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Liu H, Liu J, Wang H, Liu Z, Li X, Zhang P, Liu W, Xiao S. Variations and driving factors for concentrations and carbon isotopes of dissolved CO 2 in lake water across different Chinese lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119826. [PMID: 39173819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) stands as the primary driver of Earth's greenhouse effect, and it's suggested that the global contribution of CO2 emissions from lakes cannot be ignored. Despite the numerous estimations of CO2 fluxes from lakes, limited focus has been directed towards the carbon isotopes (δ13C) of dissolved CO2 in lake water. Particularly, the potential use of δ13C values in tracing the CO2 concentrations in lake water remains as an understudied area, warranting further exploration and investigation. In this study, we conducted an analysis of the concentrations and δ13C values of dissolved CO2 in 33 lakes located at the Tibetan Plateau, Chinese Loess Plateau, and Yangtze Plain (among which high-resolution spatial investigations were performed in 6 lakes through in-situ continuous monitoring). Our findings revealed spatial variations in both the CO2 concentrations and δ13C values in lakes. Additionally, notable differences are observed among lakes in different regions of China, with lakes in the Yangtze Plain exhibiting considerably higher CO2 concentrations, and the overall CO2 δ13C values in lakes on the Tibetan Plateau tend to be more positive, while those in lakes on the Chinese Loess Plateau tend to be more negative. The pH values, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved organic carbon are likely crucial factors influencing the CO2 concentrations and δ13C values in the lakes. Furthermore, lake water CO2 concentrations are negatively correlated with δ13C values of CO2 and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) both within a single lake with high spatial resolutions or in lake groups across different regions. These results highlight that the CO2/DIC δ13C values can be applied to trace the concentration variations of dissolved CO2 in lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Hubei Field Observation and Scientific Research Stations for Water Ecosystem in Three Gorges Reservoir, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Huanye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangzhong Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shangbin Xiao
- Hubei Field Observation and Scientific Research Stations for Water Ecosystem in Three Gorges Reservoir, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
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Wen Z, Shang Y, Lyu L, Tao H, Liu G, Fang C, Li S, Song K. Re-estimating China's lake CO 2 flux considering spatiotemporal variability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:100337. [PMID: 38107556 PMCID: PMC10724546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal variability of lake partial carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2) introduces uncertainty into CO2 flux estimates at the lake water-air interface. Knowing the variation pattern of pCO2 is important for obtaining accurate global estimation. Here we examine seasonal and trophic variations in lake pCO2 based on 13 field campaigns conducted in Chinese lakes from 2017 to 2021. We found significant seasonal fluctuations in pCO2, with decreasing values as trophic states intensify within the same region. Saline lakes exhibit lower pCO2 levels than freshwater lakes. These pCO2 dynamics result in variable areal CO2 emissions, with lakes exhibiting different trophic states (oligotrophication > mesotrophication > eutrophication) and saline lakes differing from freshwater lakes (-23.1 ± 17.4 vs. 19.3 ± 18.3 mmol m-2 d-1). These spatiotemporal pCO2 variations complicate total CO2 emission estimations. Using area proportions of lakes with varying trophic states and salinity in China, we estimate China's lake CO2 flux at 8.07 Tg C yr-1. In future studies, the importance of accounting for lake salinity, seasonal dynamics, and trophic states must be noticed to enhance the accuracy of large-scale carbon emission estimates from lake ecosystems in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Wen
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Yingxin Shang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Lili Lyu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Chong Fang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Kaishan Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
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3
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Bauduin T, Gypens N, Borges AV. Seasonal and spatial variations of greenhouse gas (CO 2, CH 4 and N 2O) emissions from urban ponds in Brussels. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121257. [PMID: 38340702 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Freshwaters have been recognized as important sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere. However, urban ponds have received little attention even though their number is increasing due to expanding urbanisation globally. Ponds are frequently associated to urban green spaces that provide several ecosystemic services such as cooling local climate, regulating the water cycle, and acting as small carbon sinks This study aims to identify and understand the processes producing GHGs (CO2, CH4, and N2O) in the urban ponds of the temperate European city of Brussels in Belgium. 22 relatively small ponds (0.1-4.6 ha) surrounded by contrasted landscape (strictly urban, bordered by cropland or by forest), were sampled during four seasons in 2021-2022. The mean ± standard deviation was 3,667 ± 2,904 ppm for the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), 2,833 ± 4,178 nmol L-1 for CH4, and 273 ± 662% for N2O saturation level (%N2O). Relationships of GHGs with oxygen and water temperature suggest that biological processes controlled pCO2, CH4 concentration and%N2O. However, pCO2 was also controlled by external inputs as indicated by the higher values of pCO2 in the smaller ponds, more subject to external inputs than larger ones. The opposite was observed for CH4 concentration that was higher in larger ponds, closer to the forest in the city periphery, and with higher macrophyte cover. N2O concentrations, as well as dissolved inorganic nitrogen, were higher closer to the city center, where atmospheric nitrogen deposition was potentially higher. The total GHG emissions from the Brussels ponds were estimated to 1kT CO2-eq per year and were equivalent to the carbon sink of urban green spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bauduin
- Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Free University of Brussels, Belgium; Chemical Oceanography Unit, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - N Gypens
- Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| | - A V Borges
- Chemical Oceanography Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
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Jiang M, Xiao Q, Deng J, Zhang M, Zhang X, Hu C, Xiao W. Ecological water diversion activity changes the fate of carbon in a eutrophic lake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:117959. [PMID: 38123047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Lake eutrophication mitigation measures have been implemented by ecological water diversion, however, the responses of carbon cycle to the human-derived hydrologic process still remains unclear. With a famous river-to-lake water diversion activity at eutrophic Lake Taihu, we attempted to fill the knowledge gap with integrative field measurements (2011-2017) of gas carbon (CO2 and CH4) flux, including CO2-equivalent, and dissolved carbon (DOC and DIC) at water-receiving zone and reference zone. Overall, results showed the artificial water diversion activity increased gas carbon emissions. At water-receiving zone, total gas carbon (expressed as CO2-equivalent) emissions increased significantly due to the occurring of water diversion, with CO2 flux increasing from 9.31 ± 16.28 to 18.16 ± 12.96 mmol C m-2 d-1. Meanwhile, CH4 emissions at water-receiving zone (0.06 ± 0.05 mmol C m-2 d-1) was double of that at reference zone. Water diversion decreased DOC but increased DIC especially at inflowing river mouth. Temporal variability of carbon emissions and dissolved carbon were linked to water temperature, chlorophyll a, and nutrient, but less or negligible dependency on these environment variables were found with diversion occurring. Water diversion may increase gas carbon production via stimulating DOC mineralization with nutrient enrichment, which potentially contribute to increasing carbon emissions and decreasing DOC at the same time and the significant correlation between CO2 flux and CH4 flux. Our study provided new insights into carbon biogeochemical processes, which may help to predict carbon fate under hydrologic changes of lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qitao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jianming Deng
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Ecology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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5
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Zhang J, Cao L, Liu Z, Wan L, Cao X, Zhou Y, Song C. Relationship between eutrophication and greenhouse gases emission in shallow freshwater lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171610. [PMID: 38462007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In shallow lakes, there are complex relationships between lake eutrophication and greenhouse gas emissions that deserve to be studied, which are important for solving lake eutrophication, slowing down climate warming, and reducing carbon emissions. In order to explore the relationship and mechanism between eutrophication and greenhouse gases (GHGs), the net GHGs emission flux and transformation of carbon, and nitrogen in 45 shallow freshwater lakes were investigated from May to September 2022. Eutrophication facilitated potential denitrification rate (Dt) without increasing nitrous oxide (N2O) production based on the significantly positive relationship between eutrophication and Dt. This should be attributed to the shift from incomplete (N2O producing process) to complete denitrification (N2 producing process). Compared to NarG mediating nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-), fewer eutrophication indicators showed a positive relationship with NosZ mediating N2O to N2, suggesting that more stringent conditions are required for complete denitrification, which was achieved in the lakes we investigated. Optimal reduction in net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions occurs at high levels of primary productivity, as indicated by the V-shaped relationship between chlorophyll a (Chl a) and CO2 emissions. However, in hyper-eutrophic lakes, there is an upward trend in CO2 production. The possible explanations should include CO2 production and fixation as well as methane (CH4) oxidation. The bell-shaped relationship between the net flux of CH4 emission and Chl a could be explained that CH4 was heavily oxidized due to sufficient oxygen caused by algal bloom. This fact gave evidence for the increase of the net flux of CO2 emission in high primary productivity lakes. Therefore, the relationship and mechanism between net GHGs emission flux and eutrophication remained complex and various.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Lingfeng Cao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zhenghan Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Lingling Wan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiuyun Cao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Chunlei Song
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
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6
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Yuan D, Li S, Xu YJ, Ma S, Zhang K, Le J, Wang Y, Ma B, Jiang P, Zhang L, Xu J. Response of dissolved carbon dioxide and methane concentration to warming in shallow lakes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121116. [PMID: 38219687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Shallow lake ecosystems are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuation because of their high water surface-to-volume ratios. Shallow lakes have been increasingly identified as a hotspot of CO2 and CH4 emissions, but their response to temperature variation remains unclear. Here, we report from a 5-month outdoor mesocosm experiment where we investigated the impacts of a projected 3.5 °C future warming and monthly temperature changes on lake CO2 and CH4, as well as the key drivers affecting the lake carbon cycling. Our results show that CO2 and CH4 concentrations had a significantly positive correlation with monthly temperatures. CH4 concentration was primarily regulated by monthly temperature, while nutrients effects on CO2 concentration overrode climate warming and temporal temperature changes. These findings imply the varied roles that temperature and nutrient levels can play on CO2 and CH4 dynamics in shallow lake systems. The relationship between temperature and CO2 concentration was nonlinear, showing a threshold of approximately 9 °C, at which CO2 concentration could be strongly modified by nutrient level in the lake systems. Understanding this complex relationship between temperature with CO2 and CH4 concentrations in shallow lakes is crucial for effective lake management and efficient control of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yuan
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Siyue Li
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Y Jun Xu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Shiwang Ma
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Kairui Zhang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jingquan Le
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Bingjie Ma
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Institute of Changjiang Water Environment and Ecological Security, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Liuqing Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Li X, Yu R, Wang J, Sun H, Liu X, Ren X, Zhuang S, Guo Z, Lu X. Greenhouse gas emissions from Daihai Lake, China: Should eutrophication and salinity promote carbon emission dynamics? J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:407-423. [PMID: 37778815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted or absorbed by lakes are an important component of the global carbon cycle. However, few studies have focused on the GHG dynamics of eutrophic saline lakes, thus preventing a comprehensive understanding of the carbon cycle. Here, we conducted four sampling analyses using a floating chamber in Daihai Lake, a eutrophication saline lake in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, to explore its carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions. The mean CO2 emission flux (FCO2) and CH4 emission flux (FCH4) were 17.54 ± 14.54 mmol/m2/day and 0.50 ± 0.50 mmol/m2/day, respectively. The results indicated that Daihai Lake was a source of CO2 and CH4, and GHG emissions exhibited temporal variability. The mean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and CH4 partial pressure (pCH4) were 561.35 ± 109.59 µatm and 17.02 ± 13.45 µatm, which were supersaturated relative to the atmosphere. The regression and correlation analysis showed that the main influencing factors of pCO2 were wind speed, dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN) and Chlorophyll a (Chl.a), whereas the main influencing factors of pCH4 were water temperature (WT), Chl.a, nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), TN, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and water depth. Salinity regulated carbon mineralization and organic matter decomposition, and it was an important influencing factor of pCO2 and pCH4. Additionally, the trophic level index (TLI) significantly increased pCH4. Our study elucidated that salinity and eutrophication play an important role in the dynamic changes of GHG emissions. However, research on eutrophic saline lakes needs to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Ruihong Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau Ecology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Hohhot 010070, China; Autonomous Region Collaborative Innovation Center for Integrated Management of Water Resources and Water Environment in the Inner Mongolia Reaches of the Yellow River, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Heyang Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Shuai Zhuang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xixi Lu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore
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8
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Singh A, Rana MS, Tiwari H, Kumar M, Saxena S, Anand V, Prajapati SK. Anaerobic digestion as a tool to manage eutrophication and associated greenhouse gas emission. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160722. [PMID: 36493813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophicated inland water bodies are noticed to be one of the contributing factors to greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. Direct discharge of untreated or partially treated water is a major concern. Microalgae-based technology and management are regarded as one of the potential nature-based approaches to combat eutrophication. In turn, the microalgae facilitate the recovery of GHGs contributing compounds in the form of organic biomass. The recovered algal biomass can be harnessed for the production of biofuels and other bio-products, like biofertilizer, using anaerobic digestion. By virtue, circular bio-economy can be achieved alongside mitigating GHGs emissions. Before implementing, it is vital to thoroughly explore the links between the process and potential alternatives for wastewater treatment, waste valorization, biofuel production, and land usage. Thus, the present review discusses the impact of eutrophication on ecology and environment, current technologies for mitigating eutrophication and GHGs, and energy recovery through the anaerobic digestion of algal biomass. Further, the processes at the intercept of wastewater treatment and biogas production were reviewed to leverage the potential of anaerobic digestion for making a circular bioeconomy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Mohit Singh Rana
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Harshit Tiwari
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sarthak Saxena
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Vishal Anand
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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9
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Puts IC, Ask J, Siewert MB, Sponseller RA, Hessen DO, Bergström A. Landscape determinants of pelagic and benthic primary production in northern lakes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7063-7077. [PMID: 36054573 PMCID: PMC9826228 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global change affects gross primary production (GPP) in benthic and pelagic habitats of northern lakes by influencing catchment characteristics and lake water biogeochemistry. However, how changes in key environmental drivers manifest and impact total (i.e., benthic + pelagic) GPP and the partitioning of total GPP between habitats represented by the benthic share (autotrophic structuring) is unclear. Using a dataset from 26 shallow lakes located across Arctic, subarctic, and boreal northern Sweden, we investigate how catchment properties (air temperature, land cover, hydrology) affect lake physico-chemistry and patterns of total GPP and autotrophic structuring. We find that total GPP was mostly light limited, due to high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations originating from catchment soils with coniferous vegetation and wetlands, which is further promoted by high catchment runoff. In contrast, autotrophic structuring related mostly to the relative size of the benthic habitat, and was potentially modified by CO2 fertilization in the subarctic, resulting in significantly higher total GPP relative to the other biomes. Across Arctic and subarctic sites, DIC and CO2 were unrelated to DOC, indicating that external inputs of inorganic carbon can influence lake productivity patterns independent of terrestrial DOC supply. By comparison, DOC and CO2 were correlated across boreal lakes, suggesting that DOC mineralization acts as an important CO2 source for these sites. Our results underline that GPP as a resource is regulated by landscape properties, and is sensitive to large-scale global changes (warming, hydrological intensification, recovery of acidification) that promote changes in catchment characteristics and aquatic physico-chemistry. Our findings aid in predicting global change impacts on autotrophic structuring, and thus community structure and resource use of aquatic consumers in general. Given the similarities of global changes across the Northern hemisphere, our findings are likely relevant for northern lakes globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Callisto Puts
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jenny Ask
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Matthias B. Siewert
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Ryan A. Sponseller
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | | - Ann‐Kristin Bergström
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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Nguyen AT, Némery J, Gratiot N, Dao TS, Le TTM, Baduel C, Garnier J. Does eutrophication enhance greenhouse gas emissions in urbanized tropical estuaries? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119105. [PMID: 35276252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are considered as important sources of the global emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Urbanized estuaries often experience eutrophication under strong anthropogenic activities. Eutrophication can enhance phytoplankton abundance, leading to carbon dioxide (CO2) consumption in the water column. Only a few studies have evaluated the relationship between GHGs and eutrophication in estuaries. In this study, we assessed the concentrations and fluxes of CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in combination with a suite of biogeochemical variables in four sampling campaigns over two years in a highly urbanized tropical estuary in Southeast Asia (the Saigon River Estuary, Vietnam). The impact of eutrophication on GHGs was evaluated through several statistical methods and interpreted by biological processes. The average concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O at the Saigon River in 2019-2020 were 3174 ± 1725 μgC-CO2 L-1, 5.9 ± 16.8 μgC-CH4 L-1 and 3.0 ± 4.8 μgN-N2O L-1, respectively. Their concentrations were 13-18 times, 52-332 times, and 9-37 times higher than the global mean concentrations of GHGs, respectively. While CO2 concentration had no clear seasonal pattern, N2O and CH4 concentrations significantly differed between the dry and the rainy seasons. The increase in eutrophication status along the dense urban area was linearly correlated with the increase in GHGs concentrations. The presence of both nitrification and denitrification resulted in elevated N2O concentrations in this urban area of the estuary. The high concentration of CO2 was contributed by the high concentration of organic carbon and mineralization process. GHGs fluxes at the Saigon River Estuary were comparable to other urbanized estuaries regardless of climatic condition. Control of eutrophication in urbanized estuaries through the implantation of efficient wastewater treatment facilities will be an effective solution in mitigating the global warming potential caused by estuarine emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Truong Nguyen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE(1), F-38000, Grenoble, France; CARE, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Julien Némery
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE(1), F-38000, Grenoble, France; CARE, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nicolas Gratiot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE(1), F-38000, Grenoble, France; CARE, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh-Son Dao
- CARE, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tam Thi Minh Le
- CARE, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Christine Baduel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE(1), F-38000, Grenoble, France; CARE, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Josette Garnier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, BP 123, Tour 56-55, Etage 4, 4 Place Jussieu, 7500, Paris, France
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11
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Frei RJ, Lawson GM, Norris AJ, Cano G, Vargas MC, Kujanpää E, Hopkins A, Brown B, Sabo R, Brahney J, Abbott BW. Limited progress in nutrient pollution in the U.S. caused by spatially persistent nutrient sources. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258952. [PMID: 34843503 PMCID: PMC8629290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human agriculture, wastewater, and use of fossil fuels have saturated ecosystems with nitrogen and phosphorus, threatening biodiversity and human water security at a global scale. Despite efforts to reduce nutrient pollution, carbon and nutrient concentrations have increased or remained high in many regions. Here, we applied a new ecohydrological framework to ~12,000 water samples collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from streams and lakes across the contiguous U.S. to identify spatial and temporal patterns in nutrient concentrations and leverage (an indicator of flux). For the contiguous U.S. and within ecoregions, we quantified trends for sites sampled repeatedly from 2000 to 2019, the persistence of spatial patterns over that period, and the patch size of nutrient sources and sinks. While we observed various temporal trends across ecoregions, the spatial patterns of nutrient and carbon concentrations in streams were persistent across and within ecoregions, potentially because of historical nutrient legacies, consistent nutrient sources, and inherent differences in nutrient removal capacity for various ecosystems. Watersheds showed strong critical source area dynamics in that 2-8% of the land area accounted for 75% of the estimated flux. Variability in nutrient contribution was greatest in catchments smaller than 250 km2 for most parameters. An ensemble of four machine learning models confirmed previously observed relationships between nutrient concentrations and a combination of land use and land cover, demonstrating how human activity and inherent nutrient removal capacity interactively determine nutrient balance. These findings suggest that targeted nutrient interventions in a small portion of the landscape could substantially improve water quality at continental scales. We recommend a dual approach of first prioritizing the reduction of nutrient inputs in catchments that exert disproportionate influence on downstream water chemistry, and second, enhancing nutrient removal capacity by restoring hydrological connectivity both laterally and vertically in stream networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Frei
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gabriella M. Lawson
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Norris
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Cano
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Maria Camila Vargas
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kujanpää
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Austin Hopkins
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brian Brown
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Robert Sabo
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Janice Brahney
- Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Benjamin W. Abbott
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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12
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Thottathil SD, Prairie YT. Coupling of stable carbon isotopic signature of methane and ebullitive fluxes in northern temperate lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146117. [PMID: 33689901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopic analysis is a popular method to understand the mechanisms sustaining methane (CH4) emissions in various aquatic environments. Yet, the general lack of concurrent measurements of isotopes and fluxes impedes our ability to establish a connection between the variation in the rates of CH4 emission and isotopic signature. Here, we examine the magnitude of CH4 ebullition (bubbling) and stable carbon isotopic signature (δ13C-CH4) of bubble CH4 in four northern temperate lakes and evaluate the in-lake processes shaping their variability. The ebullitive CH4 flux and bubble δ13C-CH4 varied from 0.01 to 37.0 mmol m-2 d-1 and between -71.0‰ and -50.9‰, respectively. The high emission lakes in general and high fluxing shallow zones within each lake consistently showed enriched δ13C-CH4 signature. Subsequently, in addition to the temperature dependence (1.4 ± 0.1 eV), the rates of ebullition strongly correlated with the variability of δ13C-CH4 across our study lakes. Our results suggest that higher ebullitive emissions are sustained by acetoclastic methanogenesis, likely fueled by fresh organic matter inputs. Further, the annual whole-lake estimate of bubble isotopic flux alone showed depleted δ13C-CH4 values (-64.6 ± 0.6‰ to -60.1 ± 3.2‰), yet the signature of the total CH4 emission (ebullition + diffusion) was relatively enriched (-60.7‰ to -52.6‰) due to high methanotrophic activity in the water column. We show that δ13C-CH4 signature of bubbles can be linked to the magnitude of ebullition itself, yet we suggest there is a need to account for different emission pathways and their isotopic signature to allocate CH4 source signature to northern lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji D Thottathil
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522 502, India; Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Yves T Prairie
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
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13
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Aguirrezabala-Campano T, Gonzalez-Valencia R, Cervantes FJ, Thalasso F. Overall spatiotemporal dynamics of greenhouse gasses and oxygen in two subtropical reservoirs with contrasting trophic states. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:117056. [PMID: 33774352 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The impact of cultural eutrophication on carbon cycling in subtropical reservoirs was assessed using high-resolution measurements of dissolved gas concentration, atmospheric exchange, and uptake/production rates of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Seasonal measurements were performed in two reservoirs that pertain to the same hydrological basin but are drastically different in terms of allochthonous carbon input. These results were used to feed a mass balance model, from which a large number of overall parameters were determined to explicitly describe the dynamics and spatial attributes of the carbon cycle in the reservoirs. A single graphical representation of each reservoir was created to facilitate an overall appraisal of the carbon cycle. The impact of cultural eutrophication was profound and resulted in a complete redistribution of how the various bioprocesses participated in the methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen cycles. Among several identified impacts of eutrophication, it was observed that while eutrophication triggered increased methane production, this effect was followed by a similar increase in methane emissions and methanotrophic rates, while gross primary production was depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Aguirrezabala-Campano
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav, Avenida IPN 2508, Mexico City, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Gonzalez-Valencia
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav, Avenida IPN 2508, Mexico City, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Cervantes
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Engineering Institute, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Frédéric Thalasso
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav, Avenida IPN 2508, Mexico City, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico.
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14
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Bartosiewicz M, Maranger R, Przytulska A, Laurion I. Effects of phytoplankton blooms on fluxes and emissions of greenhouse gases in a eutrophic lake. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:116985. [PMID: 33735621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lakes are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. Factors controlling CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes include eutrophication and warming, but the integrated influence of climate-warming-driven stratification, oxygen loss and resultant changes in bloom characteristics on GHGs are not well understood. Here we assessed the influence of contrasting meteorological conditions on stratification and phytoplankton bloom composition in a eutrophic lake, and tested for associated changes in GHGs inventories in both the shallow and deep waters, over three seasons (2010-2012). Atmospheric heatwaves had one of the most dramatic effects on GHGs. Indeed, cyanobacterial blooms that developed in response to heatwave events in 2012 enhanced both sedimentary CH4 concentrations (reaching up to 1mM) and emissions to the atmosphere (up to 8 mmol m-2 d-1). That summer, CH4 contributed 52% of the integrated warming potential of GHGs produced in the lake (in CO2 equivalents) as compared to between 34 and 39% in years without cyanobacterial blooms. High CH4 accumulation and subsequent emission in 2012 were preceded by CO2 and N2O consumption and under-saturation at the lake surface (uptakes at -30 mmol m-2 d-1 and -1.6 µmol m-2 d-1, respectively). Fall overturn presented a large efflux of N2O and CH4, particularly from the littoral zone after the cyanobacterial bloom. We provide evidence that, despite cooling observed at depth during hot summers, CH4 emissions increased via stronger stratification and surface warming, resulting in enhanced cyanobacterial biomass deposition and intensified bottom water anoxia. Our results, supported by recent literature reports, suggests a novel interplay between climate change effects on lake hydrodynamics that impacts both bloom characteristics and GHGs production in shallow eutrophic lakes. Given global trends of warming and enrichment, these interactive effects should be considered to more accurately predict the future global role of lakes in GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Bartosiewicz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL); Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Maranger
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL); Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anna Przytulska
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Laurion
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL); Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, Canada
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15
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Li Y, Shang J, Zhang C, Zhang W, Niu L, Wang L, Zhang H. The role of freshwater eutrophication in greenhouse gas emissions: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144582. [PMID: 33736331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) have long received public attention because they affect the Earth's climate by producing the greenhouse effect. Freshwaters are an important source of GHGs, and the enhancement in their eutrophic status affects GHG emissions. Along with the increasing eutrophication of water bodies, the relevant quantitative and qualitative studies of the effects of freshwater eutrophication on GHG emissions have made substantial progress, particularly in the past 5 years. However, to our knowledge, this is the first critical review to focus on the role of freshwater eutrophication in GHG emissions. In this review, the emissions of common GHGs from freshwater are quantitatively described. Importantly, direct (i.e., dissolved oxygen, organic carbon, and nutrients) and indirect factors (i.e., dominant primary producer and algal blooms) affecting GHG emissions from eutrophic freshwater are systematically analyzed. In particular, the existence and significance of feedback loops between freshwater eutrophication and GHG emissions are emphasized considering the difficulties managing freshwater ecosystems and the Earth's climate. Finally, several future research directions as well as mitigation measures are described to provide useful insight into the dynamics and control of GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Jiahui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Lihua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Huanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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