degradation classification significantly increased uncertainty and decreased estimates of mean carbon density in two of the three test sites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the attribution of biomass changes to forest degradation classes needs to account for the uncertainty in forest degradation classification. By combining very high-resolution images with lidar data, we could attribute carbon stock changes to specific pathways of forest degradation. This approach also allows quantifying uncertainties of carbon emissions associated with forest degradation through logging and fire. Both the attribution and uncertainty quantification provide critical information for national greenhouse gas inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Keller
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Río Piedras, 00926 Puerto Rico
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | | | - Marcos Longo
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Paul Duffy
- Neptune and Company, Inc, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA
| | - Ovidiu Csillik
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
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12
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Busman NA, Melling L, Goh KJ, Imran Y, Sangok FE, Watanabe A. Soil CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes from different forest types in tropical peat swamp forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159973. [PMID: 36347298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Information on temporal and spatial variations in soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from tropical peat forests is essential to predict the influence of climate change and estimate the effects of land use on global warming and the carbon (C) cycle. To obtain such basic information, soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes, together with soil physicochemical properties and environmental variables, were measured at three major forest types in the Maludam National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, for eight years, and their relationships were analyzed. Annual soil CO2 fluxes ranged from 860 to 1450 g C m⁻2 yr⁻1 without overall significant differences between the three forest sites, while soil CH4 fluxes, 1.2-10.8 g C m⁻2 yr⁻1, differed. Differences in GHG fluxes between dry and rainy seasons were not necessarily significant, corresponding to the extent of seasonal variation in groundwater level (GWL). The lack of significant differences in soil CO2 fluxes between the three sites could be attributed to set-off between the negative and positive effects of the decomposability of soil organic matter as estimated by pyrophosphate solubility index (PSI) and GWL. The impact of El-Niño on annual CO2 flux also varied between the sites. The variation in soil CH4 fluxes from the three sites was enhanced by variations in temperature, GWL, PSI, and soil iron (Fe) content. A positive correlation was observed between the annual CH4 flux and GWL at only one site, and the influence of soil properties was more pronounced at the site with the lowest GWL and the highest PSI. Variation in annual CH4 fluxes was controlled more strongly by temperature where GWL was the highest and GWL and plant growth fluctuations were the least. Inter-annual variations in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes confirmed the importance of long-term monitoring of these at multiple sites supporting different forest types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azima Busman
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Lulie Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kah Joo Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn Bhd, Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya 47810, Malaysia
| | - Yazid Imran
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Faustina E Sangok
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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13
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McCalmont J, Kho LK, Teh YA, Chocholek M, Rumpang E, Rowland L, Basri MHA, Hill T. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation on tropical peatland in South East Asia: Photosynthetic response to soil drainage level for mitigation of soil carbon emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159356. [PMID: 36270353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While existing moratoria in Indonesia and Malaysia should preclude continued large-scale expansion of palm oil production into new areas of South-East Asian tropical peatland, existing plantations in the region remain a globally significant source of atmospheric carbon due to drainage driven decomposition of peatland soils. Previous studies have made clear the direct link between drainage depth and peat carbon decomposition and significant reductions in the emission rate of CO2 can be made by raising water tables nearer to the soil surface. However, the impact of such changes on palm fruit yield is not well understood and will be a critical consideration for plantation managers. Here we take advantage of very high frequency, long-term monitoring of canopy-scale carbon exchange at a mature oil palm plantation in Malaysian Borneo to investigate the relationship between drainage level and photosynthetic uptake and consider the confounding effects of light quality and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit. Canopy modelling from our dataset demonstrated that palms were exerting significantly greater stomatal control at deeper water table depths (WTD) and the optimum WTD for photosynthesis was found to be between 0.3 and 0.4 m below the soil surface. Raising WTD to this level, from the industry typical drainage level of 0.6 m, could increase photosynthetic uptake by 3.6 % and reduce soil surface emission of CO2 by 11 %. Our study site further showed that despite being poorly drained compared to other planting blocks at the same plantation, monthly fruit bunch yield was, on average, 14 % greater. While these results are encouraging, and at least suggest that raising WTD closer to the soil surface to reduce emissions is unlikely to produce significant yield penalties, our results are limited to a single study site and more work is urgently needed to confirm these results at other plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon McCalmont
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK.
| | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Peat Ecosystem and Biodiversity Unit, Biology and Sustainability Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Economic Planning Unit, Sarawak Chief Minister's Dept., 93502 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Drummond Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Melanie Chocholek
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Science, University of St. Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Elisa Rumpang
- Peat Ecosystem and Biodiversity Unit, Biology and Sustainability Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Mohd Hadi Akbar Basri
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK; Dept. of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tim Hill
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
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14
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Fluet-Chouinard E, Stocker BD, Zhang Z, Malhotra A, Melton JR, Poulter B, Kaplan JO, Goldewijk KK, Siebert S, Minayeva T, Hugelius G, Joosten H, Barthelmes A, Prigent C, Aires F, Hoyt AM, Davidson N, Finlayson CM, Lehner B, Jackson RB, McIntyre PB. Extensive global wetland loss over the past three centuries. Nature 2023; 614:281-286. [PMID: 36755174 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands have long been drained for human use, thereby strongly affecting greenhouse gas fluxes, flood control, nutrient cycling and biodiversity1,2. Nevertheless, the global extent of natural wetland loss remains remarkably uncertain3. Here, we reconstruct the spatial distribution and timing of wetland loss through conversion to seven human land uses between 1700 and 2020, by combining national and subnational records of drainage and conversion with land-use maps and simulated wetland extents. We estimate that 3.4 million km2 (confidence interval 2.9-3.8) of inland wetlands have been lost since 1700, primarily for conversion to croplands. This net loss of 21% (confidence interval 16-23%) of global wetland area is lower than that suggested previously by extrapolations of data disproportionately from high-loss regions. Wetland loss has been concentrated in Europe, the United States and China, and rapidly expanded during the mid-twentieth century. Our reconstruction elucidates the timing and land-use drivers of global wetland losses, providing an improved historical baseline to guide assessment of wetland loss impact on Earth system processes, conservation planning to protect remaining wetlands and prioritization of sites for wetland restoration4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Fluet-Chouinard
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joe R Melton
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Jed O Kaplan
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kees Klein Goldewijk
- Faculty of Geosciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Gustaf Hugelius
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Joosten
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexandra Barthelmes
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catherine Prigent
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, Paris, France.,Estellus, Paris, France
| | - Filipe Aires
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, Paris, France.,Estellus, Paris, France
| | - Alison M Hoyt
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nick Davidson
- Nick Davidson Environmental, Queens House, Wigmore, UK.,Gulbali Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Elizabeth Mitchell Drive, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Max Finlayson
- Gulbali Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Elizabeth Mitchell Drive, Albury, New South Wales, Australia.,IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Lehner
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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15
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de Moraes RLR, Sassi FDMC, Marinho MMF, Ráb P, Porto JIR, Feldberg E, Cioffi MDB. Small Body, Large Chromosomes: Centric Fusions Shaped the Karyotype of the Amazonian Miniature Fish Nannostomus anduzei (Characiformes, Lebiasinidae). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:192. [PMID: 36672933 PMCID: PMC9858914 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniature refers to species with extraordinarily small adult body size when adult and can be found within all major metazoan groups. It is considered that miniature species have experienced severe alteration of numerous morphological traits during evolution. For a variety of reasons, including severe labor concerns during collecting, chromosomal acquisition, and taxonomic issues, miniature fishes are neglected and understudied. Since some available studies indicate possible relationship between diploid chromosome number (2n) and body size in fishes, we aimed to study one of the smallest Neotropical fish Nannostomus anduzei (Teleostei, Characiformes, Lebiasinidae), using both conventional (Giemsa staining, C-banding) and molecular cytogenetic methods (FISH mapping of rDNAs, microsatellites, and telomeric sequences). Our research revealed that N. anduzei possesses one of the lowest diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 22) among teleost fishes, and its karyotype is entirely composed of large metacentric chromosomes. All chromosomes, except for pair number 11, showed an 18S rDNA signal in the pericentromeric region. 5S rDNA signals were detected in the pericentromeric regions of chromosome pair number 1 and 6, displaying synteny to 18S rDNA signals. Interstitial telomeric sites (ITS) were identified in the centromeric region of pairs 6 and 8, indicating that centric fusions played a significant role in karyotype evolution of studied species. Our study provides further evidence supporting the trend of diploid chromosome number reduction along with miniaturization of adult body size in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Luiza Rosa de Moraes
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante Sassi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoela Maria Ferreira Marinho
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge Ivan Rebelo Porto
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus 69067-375, AM, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus 69067-375, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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16
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Buessecker S, Sarno AF, Reynolds MC, Chavan R, Park J, Fontánez Ortiz M, Pérez-Castillo AG, Panduro Pisco G, Urquiza-Muñoz JD, Reis LP, Ferreira-Ferreira J, Furtunato Maia JM, Holbert KE, Penton CR, Hall SJ, Gandhi H, Boëchat IG, Gücker B, Ostrom NE, Cadillo-Quiroz H. Coupled abiotic-biotic cycling of nitrous oxide in tropical peatlands. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1881-1890. [PMID: 36202923 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas thought to be mainly derived from microbial metabolism as part of the denitrification pathway. Here we report that in unexplored peat soils of Central and South America, N2O production can be driven by abiotic reactions (≤98%) highly competitive to their enzymatic counterparts. Extracted soil iron positively correlated with in situ abiotic N2O production determined by isotopic tracers. Moreover, we found that microbial N2O reduction accompanied abiotic production, essentially closing a coupled abiotic-biotic N2O cycle. Anaerobic N2O consumption occurred ubiquitously (pH 6.4-3.7), with proportions of diverse clade II N2O reducers increasing with consumption rates. Our findings show that denitrification in tropical peat soils is not a purely biological process but rather a 'mosaic' of abiotic and biotic reduction reactions. We predict that hydrological and temperature fluctuations differentially affect abiotic and biotic drivers and further contribute to the high N2O flux variation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Buessecker
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Analissa F Sarno
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mark C Reynolds
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ramani Chavan
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Park
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Ana G Pérez-Castillo
- Environmental Pollution Research Center (CICA), University of Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Grober Panduro Pisco
- School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Ucayali National University, Ucayali, Peru
| | - José David Urquiza-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Soil Research, Research Institute of Amazonia's Natural Resources, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
- School of Forestry, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
- Department for Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Leonardo P Reis
- Mamiraua Institute for Sustainable Development, Amazonia, Brazil
| | | | - Jair M Furtunato Maia
- Normal Superior School, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Amazonia, Brazil
- National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Amazonia, Brazil
| | - Keith E Holbert
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Ryan Penton
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Sharon J Hall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Hasand Gandhi
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Iola G Boëchat
- Applied Limnology Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Björn Gücker
- Applied Limnology Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel E Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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17
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Kaboré I, Tampo L, Bancé V, Daboné C, Mano K, Ayoro HJ, Ouéda A. Preliminary biological data of Sahel wetland ecosystems in Burkina Faso: Implications for ecological health assessment. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.913333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds, amphibians, fish, and macroinvertebrates are useful indicators of ecological conditions and ensure considerable conservation value and tools for decision making in management of wetland ecosystems. However, the use of these organisms to monitor wetland ecosystems has rarely been explored in Western Africa. Whereas, we are currently facing to growing multiple anthropogenic pressures and climate warming that impact negatively our wetlands and the biodiversity. Notably, there is an urgent need of cost-effective tools for wetland ecosystems health assessment in Burkina Faso. In this study, we examined the taxonomic composition of birds, amphibians, fish, and macroinvertebrates and explored their potential use for monitoring wetland ecosystems. From our findings, measures of taxa composition and diversity respond to the gradients of anthropogenic alterations. Our results revealed that the highest diversity of fish and macroinvertebrates taxa was recorded in protected sites, whereas the lowest diversity was obtained in degraded sites. Additionally, the findings showed a strong and positive correlation between macroinvertebrates taxa and key water variables, whereas fish taxa were strongly correlated to xylal (deadwood) substrates. Most of bird’s species were recorded in tree-shrubs, and amphibians of protected wetlands were distinguished by identifying indicator taxa through indicator value index. African wetland ecosystems and biodiversity may be sustainably preserved through responsive monitoring programs of wetlands by limnologists.
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18
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Watmough S, Gilbert-Parkes S, Basiliko N, Lamit LJ, Lilleskov EA, Andersen R, del Aguila-Pasquel J, Artz RE, Benscoter BW, Borken W, Bragazza L, Brandt SM, Bräuer SL, Carson MA, Chen X, Chimner RA, Clarkson BR, Cobb AR, Enriquez AS, Farmer J, Grover SP, Harvey CF, Harris LI, Hazard C, Hoyt AM, Hribljan J, Jauhiainen J, Juutinen S, Kane ES, Knorr KH, Kolka R, Könönen M, Laine AM, Larmola T, Levasseur PA, McCalley CK, McLaughlin J, Moore TR, Mykytczuk N, Normand AE, Rich V, Robinson B, Rupp DL, Rutherford J, Schadt CW, Smith DS, Spiers G, Tedersoo L, Thu PQ, Trettin CC, Tuittila ES, Turetsky M, Urbanová Z, Varner RK, Waldrop MP, Wang M, Wang Z, Warren M, Wiedermann MM, Williams ST, Yavitt JB, Yu ZG, Zahn G. Variation in carbon and nitrogen concentrations among peatland categories at the global scale. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275149. [PMID: 36417456 PMCID: PMC9683585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatlands account for 15 to 30% of the world's soil carbon (C) stock and are important controls over global nitrogen (N) cycles. However, C and N concentrations are known to vary among peatlands contributing to the uncertainty of global C inventories, but there are few global studies that relate peatland classification to peat chemistry. We analyzed 436 peat cores sampled in 24 countries across six continents and measured C, N, and organic matter (OM) content at three depths down to 70 cm. Sites were distinguished between northern (387) and tropical (49) peatlands and assigned to one of six distinct broadly recognized peatland categories that vary primarily along a pH gradient. Peat C and N concentrations, OM content, and C:N ratios differed significantly among peatland categories, but few differences in chemistry with depth were found within each category. Across all peatlands C and N concentrations in the 10-20 cm layer, were 440 ± 85.1 g kg-1 and 13.9 ± 7.4 g kg-1, with an average C:N ratio of 30.1 ± 20.8. Among peatland categories, median C concentrations were highest in bogs, poor fens and tropical swamps (446-532 g kg-1) and lowest in intermediate and extremely rich fens (375-414 g kg-1). The C:OM ratio in peat was similar across most peatland categories, except in deeper samples from ombrotrophic tropical peat swamps that were higher than other peatlands categories. Peat N concentrations and C:N ratios varied approximately two-fold among peatland categories and N concentrations tended to be higher (and C:N lower) in intermediate fens compared with other peatland types. This study reports on a unique data set and demonstrates that differences in peat C and OM concentrations among broadly classified peatland categories are predictable, which can aid future studies that use land cover assessments to refine global peatland C and N stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Watmough
- Trent University, School of the Environment, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nathan Basiliko
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis J. Lamit
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Erik A. Lilleskov
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Andersen
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle St., United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebekka E. Artz
- Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Castle St., Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W. Benscoter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States of America
| | - Werner Borken
- University Bayreuth, Soil Ecology, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Luca Bragazza
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefani M. Brandt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, United States of America
| | - Suzanna L. Bräuer
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Carson
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rodney A. Chimner
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Alexander R. Cobb
- Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea S. Enriquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias (CONICET-INTA), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Jenny Farmer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha P. Grover
- RMIT University, Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles F. Harvey
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lorna I. Harris
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina Hazard
- École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, Ecully, France
| | - Alison M. Hoyt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - John Hribljan
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Jyrki Jauhiainen
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Evan S. Kane
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Klaus-Holger Knorr
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry Group, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Randy Kolka
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Mari Könönen
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tuula Larmola
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Carmody K. McCalley
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Jim McLaughlin
- Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, United States of America
| | - Tim R. Moore
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadia Mykytczuk
- Laurentian University, School of the Environment and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna E. Normand
- University of Florida, Soil and Water Sciences, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Virginia Rich
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Bryce Robinson
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle L. Rupp
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Rutherford
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, W.A., Australia
| | - Christopher W. Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Dave S. Smith
- Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States of America
| | - Graeme Spiers
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pham Q. Thu
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - Carl C. Trettin
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Cordesville, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Merritt Turetsky
- INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Zuzana Urbanová
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Department of Earth Science and Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Waldrop
- Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, USGS Menlo Park, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Meng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Matt Warren
- Earth Innovation Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Magdalena M. Wiedermann
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shanay T. Williams
- Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph B. Yavitt
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Guo Yu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Geoff Zahn
- Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, United States of America
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19
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Zhu Y, Xu Y, Deng X, Kwon H, Qin Z. Peatland Loss in Southeast Asia Contributing to U.S. Biofuel's Greenhouse Gas Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13284-13293. [PMID: 36040952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Land use change (LUC) induced by biofuel production could lead to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which potentially increase biofuel's carbon intensity. Among the sources of LUC-related emissions for soy biodiesel, the contribution from peatland loss to agricultural plantations in Southeast Asia remains uncertain. Here, we analyzed LUC in Malaysia and Indonesia and modeled its impacts on the GHG emissions of soy biodiesel produced in the United States. It shows that oil palm plantations have more than doubled over 2001-2016 and the area of palm-on-peatlands (PoP) has expanded 3.7 times. Over new palm plantations, the share of PoP is about 19% regardless of time and location and the emission factor (EF) for peatland-to-palm conversion is estimated to be 41.5 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1. With these updates on PoP and EF, the contribution of peatland loss (0.7-5.1 g CO2e MJ-1) to biodiesel emissions is only 40-65% of previous estimates, which reduces discrepancies among model simulations used by different agencies. Based on emerging evidence on LUC and related carbon changes, our analysis reexamines regional peatland loss and its impacts on LUC emissions modeling and provides new insights into the estimation of LUC impacts on biofuels' carbon intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Zhu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xi Deng
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Hoyoung Kwon
- Energy Systems and Infrastructure Analysis Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhangcai Qin
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
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20
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Swails E, Hergoualc'h K, Deng J, Frolking S, Novita N. How can process-based modeling improve peat CO 2 and N 2O emission factors for oil palm plantations? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156153. [PMID: 35609697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm plantations on peat and associated drainage generate sizeable GHG emissions. Current IPCC default emission factors (EF) for oil palm on organic soil are based on a very limited number of observations from young plantations, thereby resulting in large uncertainties in emissions estimates. To explore the potential of process-based modeling to refine oil palm peat CO2 and N2O EFs, we simulated peat GHG emissions and biogeophysical variables over 30 years in plantations of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The DNDC model simulated well the magnitude of C inputs (litterfall and root mortality) and dynamics of annual heterotrophic respiration and peat decomposition N2O fluxes. The modeled peat onsite CO2-C EF was lower than the IPCC default (11 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) and decreased from 7.7 ± 0.4 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the first decade to 3.0 ± 0.2 and 1.8 ± 0.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the second and third decades of the rotation. The modeled N2O-N EF from peat decomposition was higher than the IPCC default (1.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and increased from 3.5 ± 0.3 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the first decade to 4.7-4.6 ± 0.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the following ones. Modeled fertilizer-induced N2O emissions were minimal and much less than 1.6% of N inputs recommended by the IPCC in wet climates regardless of soil type. Temporal variations in EFs were strongly linked to soil C:N ratio and soil mineral N content for CO2 and fertilizer-induced N2O emissions, and to precipitation, water table level and soil NH4+ content for peat decomposition N2O emissions. These results suggest that current IPCC EFs for oil palm on organic soil could over-estimate peat onsite CO2 emissions and underestimate peat decomposition N2O emissions and that temporal variation in emissions should be considered for further improvement of EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Swails
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115, Indonesia.
| | - Kristell Hergoualc'h
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Jia Deng
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Steve Frolking
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Nisa Novita
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah 3(rd) floor, Jalan Iskandarsyah Raya 66 C, 12160 Jakarta, Indonesia
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21
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Visschers LLB, Santos CD, Franco AMA. Accelerated migration of mangroves indicate large-scale saltwater intrusion in Amazon coastal wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155679. [PMID: 35523322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Saltwater intrusion can dramatically transform coastal ecosystems, changing vegetation and impacting wildlife and human communities who rely on these natural resources. This phenomenon is difficult to measure over large and remote areas but can be inferred from changes in the distribution of salt-tolerant vegetation, such as mangroves, observable from satellite imagery. The northern coast of Brazil has the largest continuous mangrove forest in the world and very low human occupation. Even so, saltwater intrusion and changes to the coastline have been reported in this region, with potential consequences for mangrove carbon storage and for local livelihoods, but this has not been quantified due to the remoteness of the area. This study measured changes in mangrove distribution along the Northern Brazil coast in the state of Amapá, covering ca. 15,000 km2, over the last 38 years using Landsat satellite imagery. We found that mangrove area in this region is highly dynamic, with significant gains and losses occurring over the study period, but with an overall net gain of 157 km2. Mangroves have been systematically expanding inland and this growth has accelerated close to the shoreline and at the head of tidal channels in the last two decades, indicating rapid and large-scale saltwater intrusion in this region. This phenomenon is likely driven by sea level rise, which also accelerated in this region in recent decades, but anthropogenic impacts such as buffalo grazing may also play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola L B Visschers
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Carlos D Santos
- Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Brazil; Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany; CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Aldina M A Franco
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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22
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Xi Y, Peng S, Ducharne A, Ciais P, Gumbricht T, Jimenez C, Poulter B, Prigent C, Qiu C, Saunois M, Zhang Z. Gridded maps of wetlands dynamics over mid-low latitudes for 1980–2020 based on TOPMODEL. Sci Data 2022. [PMCID: PMC9206665 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamics of global wetlands are closely linked to biodiversity conservation, hydrology, and greenhouse gas emissions. However, long-term time series of global wetland products are still lacking. Using a diagnostic model based on the TOPography-based hydrological MODEL (TOPMODEL), this study produced an ensemble of 28 gridded maps of monthly global/regional wetland extents (with more reliable estimates at mid-low latitudes) for 1980–2020 at 0.25° × 0.25° spatial resolution, calibrated with a combination of four observation-based wetland data and seven gridded soil moisture reanalysis datasets. The gridded dynamic maps of wetlands capture the spatial distributions, seasonal cycles, and interannual variabilities of observed wetland extent well, and also show a good agreement with independent satellite-based terrestrial water storage estimates over wetland areas. The long temporal coverage extending beyond the era of satellite datasets, the global coverage, and the opportunity to provide real-time updates from ongoing soil moisture data make these products helpful for various applications such as analyzing the wetland-related methane emission. Measurement(s) | wetland area | Technology Type(s) | computational modeling technique | Factor Type(s) | geographic location • temporal interval | Sample Characteristic - Environment | land | Sample Characteristic - Location | global |
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23
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Smith SW, Rahman NEB, Harrison ME, Shiodera S, Giesen W, Lampela M, Wardle DA, Chong KY, Agusti R, Wijedasa LS, Teo PY, Fatimah YA, Teng NT, Yeo JKQ, Alam MJ, Brugues Sintes P, Darusman T, Graham LLB, Katoppo DR, Kojima K, Kusin K, Lestari DP, Metali F, Morrogh‐Bernard HC, Nahor MB, Napitupulu RRP, Nasir D, Nath TK, Nilus R, Norisada M, Rachmanadi D, Rachmat HH, Ripoll Capilla B, Salahuddin, Santosa PB, Sukri RS, Tay B, Tuah W, Wedeux BMM, Yamanoshita T, Yokoyama EY, Yuwati TW, Lee JSH. Tree species that ‘live slow, die older’ enhance tropical peat swamp restoration: evidence from a systematic review. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W. Smith
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Sweden
| | | | - Mark E. Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester UK
| | - Satomi Shiodera
- Department of Global Liberal Studies, Faculty of Global Liberal Studies Nanzan University Japan
- Centre for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Japan
| | - Wim Giesen
- Euroconsult Mott MacDonald the Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre the Netherlands
| | - Maija Lampela
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki Finland
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Kwek Yan Chong
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Randi Agusti
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- Natural Kapital Indonesia Pontianak Indonesia
| | - Lahiru S. Wijedasa
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- BirdLife International Cambridge UK
- ConservationLinks Pvt Ltd Singapore
| | - Pei Yun Teo
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Future Cities Lab Global Singapore‐ETH Centre Singapore
| | - Yuti A. Fatimah
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | | | - Joanne K. Q. Yeo
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - M. Jahangir Alam
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Malaysia
| | | | | | - Laura L. B. Graham
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation Indonesia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Australia
| | | | - Katsumi Kojima
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Kitso Kusin
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | | | - Faizah Metali
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | - Helen C. Morrogh‐Bernard
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter UK
| | | | | | - Darmae Nasir
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Tapan Kumar Nath
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Malaysia
| | | | - Mariko Norisada
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Dony Rachmanadi
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Henti H. Rachmat
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | | | - Salahuddin
- Yayasan Borneo Nature Indonesia, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan Indonesia
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Purwanto B. Santosa
- Research Center of Plant Conservation, Botanical Garden and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Rahayu S. Sukri
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Wardah Tuah
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | - Béatrice M. M. Wedeux
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute Cambridge UK
| | - Takashi Yamanoshita
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Tri Wira Yuwati
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Janice S. H. Lee
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
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Zeng Y, Koh LP, Wilcove DS. Gains in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services from the expansion of the planet's protected areas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9885. [PMID: 35648855 PMCID: PMC9159568 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas safeguard biodiversity, ensure ecosystem functioning, and deliver ecosystem services to communities. However, only ~16% of the world's land area is under some form of protection, prompting international calls to protect at least 30% by 2030. We modeled the outcomes of achieving this 30 × 30 target for terrestrial biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and nutrient regulation. We find that the additional ~2.8 million ha of habitat that would be protected would benefit 1134 ± 175 vertebrate species whose habitats currently lack any form of protection, as well as contribute to either avoided carbon emissions or carbon dioxide sequestration, equivalent to 10.9 ± 3.6 GtCO2 year-1 (28.4 ± 9.4% of the global nature-based climate-change mitigation potential). Furthermore, expansion of the protected area network would increase its ability to regulate water quality and mitigate nutrient pollution by 142.5 ± 31.0 MtN year-1 (28.5 ± 6.2% of the global nutrient regulation potential).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zeng
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (L.P.K.); (D.S.W.)
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (L.P.K.); (D.S.W.)
| | - David S. Wilcove
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (L.P.K.); (D.S.W.)
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25
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Rewetting Tropical Peatlands Reduced Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Riau Province, Indonesia. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Draining deforested tropical peat swamp forests (PSFs) converts greenhouse gas (GHG) sinks to sources and increases the likelihood of fire hazards. Rewetting deforested and drained PSFs before revegetation is expected to reverse this outcome. This study aims to quantify the GHG emissions of deforested PSFs that have been (a) reforested, (b) converted into oil palm, or (c) replanted with rubber. Before rewetting, heterotrophic soil respiration in reforested, oil palm, and rubber plantation areas were 48.91 ± 4.75 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1, 54.98 ± 1.53 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1, and 67.67 ± 2.13 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1, respectively. After rewetting, this decreased substantially by 21%, 36%, and 39%. Conversely, rewetting drained landscapes that used to be methane (CH4) sinks converted them into CH4 sources; almost twice as much methane was emitted after rewetting. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions tended to decrease; in nitrogen-rich rubber plantations, N2O emissions halved; in nitrogen-poor reforested areas, emissions reduced by up to a quarter after rewetting. Overall, rewetting reduced the net emissions up to 15.41 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 (25%) in reforested, 18.36 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 (18%) in oil palm, and 28.87 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 (17%) in rubber plantation areas.
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Apers S, De Lannoy GJM, Baird AJ, Cobb AR, Dargie GC, del Aguila Pasquel J, Gruber A, Hastie A, Hidayat H, Hirano T, Hoyt AM, Jovani‐Sancho AJ, Katimon A, Kurnain A, Koster RD, Lampela M, Mahanama SPP, Melling L, Page SE, Reichle RH, Taufik M, Vanderborght J, Bechtold M. Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002784. [PMID: 35860446 PMCID: PMC9285420 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are among the most carbon-dense ecosystems on Earth, and their water storage dynamics strongly control these carbon stocks. The hydrological functioning of tropical peatlands differs from that of northern peatlands, which has not yet been accounted for in global land surface models (LSMs). Here, we integrated tropical peat-specific hydrology modules into a global LSM for the first time, by utilizing the peatland-specific model structure adaptation (PEATCLSM) of the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM). We developed literature-based parameter sets for natural (PEATCLSMTrop,Nat) and drained (PEATCLSMTrop,Drain) tropical peatlands. Simulations with PEATCLSMTrop,Nat were compared against those with the default CLSM version and the northern version of PEATCLSM (PEATCLSMNorth,Nat) with tropical vegetation input. All simulations were forced with global meteorological reanalysis input data for the major tropical peatland regions in Central and South America, the Congo Basin, and Southeast Asia. The evaluation against a unique and extensive data set of in situ water level and eddy covariance-derived evapotranspiration showed an overall improvement in bias and correlation compared to the default CLSM version. Over Southeast Asia, an additional simulation with PEATCLSMTrop,Drain was run to address the large fraction of drained tropical peatlands in this region. PEATCLSMTrop,Drain outperformed CLSM, PEATCLSMNorth,Nat, and PEATCLSMTrop,Nat over drained sites. Despite the overall improvements of PEATCLSMTrop,Nat over CLSM, there are strong differences in performance between the three study regions. We attribute these performance differences to regional differences in accuracy of meteorological forcing data, and differences in peatland hydrologic response that are not yet captured by our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Apers
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | | | - A. J. Baird
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - A. R. Cobb
- Center for Environmental Sensing and ModelingSingapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingaporeSingapore
| | | | - J. del Aguila Pasquel
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP)IquitosPeru
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP)IquitosPeru
| | - A. Gruber
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - A. Hastie
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - H. Hidayat
- Research Center for LimnologyNational Research and Innovation AgencyCibinongIndonesia
| | - T. Hirano
- Research Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - A. M. Hoyt
- Department of Earth System ScienceStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - A. J. Jovani‐Sancho
- UK Centre for Ecology and HydrologyBangorUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - A. Katimon
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering TechnologyUniversiti Malaysia PerlisKangarMalaysia
| | - A. Kurnain
- Department of Soil ScienceLambung Mangkurat UniversityBanjarmasinIndonesia
| | - R. D. Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Lampela
- Department of Forest SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - S. P. P. Mahanama
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - L. Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research InstituteKuchingMalaysia
| | - S. E. Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - R. H. Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Taufik
- Department of Geophysics and MeteorologyIPB UniversityBogorIndonesia
| | - J. Vanderborght
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
- Agrosphere InstituteIBG‐3Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - M. Bechtold
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
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Chávez G, Thompson ME, Sánchez DA, Chávez-Arribasplata JC, Catenazzi A. A needle in a haystack: Integrative taxonomy reveals the existence of a new small species of fossorial frog (Anura, Microhylidae, Synapturanus) from the vast lower Putumayo basin, Peru. EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.6.80281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new species of microhylid frog of the genus Synapturanus from the lower Putumayo basin in Loreto, Perú. Specimens inhabited the soils of stunted pole forests growing on peat. The new species is distinguished from other species of Synapturanus through morphology, genetics, and acoustic characteristics. This species differs from most nominal congeners by having a head flat in lateral view (vs convex in the rest of species), a characteristic only shared by S. rabus and S. salseri. The new species can be distinguished from S. rabus and S. salseri by a combination of morphological characters and by having an advertisement call with a note length of 0.05–0.06 seconds (vs 0.03 seconds in S. rabus) and a dominant frequency ranging from 1.73 to 1.81 kHz (vs 1.10–1.47 kHz in S. salseri). Principal component analyses of 12 morphological characters and three acoustic variables further support differences between the new species and its described and undescribed congeners.
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Beillouin D, Cardinael R, Berre D, Boyer A, Corbeels M, Fallot A, Feder F, Demenois J. A global overview of studies about land management, land-use change, and climate change effects on soil organic carbon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1690-1702. [PMID: 34873793 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Major drivers of gains or losses in soil organic carbon (SOC) include land management, land-use change, and climate change. Thousands of original studies have focused on these drivers of SOC change and are now compiled in a growing number of meta-analyses. To critically assess the research efforts in this domain, we retrieved and characterized 192 meta-analyses of SOC stocks or concentrations. These meta-analyses comprise more than 13,200 original studies conducted from 1910 to 2020 in 150 countries. First, we show that, despite a growing number of studies over time, the geographical coverage of studies is limited. For example, the effect of land management, land-use change, and climate change on SOC has been only occasionally studied in North and Central Africa, and in the Middle East and Central Asia. Second, the meta-analyses investigated a limited number of land management practices, mostly mineral fertilization, organic amendments, and tillage. Third, the meta-analyses demonstrated relatively low quality and transparency. Lastly, we discuss the mismatch between the increasing number of studies and the need for more local, reusable, and diversified knowledge on how to preserve high SOC stocks or restore depleted SOC stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Beillouin
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Montpellier, France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Rémi Cardinael
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Plant Production Sciences and Technologies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - David Berre
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- CIRDES, USPAE, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Marc Corbeels
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- IITA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abigail Fallot
- CIRAD, UMR SENS, Montpellier, France
- SENS, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Feder
- CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et Risque, Montpellier, France
- Recyclage et Risque, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Demenois
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Montpellier, France
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Helfter C, Gondwe M, Murray-Hudson M, Makati A, Lunt MF, Palmer PI, Skiba U. Phenology is the dominant control of methane emissions in a tropical non-forested wetland. Nat Commun 2022; 13:133. [PMID: 35013304 PMCID: PMC8748800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical wetlands are a significant source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but their importance to the global CH4 budget is uncertain due to a paucity of direct observations. Net wetland emissions result from complex interactions and co-variation between microbial production and oxidation in the soil, and transport to the atmosphere. Here we show that phenology is the overarching control of net CH4 emissions to the atmosphere from a permanent, vegetated tropical swamp in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and we find that vegetative processes modulate net CH4 emissions at sub-daily to inter-annual timescales. Without considering the role played by papyrus on regulating the efflux of CH4 to the atmosphere, the annual budget for the entire Okavango Delta, would be under- or over-estimated by a factor of two. Our measurements demonstrate the importance of including vegetative processes such as phenological cycles into wetlands emission budgets of CH4. Tropical wetlands are a significant but understudied source of methane. Here, methane emissions were measured over three years in a perennial tropical swamp in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, finding phenology was the overarching control of emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Helfter
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK.
| | - Mangaliso Gondwe
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana
| | | | - Anastacia Makati
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana
| | - Mark F Lunt
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul I Palmer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ute Skiba
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
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An Overview of Remote Sensing Data Applications in Peatland Research Based on Works from the Period 2010–2021. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the 21st century, remote sensing (RS) has become increasingly employed in many environmental studies. This paper constitutes an overview of works utilising RS methods in studies on peatlands and investigates publications from the period 2010–2021. Based on fifty-nine case studies from different climatic zones (from subarctic to subtropical), we can indicate an increase in the use of RS methods in peatland research during the last decade, which is likely a result of the greater availability of new remote sensing data sets (Sentinel 1 and 2; Landsat 8; SPOT 6 and 7) paired with the rapid development of open-source software (ESA SNAP; QGIS and SAGA GIS). In the studied works, satellite data analyses typically encompassed the following elements: land classification/identification of peatlands, changes in water conditions in peatlands, monitoring of peatland state, peatland vegetation mapping, Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), and the estimation of carbon resources in peatlands. The most frequently employed research methods, on the other hand, included: vegetation indices, soil moisture indices, water indices, supervised classification and machine learning. Remote sensing data combined with field research is deemed helpful for peatland monitoring and multi-proxy studies, and they may offer new perspectives on research at a regional level.
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Horton AJ, Virkki V, Lounela A, Miettinen J, Alibakhshi S, Kummu M. Identifying Key Drivers of Peatland Fires Across Kalimantan's Ex-Mega Rice Project Using Machine Learning. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 8:e2021EA001873. [PMID: 35864915 PMCID: PMC9286596 DOI: 10.1029/2021ea001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout Indonesia ecological degradation, agricultural expansion, and the digging of drainage canals has compromised the integrity and functioning of peatland forests. Fragmented landscapes of scrubland, cultivation, degraded forest, and newly established plantations are then susceptible to extensive fires that recur each year. However, a comprehensive understanding of all the drivers of fire distribution and the conditions of initiation is still absent. Here we show the first analysis in the region that encompasses a wide range of driving factors within a single model that captures the inter-annual variation, as well as the spatial distribution of peatland fires. We developed a fire susceptibility model using machine learning (XGBoost random forest) that characterizes the relationships between key predictor variables and the distribution of historic fire locations. We then determined the relative importance of each predictor variable in controlling the initiation and spread of fires. The model included land-cover classifications, a forest clearance index, vegetation indices, drought indices, distances to infrastructure, topography, and peat depth, as well as the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). The model performance consistently scores highly in both accuracy and precision across all years (>75% and >67.5% respectively), though recall metrics are much lower (>25%). Our results confirm the anthropogenic dependence of extreme fires in the region, with distance to settlements and distance to canals consistently weighted the most important driving factors within the model structure. Our results may help target the root causes of fire initiation and propagation to better construct regulation and rehabilitation efforts to mitigate future fires.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vili Virkki
- Department of Built EnvironmentAalto UniversityEspooFinland
| | - Anu Lounela
- Development Studies, Social and Cultural AnthropologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Sara Alibakhshi
- Department of Geosciences and GeographyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Matti Kummu
- Department of Built EnvironmentAalto UniversityEspooFinland
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Comparing GHG Emissions from Drained Oil Palm and Recovering Tropical Peatland Forests in Malaysia. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For agricultural purposes, the drainage and deforestation of Southeast Asian peatland resulted in high greenhouse gases’ (GHGs, e.g., CO2, N2O and CH4) emission. A peatland regenerating initiative, by rewetting and vegetation restoration, reflects evidence of subsequent forest recovery. In this study, we compared GHG emissions from three Malaysian tropical peatland systems under the following different land-use conditions: (i) drained oil palm plantation (OP), (ii) rewetting-restored forest (RF) and (iii) undrained natural forest (NF). Biweekly temporal measurements of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes were conducted using a closed-chamber method from July 2017 to December 2018, along with the continuous measurement of environmental variables and a one-time measurement of the soil physicochemical properties. The biweekly emission data were integrated to provide cumulative fluxes using the trapezoidal rule. Our results indicated that the changes in environmental conditions resulting from draining (OP) or rewetting historically drained peatland (RF) affected CH4 and N2O emissions more than CO2 emissions. The cumulative CH4 emission was significantly higher in the forested sites (RF and NF), which was linked to their significantly higher water table (WT) level (p < 0.05). Similarly, the high cumulative CO2 emission trends at the RF and OP sites indicated that the RF rewetting-restored peatland system continued to have high decomposition rates despite having a significantly higher WT than the OP (p < 0.05). The highest cumulative N2O emission at the drained-fertilized OP and rewetting-restored RF sites was linked to the available substrates for high decomposition (low C/N ratio) together with soil organic matter mineralization that provided inorganic nitrogen (N), enabling ideal conditions for microbial mediated N2O emissions. Overall, the measured peat properties did not vary significantly among the different land uses. However, the lower C/N ratio at the OP and the RF sites indicated higher decomposition rates in the drained and historically drained peat than the undrained natural peat (NF), which was associated with high cumulative CO2 and N2O emissions in our study.
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Dezzeo N, Grandez-Rios J, Martius C, Hergoualc'h K. Degradation-driven changes in fine root carbon stocks, productivity, mortality, and decomposition rates in a palm swamp peat forest of the Peruvian Amazon. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 16:33. [PMID: 34714416 PMCID: PMC8555211 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amazon palm swamp peatlands are major carbon (C) sinks and reservoirs. In Peru, this ecosystem is widely threatened owing to the recurrent practice of cutting Mauritia flexuosa palms for fruit harvesting. Such degradation could significantly damage peat deposits by altering C fluxes through fine root productivity, mortality, and decomposition rates which contribute to and regulate peat accumulation. Along a same peat formation, we studied an undegraded site (Intact), a moderately degraded site (mDeg) and a heavily degraded site (hDeg) over 11 months. Fine root C stocks and fluxes were monthly sampled by sequential coring. Concomitantly, fine root decomposition was investigated using litter bags. In the experimental design, fine root stocks and dynamics were assessed separately according to vegetation type (M. flexuosa palm and other tree species) and M. flexuosa age class. Furthermore, results obtained from individual palms and trees were site-scaled by using forest composition and structure. RESULTS At the scale of individuals, fine root C biomass in M. flexuosa adults was higher at the mDeg site than at the Intact and hDeg sites, while in trees it was lowest at the hDeg site. Site-scale fine root biomass (Mg C ha-1) was higher at the mDeg site (0.58 ± 0.05) than at the Intact (0.48 ± 0.05) and hDeg sites (0.32 ± 0.03). Site-scale annual fine root mortality rate was not significantly different between sites (3.4 ± 1.3, 2.0 ± 0.8, 1.5 ± 0.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 at the Intact, mDeg, and hDeg sites) while productivity (same unit) was lower at the hDeg site (1.5 ± 0.8) than at the Intact site (3.7 ± 1.2), the mDeg site being intermediate (2.3 ± 0.9). Decomposition was slow with 63.5-74.4% of mass remaining after 300 days and it was similar among sites and vegetation types. CONCLUSIONS The significant lower fine root C stock and annual productivity rate at the hDeg site than at the Intact site suggests a potential for strong degradation to disrupt peat accretion. These results stress the need for a sustainable management of these forests to maintain their C sink function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelda Dezzeo
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), c/o Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Apdo Postal 1558, 15024, Lima, Peru
- Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Julio Grandez-Rios
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), c/o Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Apdo Postal 1558, 15024, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Loreto, Peru
| | | | - Kristell Hergoualc'h
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), c/o Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Apdo Postal 1558, 15024, Lima, Peru.
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Moore SM. The current burden of Japanese encephalitis and the estimated impacts of vaccination: Combining estimates of the spatial distribution and transmission intensity of a zoonotic pathogen. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009385. [PMID: 34644296 PMCID: PMC8544850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disability in Asia and causes thousands of severe encephalitis cases and deaths each year. Although Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a WHO reportable disease, cases and deaths are significantly underreported and the true burden of the disease is not well understood in most endemic countries. Here, we first conducted a spatial analysis of the risk factors associated with JE to identify the areas suitable for sustained JEV transmission and the size of the population living in at-risk areas. We then estimated the force of infection (FOI) for JE-endemic countries from age-specific incidence data. Estimates of the susceptible population size and the current FOI were then used to estimate the JE burden from 2010 to 2019, as well as the impact of vaccination. Overall, 1,543.1 million (range: 1,292.6-2,019.9 million) people were estimated to live in areas suitable for endemic JEV transmission, which represents only 37.7% (range: 31.6-53.5%) of the over four billion people living in countries with endemic JEV transmission. Based on the baseline number of people at risk of infection, there were an estimated 56,847 (95% CI: 18,003-184,525) JE cases and 20,642 (95% CI: 2,252-77,204) deaths in 2019. Estimated incidence declined from 81,258 (95% CI: 25,437-273,640) cases and 29,520 (95% CI: 3,334-112,498) deaths in 2010, largely due to increases in vaccination coverage which have prevented an estimated 314,793 (95% CI: 94,566-1,049,645) cases and 114,946 (95% CI: 11,421-431,224) deaths over the past decade. India had the largest estimated JE burden in 2019, followed by Bangladesh and China. From 2010-2019, we estimate that vaccination had the largest absolute impact in China, with 204,734 (95% CI: 74,419-664,871) cases and 74,893 (95% CI: 8,989-286,239) deaths prevented, while Taiwan (91.2%) and Malaysia (80.1%) had the largest percent reductions in JE burden due to vaccination. Our estimates of the size of at-risk populations and current JE incidence highlight countries where increasing vaccination coverage could have the largest impact on reducing their JE burden. Japanese encephalitis is a vector-transmitted, zoonotic disease that is endemic throughout a large portion of Asia. Vaccination has significantly reduced the JE burden in several formerly high-burden countries, but vaccination coverage remains limited in several other countries with high JE burdens. A better understanding of both the spatial distribution and the magnitude of the burden in endemic countries is critical for future disease prevention efforts. To estimate the number of people living in areas within Asia suitable for JEV transmission we conducted a spatial analysis of the risk factors associated with JE. We estimate that over one billion people live in areas suitable for local JEV transmission. We then combined these population-at-risk estimates with estimates of the force of infection (FOI) to model the national-level burden of JE (annual cases and deaths) over the past decade. Increases in vaccination coverage have reduced JE incidence from over 80,000 cases in 2010 to fewer than 57,000 cases in 2019. We estimate that vaccination has prevented almost 315,000 cases and 115,000 deaths in the past decade. Our results also call attention to the countries, and high-risk areas within countries, where increases in vaccination coverage are most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Improving Forest Baseline Maps in Tropical Wetlands Using GEDI-Based Forest Height Information and Sentinel-1. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Remote Sensing-based global Forest/Non-Forest (FNF) masks have shown large inaccuracies in tropical wetland areas. This limits their applications for deforestation monitoring and alerting in which they are used as a baseline for mapping new deforestation. In radar-based deforestation monitoring, for example, moisture dynamics in unmasked non-forest areas can lead to false detections. We combined a GEDI Forest Height product and Sentinel-1 radar data to improve FNF masks in wetland areas in Gabon using a Random Forest model. The GEDI Forest Height, together with texture metrics derived from Sentinel-1 mean backscatter values, were the most important contributors to the classification. Quantitatively, our mask outperformed existing global FNF masks by increasing the Producer’s Accuracy for the non-forest class by 14%. The GEDI Forest Height product by itself also showed high accuracies but contained Landsat artifacts. Qualitatively, our model was best able to cleanly uncover non-forest areas and mitigate the impact of Landsat artifacts in the GEDI Forest Height product. An advantage of the methodology presented here is that it can be adapted for different application needs by varying the probability threshold of the Random Forest output. This study stresses that, in any application of the suggested methodology, it is important to consider the UA/PA trade-off and the effect it has on the classification. The targeted improvements for wetland forest mapping presented in this paper can help raise the accuracy of tropical deforestation monitoring.
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Buessecker S, Zamora Z, Sarno AF, Finn DR, Hoyt AM, van Haren J, Urquiza Muñoz JD, Cadillo-Quiroz H. Microbial Communities and Interactions of Nitrogen Oxides With Methanogenesis in Diverse Peatlands of the Amazon Basin. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659079. [PMID: 34267733 PMCID: PMC8276178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are hotspots of methane (CH4) production but present high variation and emission uncertainties in the Amazon region. This is because the controlling factors of methane production in tropical peats are not yet well documented. Although inhibitory effects of nitrogen oxides (NOx) on methanogenic activity are known from pure culture studies, the role of NOx in the methane cycling of peatlands remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the CH4 content, soil geochemistry and microbial communities along 1-m-soil profiles and assessed the effects of soil NOx and nitrous oxide (N2O) on methanogenic abundance and activity in three peatlands of the Pastaza-Marañón foreland basin. The peatlands were distinct in pH, DOC, nitrate pore water concentrations, C/N ratios of shallow soils, redox potential, and 13C enrichment in dissolved inorganic carbon and CH4 pools, which are primarily contingent on H2-dependent methanogenesis. Molecular 16S rRNA and mcrA gene data revealed diverse and novel methanogens varying across sites. Importantly, we also observed a strong stratification in relative abundances of microbial groups involved in NOx cycling, along with a concordant stratification of methanogens. The higher relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (Thaumarchaeota) in acidic oligotrophic peat than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) is noteworthy as putative sources of NOx. Experiments testing the interaction of NOx species and methanogenesis found that the latter showed differential sensitivity to nitrite (up to 85% reduction) and N2O (complete inhibition), which would act as an unaccounted CH4 control in these ecosystems. Overall, we present evidence of diverse peatlands likely differently affected by inhibitory effects of nitrogen species on methanogens as another contributor to variable CH4 fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Buessecker
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Zacary Zamora
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Analissa F Sarno
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Damien Robert Finn
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alison M Hoyt
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2 Institute, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, United States.,Honors College, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jose D Urquiza Muñoz
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.,Laboratory of Soil Research, Research Institute of Amazonia's Natural Resources, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos, Peru.,School of Forestry, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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37
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Geographic Setting and Groundwater Table Control Carbon Emission from Indonesian Peatland: A Meta-Analysis. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Peat restoration is a key climate mitigation action for achieving Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) emission reduction target. The level of carbon reduction resulting from peat restoration is uncertain, owing in part to diverse methodologies and land covers. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of rewetting on reduction of total CO2 in soil and heterotrophic emissions at the country level. The tier 2 emission factor associated with the land cover category in Indonesia was also calculated. The analysis included a total of 32 studies with 112 observations (data points) for total CO2 emissions and 31 observations for heterotrophic emissions in Indonesia. The results show that the land cover category is not a significant predictor of heterotrophic and total soil emissions, but the highest observed soil emissions were found in the plantation forest. Using the random-effects model, our results suggest that an increase in the water table depth of 10 cm would result in an increase in total CO2 emissions of 2.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 and an increase in heterotrophic emissions of 2.3 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1. Our findings show that managing water table depth in degraded peatlands in various land cover types is important to achieve Indonesia’s emission reduction target by 2030.
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The Use of Subsidence to Estimate Carbon Loss from Deforested and Drained Tropical Peatlands in Indonesia. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drainage is a major means of the conversion of tropical peat forests into agriculture. Accordingly, drained peat becomes a large source of carbon. However, the amount of carbon (C) loss from drained peats is not simply measured. The current C loss estimate is usually based on a single proxy of the groundwater table, spatially and temporarily dynamic. The relation between groundwater table and C emission is commonly not linear because of the complex natures of heterotrophic carbon emission. Peatland drainage or lowering groundwater table provides plenty of oxygen into the upper layer of peat above the water table, where microbial activity becomes active. Consequently, lowering the water table escalates subsidence that causes physical changes of organic matter (OM) and carbon emission due to microbial oxidation. This paper reviews peat bulk density (BD), total organic carbon (TOC) content, and subsidence rate of tropical peat forest and drained peat. Data of BD, TOC, and subsidence were derived from published and unpublished sources. We found that BD is generally higher in the top surface layer in drained peat than in the undrained peat. TOC values in both drained and undrained are lower in the top and higher in the bottom layer. To estimate carbon emission from the top layer (0–50 cm) in drained peats, we use BD value 0.12 to 0.15 g cm−3, TOC value of 50%, and a 60% conservatively oxidative correction factor. The average peat subsidence is 3.9 cm yr−1. The range of subsidence rate per year is between 2 and 6 cm, which results in estimated emission between 30 and 90 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1. This estimate is comparable to those of other studies and Tier 1 emission factor of the 2013 IPCC GHG Inventory on Wetlands. We argue that subsidence is a practical approach to estimate carbon emission from drained tropical peat is more applicable than the use of groundwater table.
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39
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Sinthumule NI. An analysis of communities’ attitudes towards wetlands and implications for sustainability. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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40
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Mishra S, Page SE, Cobb AR, Lee JSH, Jovani‐Sancho AJ, Sjögersten S, Jaya A, Aswandi, Wardle DA. Degradation of Southeast Asian tropical peatlands and integrated strategies for their better management and restoration. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Mishra
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Susan E. Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Alexander R. Cobb
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologyCenter for Environmental Sensing and Modeling Singapore Singapore
| | - Janice Ser Huay Lee
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | | | | | - Adi Jaya
- Department of Agronomy University of Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Aswandi
- Center for Environmental Studies (PSLH‐LPPM) University of Jambi Jambi Indonesia
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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41
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Ribeiro K, Pacheco FS, Ferreira JW, de Sousa-Neto ER, Hastie A, Krieger Filho GC, Alvalá PC, Forti MC, Ometto JP. Tropical peatlands and their contribution to the global carbon cycle and climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:489-505. [PMID: 33070397 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands are carbon-rich ecosystems that cover 185-423 million hectares (Mha) of the earth's surface. The majority of the world's peatlands are in temperate and boreal zones, whereas tropical ones cover only a total area of 90-170 Mha. However, there are still considerable uncertainties in C stock estimates as well as a lack of information about depth, bulk density and carbon accumulation rates. The incomplete data are notable especially in tropical peatlands located in South America, which are estimated to have the largest area of peatlands in the tropical zone. This paper displays the current state of knowledge surrounding tropical peatlands and their biophysical characteristics, distribution and carbon stock, role in the global climate, the impacts of direct human disturbances on carbon accumulation rates and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Based on the new peat extension and depth data, we estimate that tropical peatlands store 152-288 Gt C, or about half of the global peatland emitted carbon. We discuss the knowledge gaps in research on distribution, depth, C stock and fluxes in these ecosystems which play an important role in the global carbon cycle and risk releasing large quantities of GHGs into the atmosphere (CO2 and CH4 ) when subjected to anthropogenic interferences (e.g., drainage and deforestation). Recent studies show that although climate change has an impact on the carbon fluxes of these ecosystems, the direct anthropogenic disturbance may play a greater role. The future of these systems as carbon sinks will depend on advancing current scientific knowledge and incorporating local understanding to support policies geared toward managing and conserving peatlands in vulnerable regions, such as the Amazon where recent records show increased forest fires and deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ribeiro
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Pacheco
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José W Ferreira
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eráclito R de Sousa-Neto
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam Hastie
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Guenther C Krieger Filho
- Laboratory of Thermal and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Plínio C Alvalá
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Forti
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean P Ometto
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Tan ZD, Lupascu M, Wijedasa LS. Paludiculture as a sustainable land use alternative for tropical peatlands: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142111. [PMID: 33207474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands cover approximately 4.2 million km2 of terrestrial land surface and store up to 700 Pg of terrestrial carbon. Preserving the carbon stocks in peatland is therefore crucial for climate change mitigation. Under natural conditions, peatland carbon storage is maintained by moist peat conditions, which decreases decomposition and encourages peat formation. However, conversion of peatlands to drainage-based agriculture in the form of industrial plantations and smallholder farming has resulted in globally significant greenhouse gas emissions. Paludiculture, loosely conceptualized as biomass production on wet peatlands with the potential to maintain carbon storage, is proposed as a sustainable, non-drainage-based agriculture alternative for peatland use. However, while the concept of paludiculture was developed in temperate ecoregions, its application in the tropics is poorly understood. In this review, we examine common definitions of paludiculture used in literature to derive key themes and future directions. We found three common themes: ecosystem services benefits of paludiculture, hydrological conditions of peatlands, and vegetation selection for planting. Ambiguities surrounding these themes have led to questions on whether paludiculture applications are sustainable in the context of carbon sequestration in peat soil. This review aims to evaluate and advance current understanding of paludiculture in the context of tropical peatlands, which is especially pertinent given expanding agriculture development into Central Africa and South America, where large reserves of peatlands were recently discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Dienle Tan
- Department of Geography, 1 Arts Link, #03-01 Block AS2, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Geography, 1 Arts Link, #03-01 Block AS2, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore; Integrated Tropical Peatlands Research Programme, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Labs, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore.
| | - Lahiru S Wijedasa
- Integrated Tropical Peatlands Research Programme, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Labs, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
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43
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Hergoualc’h K, Dezzeo N, Verchot LV, Martius C, van Lent J, del Aguila‐Pasquel J, López Gonzales M. Spatial and temporal variability of soil N 2 O and CH 4 fluxes along a degradation gradient in a palm swamp peat forest in the Peruvian Amazon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7198-7216. [PMID: 32949077 PMCID: PMC7756671 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mauritia flexuosa palm swamp, the prevailing Peruvian Amazon peatland ecosystem, is extensively threatened by degradation. The unsustainable practice of cutting whole palms for fruit extraction modifies forest's structure and composition and eventually alters peat-derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We evaluated the spatiotemporal variability of soil N2 O and CH4 fluxes and environmental controls along a palm swamp degradation gradient formed by one undegraded site (Intact), one moderately degraded site (mDeg) and one heavily degraded site (hDeg). Microscale variability differentiated hummocks supporting live or cut palms from surrounding hollows. Macroscale analysis considered structural changes in vegetation and soil microtopography as impacted by degradation. Variables were monitored monthly over 3 years to evaluate intra- and inter-annual variability. Degradation induced microscale changes in N2 O and CH4 emission trends and controls. Site-scale average annual CH4 emissions were similar along the degradation gradient (225.6 ± 50.7, 160.5 ± 65.9 and 169.4 ± 20.7 kg C ha-1 year-1 at the Intact, mDeg and hDeg sites, respectively). Site-scale average annual N2 O emissions (kg N ha-1 year-1 ) were lower at the mDeg site (0.5 ± 0.1) than at the Intact (1.3 ± 0.6) and hDeg sites (1.1 ± 0.4), but the difference seemed linked to heterogeneous fluctuations in soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) along the forest complex rather than to degradation. Monthly and annual emissions were mainly controlled by variations in WFPS, water table level (WT) and net nitrification for N2 O; WT, air temperature and net nitrification for CH4 . Site-scale N2 O emissions remained steady over years, whereas CH4 emissions rose exponentially with increased precipitation. While the minor impact of degradation on palm swamp peatland N2 O and CH4 fluxes should be tested elsewhere, the evidenced large and variable CH4 emissions and significant N2 O emissions call for improved modeling of GHG dynamics in tropical peatlands to test their response to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelda Dezzeo
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)LimaPeru
- Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC)CaracasVenezuela
| | - Louis V. Verchot
- Center for International Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)CaliColombia
| | | | - Jeffrey van Lent
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)LimaPeru
- Department for Soil QualityWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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44
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Tang ACI, Melling L, Stoy PC, Musin KK, Aeries EB, Waili JW, Shimizu M, Poulter B, Hirata R. A Bornean peat swamp forest is a net source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6931-6944. [PMID: 32881141 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peat forests are a globally important reservoir of carbon, but little is known about CO2 exchange on an annual basis. We measured CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and tropical peat swamp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia using the eddy covariance technique over 4 years from 2011 to 2014. The CO2 fluxes varied between seasons and years. A small carbon uptake took place during the rainy season at the beginning of 2011, while a substantial net efflux of >600 g C/m2 occurred over a 2 month period in the middle of the dry season. Conversely, the peat ecosystem was a source of carbon during both the dry and rainy seasons in subsequent years and more carbon was lost during the rainy season relative to the dry season. Our results demonstrate that the forest was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere during every year of measurement with annual efflux ranging from 183 to 632 g C m-2 year-1 , noting that annual flux values were sensitive to gap filling methodology. This is in contrast to the typical view of tropical peat forests which must have acted as net C sinks over time scales of centuries to millennia to create the peat deposits. Path analyses revealed that the gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were primarily affected by vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Results suggest that future increases in VPD could further reduce the C sink strength and result in additional net CO2 losses from this tropical peat swamp forest in the absence of plant acclimation to such changes in atmospheric dryness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C I Tang
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Lulie Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin K Musin
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Edward B Aeries
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Joseph W Waili
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mariko Shimizu
- Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Ryuichi Hirata
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
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45
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Jung M, Dahal PR, Butchart SHM, Donald PF, De Lamo X, Lesiv M, Kapos V, Rondinini C, Visconti P. A global map of terrestrial habitat types. Sci Data 2020; 7:256. [PMID: 32759943 PMCID: PMC7406504 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a global, spatially explicit characterization of 47 terrestrial habitat types, as defined in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) habitat classification scheme, which is widely used in ecological analyses, including for quantifying species' Area of Habitat. We produced this novel habitat map for the year 2015 by creating a global decision tree that intersects the best currently available global data on land cover, climate and land use. We independently validated the map using occurrence data for 828 species of vertebrates (35152 point plus 8181 polygonal occurrences) and 6026 sampling sites. Across datasets and mapped classes we found on average a balanced accuracy of 0.77 ([Formula: see text]0.14 SD) at Level 1 and 0.71 ([Formula: see text]0.15 SD) at Level 2, while noting potential issues of using occurrence records for validation. The maps broaden our understanding of habitats globally, assist in constructing area of habitat refinements and are relevant for broad-scale ecological studies and future IUCN Red List assessments. Periodic updates are planned as better or more recent data becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jung
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program (ESM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Prabhat Raj Dahal
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Paul F Donald
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Xavier De Lamo
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom
| | - Myroslava Lesiv
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program (ESM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Valerie Kapos
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Visconti
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program (ESM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
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Deshmukh CS, Julius D, Evans CD, Nardi, Susanto AP, Page SE, Gauci V, Laurén A, Sabiham S, Agus F, Asyhari A, Kurnianto S, Suardiwerianto Y, Desai AR. Impact of forest plantation on methane emissions from tropical peatland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2477-2495. [PMID: 31991028 PMCID: PMC7155032 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are a known source of methane (CH4 ) to the atmosphere, but their contribution to atmospheric CH4 is poorly constrained. Since the 1980s, extensive areas of the peatlands in Southeast Asia have experienced land-cover change to smallholder agriculture and forest plantations. This land-cover change generally involves lowering of groundwater level (GWL), as well as modification of vegetation type, both of which potentially influence CH4 emissions. We measured CH4 exchanges at the landscape scale using eddy covariance towers over two land-cover types in tropical peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia: (a) a natural forest and (b) an Acacia crassicarpa plantation. Annual CH4 exchanges over the natural forest (9.1 ± 0.9 g CH4 m-2 year-1 ) were around twice as high as those of the Acacia plantation (4.7 ± 1.5 g CH4 m-2 year-1 ). Results highlight that tropical peatlands are significant CH4 sources, and probably have a greater impact on global atmospheric CH4 concentrations than previously thought. Observations showed a clear diurnal variation in CH4 exchange over the natural forest where the GWL was higher than 40 cm below the ground surface. The diurnal variation in CH4 exchanges was strongly correlated with associated changes in the canopy conductance to water vapor, photosynthetic photon flux density, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature. The absence of a comparable diurnal pattern in CH4 exchange over the Acacia plantation may be the result of the GWL being consistently below the root zone. Our results, which are among the first eddy covariance CH4 exchange data reported for any tropical peatland, should help to reduce the uncertainty in the estimation of CH4 emissions from a globally important ecosystem, provide a more complete estimate of the impact of land-cover change on tropical peat, and develop science-based peatland management practices that help to minimize greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dony Julius
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd.Kabupaten PelalawanIndonesia
| | | | - Nardi
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd.Kabupaten PelalawanIndonesia
| | - Ari P. Susanto
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd.Kabupaten PelalawanIndonesia
| | - Susan E. Page
- Centre for Landscape and Climate ResearchSchool of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Vincent Gauci
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR)School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Ari Laurén
- School of Forest SciencesFaculty of Science and ForestryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Supiandi Sabiham
- Department of Soil Science and Land ResourceInstitut Pertanian BogorBogorIndonesia
| | - Fahmuddin Agus
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and DevelopmentBogorIndonesia
| | - Adibtya Asyhari
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd.Kabupaten PelalawanIndonesia
| | - Sofyan Kurnianto
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd.Kabupaten PelalawanIndonesia
| | | | - Ankur R. Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
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Vernimmen R, Hooijer A, Akmalia R, Fitranatanegara N, Mulyadi D, Yuherdha A, Andreas H, Page S. Mapping deep peat carbon stock from a LiDAR based DTM and field measurements, with application to eastern Sumatra. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 15:4. [PMID: 32206931 PMCID: PMC7227361 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-020-00139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction of carbon emissions from peatlands is recognized as an important factor in global climate change mitigation. Within the SE Asia region, areas of deeper peat present the greatest carbon stocks, and therefore the greatest potential for future carbon emissions from degradation and fire. They also support most of the remaining lowland swamp forest and its associated biodiversity. Accurate maps of deep peat are central to providing correct estimates of peat carbon stocks and to facilitating appropriate management interventions. We present a rapid and cost-effective approach to peat thickness mapping in raised peat bogs that applies a model of peat bottom elevation based on field measurements subtracted from a surface elevation model created from airborne LiDAR data. RESULTS In two raised peat bog test areas in Indonesia, we find that field peat thickness measurements correlate well with surface elevation derived from airborne LiDAR based DTMs (R2 0.83-0.88), confirming that the peat bottom is often relatively flat. On this basis, we created a map of extent and depth of deep peat (> 3 m) from a new DTM that covers two-thirds of Sumatran peatlands, applying a flat peat bottom of 0.61 m +MSL determined from the average of 2446 field measurements. A deep peat area coverage of 2.6 Mha or 60.1% of the total peat area in eastern Sumatra is mapped, suggesting that deep peat in this region is more common than shallow peat and its extent was underestimated in earlier maps. The associated deep peat carbon stock range is 9.0-11.5 Pg C in eastern Sumatra alone. CONCLUSION We discuss how the deep peat map may be used to identify priority areas for peat and forest conservation and thereby help prevent major potential future carbon emissions and support the safeguarding of the remaining forest and biodiversity. We propose rapid application of this method to other coastal raised bog peatland areas in SE Asia in support of improved peatland zoning and management. We demonstrate that the upcoming global ICESat-2 and GEDI satellite LiDAR coverage will likely result in a global DTM that, within a few years, will be sufficiently accurate for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Vernimmen
- Inland Water Systems Unit, Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Data for Sustainability, 4571 AK, Axel, The Netherlands.
| | - Aljosja Hooijer
- Inland Water Systems Unit, Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rizka Akmalia
- Inland Water Systems Unit, Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dedi Mulyadi
- Inland Water Systems Unit, Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH, Delft, The Netherlands
- PT Alas Rawa Khatulistiwa, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Angga Yuherdha
- Inland Water Systems Unit, Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Heri Andreas
- Geodesy Research Group, Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Susan Page
- Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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48
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Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land9030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and better even to 1.5 degrees Celsius, according to Article 2 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement requires global zero emissions in a very short time. These targets imply that not only emissions from degraded peatlands have to be avoided, but conservation and rewetting of peatlands are also necessary to figure as sinks to compensate for unavoidable residual emissions. However, with regard to instruments for meeting these targets, measuring, depicting, and baseline definition are difficult for greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands. In the absence of an easily comprehensible control variable (such as fossil fuels), economic instruments reach their limits. This is remarkable in so far as economic instruments can otherwise handle governance problems and react to various behavioral motivational factors very well. Still, peatlands can be subject to certain regulations and prohibitions under command-and-control law even without precise knowledge of the emissions from peatland use, which will be shown using the example of the European Union (EU) and German legislation. This paper is a contribution to governance research and illustrates that even comprehensive quantity-control instruments for fossil fuels and livestock farming—which would address various environmental problems and reflect findings from behavioral research regarding motivation towards sustainability—require complementary fine-tuning through command-and-control law, e.g., for integrating peatland governance.
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Alamgir M, Campbell MJ, Sloan S, Engert J, Word J, Laurance WF. Emerging challenges for sustainable development and forest conservation in Sarawak, Borneo. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229614. [PMID: 32126070 PMCID: PMC7053751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The forests of Borneo-the third largest island on the planet-sustain some of the highest biodiversity and carbon storage in the world. The forests also provide vital ecosystem services and livelihood support for millions of people in the region, including many indigenous communities. The Pan-Borneo Highway and several hydroelectric dams are planned or already under construction in Sarawak, a Malaysian state comprising part of the Borneo. This development seeks to enhance economic growth and regional connectivity, support community access to services, and promote industrial development. However, the implications of the development of highway and dams for forest integrity, biodiversity and ecosystem services remained largely unreported. We assessed these development projects using fine-scale biophysical and environmental data and found several environmental and socioeconomic risks associated with the projects. The highway and hydroelectric dam projects will impact 32 protected areas including numerous key habitats of threatened species such as the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), Sarawak surili (Presbytis chrysomelas), Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and tufted ground squirrel (Rheithrosciurus macrotis). Under its slated development trajectory, the local and trans-national forest connectivity between Malaysian Borneo and Indonesian Borneo would also be substantially diminished. Nearly ~161 km of the Pan-Borneo Highway in Sarawak will traverse forested landscapes and ~55 km will traverse carbon-rich peatlands. The 13 hydroelectric dam projects will collectively impact ~1.7 million ha of forest in Sarawak. The consequences of planned highway and hydroelectric dams construction will increase the carbon footprint of development in the region. Moreover, many new road segments and hydroelectric dams would be built on steep slopes in high-rainfall zones and forested areas, increasing both construction and ongoing maintenance costs. The projects would also alter livelihood activities of downstream communities, risking their long-term sustainability. Overall, our findings identify major economic, social and environmental risks for several planned road segments in Sarawak-such as those between Telok Melano and Kuching; Sibu and Bintulu; and in the Lambir, Limbang and Lawas regions-and dam projects-such as Tutoh, Limbang, Lawas, Baram, Linau, Ulu Air and Baleh dams. Such projects need to be reviewed to ensure they reflect Borneo's unique environmental and forest ecosystem values, the aspirations of local communities and long-term sustainability of the projects rather than being assessed solely on their short-term economic returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alamgir
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (MA); (WFL)
| | - Mason J. Campbell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean Sloan
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jayden Engert
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jettie Word
- The Borneo Project, Earth Island Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (MA); (WFL)
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Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this overview (introductory article to a special issue including 14 papers), we consider all main types of natural and artificial inland freshwater habitas (fwh). For each type, we identify the main biodiversity patterns and ecological features, human impacts on the system and environmental issues, and discuss ways to use this information to improve stewardship. Examples of selected key biodiversity/ecological features (habitat type): narrow endemics, sensitive (groundwater and GDEs); crenobionts, LIHRes (springs); unidirectional flow, nutrient spiraling (streams); naturally turbid, floodplains, large-bodied species (large rivers); depth-variation in benthic communities (lakes); endemism and diversity (ancient lakes); threatened, sensitive species (oxbow lakes, SWE); diverse, reduced littoral (reservoirs); cold-adapted species (Boreal and Arctic fwh); endemism, depauperate (Antarctic fwh); flood pulse, intermittent wetlands, biggest river basins (tropical fwh); variable hydrologic regime—periods of drying, flash floods (arid-climate fwh). Selected impacts: eutrophication and other pollution, hydrologic modifications, overexploitation, habitat destruction, invasive species, salinization. Climate change is a threat multiplier, and it is important to quantify resistance, resilience, and recovery to assess the strategic role of the different types of freshwater ecosystems and their value for biodiversity conservation. Effective conservation solutions are dependent on an understanding of connectivity between different freshwater ecosystems (including related terrestrial, coastal and marine systems).
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