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Prokop P. Urban environment decreases pollinator availability, fertility, and prolongs anthesis in the field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis Linnaeus, 1753). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2325225. [PMID: 38448395 PMCID: PMC10936644 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2325225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization alters the natural environment, with broad negative impacts on living organisms. Urbanization can also disrupt plant-pollinator networks by reducing the abundance and diversity of invertebrates. Firstly, I investigated whether the field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) is an obligatory entomophilous plant because previous reports were ambiguous. Secondly, I investigated how the obligatory entomophilous plant, field bindweed, responds to urbanization by comparing the flowering duration (anthesis) and the reproductive success of field bindweeds in urban and rural populations. Unlike cross-pollinated flowers and controls, flowers experimentally prevented from pollination and self-pollinated flowers did not produce seeds, suggesting that the field bindweed is self-incompatible and obligatory entomophilous. The abundance of urban pollinators was 5-6 times lower than the abundance of rural pollinators, and flies (Diptera), beetles (Coleoptera) and moths (Lepidoptera) were significantly more negatively influenced by the urban environment than hymenopterans (Hymenoptera). Urban plants showed significantly longer anthesis duration and lower reproductive success than rural plants. Illuminance and low pollinator abundance were negatively associated with the duration of the anthesis, but relative humidity did not affect the anthesis. Prolonged duration of the anthesis may be an adaptation to pollinator scarcity because more prolonged flowering increases the likelihood of pollination. Future research should unravel whether the longer anthesis of urban flowers is determined by behavioral plasticity or by the evolutionary selection of plants with a genetically determined longer anthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Kovaleski AP. The potential for an increasing threat of unseasonal temperature cycles to dormant plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39152704 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Two functional responses largely guide woody plants' survival to winter conditions: cold hardiness and dormancy. Dormancy affects budbreak timing based on chill accumulation. Effects of warming on dormancy may appear time-shifted: fall and winter warming events decrease chill accumulation, delaying budbreak observed in spring. The same warming events also affect cold hardiness dynamics, having immediate implications. As cold deacclimation rates increase with dormancy progression, the same amount of warming has greater damage risk the later it occurs in the season, depending on return of low temperatures. Should frequency of erratic weather increase with climate change, more instances of risk are expected. However, understanding how plants fare through seasons now and in future climates still requires better knowledge of winter physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al P Kovaleski
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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3
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Yan H, Schmid B, Xu W, Bongers FJ, Chen G, Tang T, Wang Z, Svenning J, Ma K, Liu X. The functional diversity-productivity relationship of woody plants is climatically sensitive. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11364. [PMID: 38698929 PMCID: PMC11063782 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Plot-scale experiments indicate that functional diversity (FD) plays a pivotal role in sustaining ecosystem functions such as net primary productivity (NPP). However, the relationships between functional diversity and NPP across larger scale under varying climatic conditions are sparsely studied, despite its significance for understanding forest-atmosphere interactions and informing policy development. Hence, we examine the relationships of community-weighted mean (CWM) and functional dispersion (FDis) of woody plant traits on NPP across China and if such relationships are modulated by climatic conditions at the national scale. Using comprehensive datasets of distribution, functional traits, and productivity for 9120 Chinese woody plant species, we evaluated the distribution pattern of community-weighted mean and functional dispersion (including three orthogonal trait indicators: plant size, leaf morphology, and flower duration) and its relationships with NPP. Finally, we tested the effects of climatic conditions on community-weighted mean/functional dispersion-NPP relationships. We first found overall functional diversity-NPP relationships, but also that the magnitude of these relationships was sensitive to climate, with plant size community-weighted mean promoting NPP in warm regions and plant size functional dispersion promoting NPP in wet regions. Second, warm and wet conditions indirectly increased NPP by its positive effects on community-weighted mean or functional dispersion, particularly through mean plant size and leaf morphology. Our study provides comprehensive evidence for the relationships between functional diversity and NPP under varying climates at a large scale. Importantly, our results indicate a broadening significance of multidimensional plant functional traits for woody vegetation NPP in response to rising temperatures and wetter climates. Restoration, reforestation actions and natural capital accounting need to carefully consider not only community-weighted mean and functional dispersion but also their interactions with climate, to predict how functional diversity may promote ecosystem functioning under future climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing LaboratoriesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Wubing Xu
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Franca J. Bongers
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Guoke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyBeijingChina
| | - Ting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationCollege of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Zhejiang Qianjiangyuan Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research StationInstitute of BotanyBeijingChina
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4
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Peng S, Ramirez-Parada TH, Mazer SJ, Record S, Park I, Ellison AM, Davis CC. Incorporating plant phenological responses into species distribution models reduces estimates of future species loss and turnover. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38531810 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenetic climate change has caused range shifts among many species. Species distribution models (SDMs) are used to predict how species ranges may change in the future. However, most SDMs rarely consider how climate-sensitive traits, such as phenology, which affect individuals' demography and fitness, may influence species' ranges. Using > 120 000 herbarium specimens representing 360 plant species distributed across the eastern United States, we developed a novel 'phenology-informed' SDM that integrates phenological responses to changing climates. We compared the ranges of each species forecast by the phenology-informed SDM with those from conventional SDMs. We further validated the modeling approach using hindcasting. When examining the range changes of all species, our phenology-informed SDMs forecast less species loss and turnover under climate change than conventional SDMs. These results suggest that dynamic phenological responses of species may help them adjust their ecological niches and persist in their habitats as the climate changes. Plant phenology can modulate species' responses to climate change, mitigating its negative effects on species persistence. Further application of our framework will contribute to a generalized understanding of how traits affect species distributions along environmental gradients and facilitate the use of trait-based SDMs across spatial and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Peng
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Tadeo H Ramirez-Parada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA
| | - Sydne Record
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Isaac Park
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA
| | - Aaron M Ellison
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Sound Solutions for Sustainable Science, Boston, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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5
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Rzanny M, Mäder P, Wittich HC, Boho D, Wäldchen J. Opportunistic plant observations reveal spatial and temporal gradients in phenology. NPJ BIODIVERSITY 2024; 3:5. [PMID: 39242728 PMCID: PMC11332049 DOI: 10.1038/s44185-024-00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Opportunistic plant records provide a rapidly growing source of spatiotemporal plant observation data. Here, we used such data to explore the question whether they can be used to detect changes in species phenologies. Examining 19 herbaceous and one woody plant species in two consecutive years across Europe, we observed significant shifts in their flowering phenology, being more pronounced for spring-flowering species (6-17 days) compared to summer-flowering species (1-6 days). Moreover, we show that these data are suitable to model large-scale relationships such as "Hopkins' bioclimatic law" which quantifies the phenological delay with increasing elevation, latitude, and longitude. Here, we observe spatial shifts, ranging from -5 to 50 days per 1000 m elevation to latitudinal shifts ranging from -1 to 4 days per degree northwards, and longitudinal shifts ranging from -1 to 1 day per degree eastwards, depending on the species. Our findings show that the increasing volume of purely opportunistic plant observation data already provides reliable phenological information, and therewith can be used to support global, high-resolution phenology monitoring in the face of ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rzanny
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.
| | - Patrick Mäder
- Data-Intensive Systems and Visualisation, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- iDiv, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Wittich
- Data-Intensive Systems and Visualisation, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - David Boho
- Data-Intensive Systems and Visualisation, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jana Wäldchen
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- iDiv, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Ramirez-Parada TH, Park IW, Record S, Davis CC, Ellison AM, Mazer SJ. Plasticity and not adaptation is the primary source of temperature-mediated variation in flowering phenology in North America. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:467-476. [PMID: 38212525 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Phenology varies widely over space and time because of its sensitivity to climate. However, whether phenological variation is primarily generated by rapid organismal responses (plasticity) or local adaptation remains unresolved. Here we used 1,038,027 herbarium specimens representing 1,605 species from the continental United States to measure flowering-time sensitivity to temperature over time (Stime) and space (Sspace). By comparing these estimates, we inferred how adaptation and plasticity historically influenced phenology along temperature gradients and how their contributions vary among species with different phenology and native climates and among ecoregions differing in species composition. Parameters Sspace and Stime were positively correlated (r = 0.87), of similar magnitude and more frequently consistent with plasticity than adaptation. Apparent plasticity and adaptation generated earlier flowering in spring, limited responsiveness in late summer and delayed flowering in autumn in response to temperature increases. Nonetheless, ecoregions differed in the relative contributions of adaptation and plasticity, from consistently greater importance of plasticity (for example, southeastern United States plains) to their nearly equal importance throughout the season (for example, Western Sierra Madre Piedmont). Our results support the hypothesis that plasticity is the primary driver of flowering-time variation along temperature gradients, with local adaptation having a widespread but comparatively limited role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeo H Ramirez-Parada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Isaac W Park
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Sydne Record
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron M Ellison
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Sound Solutions for Sustainable Science, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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7
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Katal N, Rzanny M, Mäder P, Römermann C, Wittich HC, Boho D, Musavi T, Wäldchen J. Bridging the gap: how to adopt opportunistic plant observations for phenology monitoring. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150956. [PMID: 37860262 PMCID: PMC10582721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology plays a vital role in assessing climate change. To monitor this, individual plants are traditionally visited and observed by trained volunteers organized in national or international networks - in Germany, for example, by the German Weather Service, DWD. However, their number of observers is continuously decreasing. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using opportunistically captured plant observations, collected via the plant identification app Flora Incognita to determine the onset of flowering and, based on that, create interpolation maps comparable to those of the DWD. Therefore, the opportunistic observations of 17 species collected in 2020 and 2021 were assigned to "Flora Incognita stations" based on location and altitude in order to mimic the network of stations forming the data basis for the interpolation conducted by the DWD. From the distribution of observations, the percentile representing onset of flowering date was calculated using a parametric bootstrapping approach and then interpolated following the same process as applied by the DWD. Our results show that for frequently observed, herbaceous and conspicuous species, the patterns of onset of flowering were similar and comparable between both data sources. We argue that a prominent flowering stage is crucial for accurately determining the onset of flowering from opportunistic plant observations, and we discuss additional factors, such as species distribution, location bias and societal events contributing to the differences among species and phenology data. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the phenological monitoring of certain species can benefit from incorporating opportunistic plant observations. Furthermore, we highlight the potential to expand the taxonomic range of monitored species for phenological stage assessment through opportunistic plant observation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Katal
- Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Rzanny
- Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Mäder
- Data Intensive Systems and Visualisation, Technische Universitat Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Römermann
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Wittich
- Data Intensive Systems and Visualisation, Technische Universitat Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - David Boho
- Data Intensive Systems and Visualisation, Technische Universitat Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Talie Musavi
- Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Wäldchen
- Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Park DS, Xie Y, Ellison AM, Lyra GM, Davis CC. Complex climate-mediated effects of urbanization on plant reproductive phenology and frost risk. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2153-2165. [PMID: 36942966 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization can affect the timing of plant reproduction (i.e. flowering and fruiting) and associated ecosystem processes. However, our knowledge of how plant phenology responds to urbanization and its associated environmental changes is limited. Herbaria represent an important, but underutilized source of data for investigating this question. We harnessed phenological data from herbarium specimens representing 200 plant species collected across 120 yr from the eastern US to investigate the spatiotemporal effects of urbanization on flowering and fruiting phenology and frost risk (i.e. time between the last frost date and flowering). Effects of urbanization on plant reproductive phenology varied significantly in direction and magnitude across species ranges. Increased urbanization led to earlier flowering in colder and wetter regions and delayed fruiting in regions with wetter spring conditions. Frost risk was elevated with increased urbanization in regions with colder and wetter spring conditions. Our study demonstrates that predictions of phenological change and its associated impacts must account for both climatic and human effects, which are context dependent and do not necessarily coincide. We must move beyond phenological models that only incorporate temperature variables and consider multiple environmental factors and their interactions when estimating plant phenology, especially at larger spatial and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yingying Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Aaron M Ellison
- Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02135, USA
- Sound Solutions for Sustainable Science, Boston, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Goia M Lyra
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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9
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Wang X, Morin X, Zhang J, Chen G, Mao L, Chen Y, Song Z, Du Y, Ma K. Geographical patterns and determinants in plant reproductive phenology duration. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1199316. [PMID: 37396633 PMCID: PMC10309207 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1199316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is and always has been an important issue in ecological research. Biodiversity can reflect niche partitioning among species at several spatial and temporal scales and is generally highest in the tropics. One theory to explain it is that low-latitude tropical ecosystems are dominated by species that are generally only distributed over a narrow area. This principle is known as Rapoport's rule. One previously unconsidered extension of Rapoport's rule may be reproductive phenology, where variation in flowering and fruiting length may reflect a temporal range. Herein, we collected reproductive phenology data for more than 20,000 species covering almost all angiosperm species in China. We used a random forest model to quantify the relative role of seven environmental factors on the duration of reproductive phenology. Our results showed that the duration of reproductive phenology decreased with latitude, although there was no obvious change across longitudes. Latitude explained more of the variation in the duration of flowering and fruiting phases in woody plants than in herbaceous plants. Mean annual temperature and the length of the growing season strongly influenced the phenology of herbaceous plants, and average winter temperature and temperature seasonality were important drivers of woody plant phenology. Our result suggests the flowering period of woody plants is sensitive to temperature seasonality, while it does not influence herbaceous plants. By extending Rapoport's rule to consider the distribution of species in time as well as space, we have provided a novel insight into the mechanisms of maintaining high levels of diversity in low-latitude forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Ministry of Education), College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xavier Morin
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfeng Mao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuheng Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuqiu Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Du
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Ministry of Education), College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Guralnick RP, Campbell LP, Belitz MW. Weather anomalies more important than climate means in driving insect phenology. Commun Biol 2023; 6:490. [PMID: 37147472 PMCID: PMC10163234 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of long-term trends in phenology often rely on climatic averages or accumulated heat, overlooking climate variability. Here we test the hypothesis that unusual weather conditions are critical in driving adult insect phenology. First, we generate phenological estimates for Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) across the Eastern USA, and over a 70 year period, using natural history collections data. Next, we assemble a set of predictors, including the number of unusually warm and cold days prior to, and during, the adult flight period. We then use phylogenetically informed linear mixed effects models to evaluate effects of unusual weather events, climate context, species traits, and their interactions on flight onset, offset and duration. We find increasing numbers of both warm and cold days were strong effects, dramatically increasing flight duration. This strong effect on duration is likely driven by differential onset and termination dynamics. For flight onset, impact of unusual climate conditions is dependent on climatic context, but for flight cessation, more unusually cold days always lead to later termination particularly for multivoltine species. These results show that understanding phenological responses under global change must account for unusual weather events, especially given they are predicted to increase in frequency and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, Dickinson Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - L P Campbell
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology & Nematology, IFAS, University of Florida, 200 9th Street SE, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA
| | - M W Belitz
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, Dickinson Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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11
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Sexton AN, Garces KR, Huber MR, Emery SM. Urban grassland restorations have reduced plant fitness but not pollinator limitation. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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12
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Iler AM, CaraDonna PJ, Richardson LK, Wu ET, Fant JB, Pfeiler KC, Freymiller GA, Godfrey KN, Gorman AJ, Wilson N, Whitford MD, Edmonds GA, Stratton C, Jules ES. Genotype accounts for intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of multiple, sequential life-cycle events in a willow species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16112. [PMID: 36478327 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Phenological variation among individuals within populations is common and has a variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences, including forming the basis for population-level responses to environmental change. Although the timing of life-cycle events has genetic underpinnings, whether intraspecific variation in the duration of life-cycle events reflects genetic differences among individuals is poorly understood. METHODS We used a common garden experiment with 10 genotypes of Salix hookeriana (coastal willow) from northern California, United States to investigate the extent to which genetic variation explains intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of multiple, sequential life-cycle events: flowering, leaf budbreak, leaf expansion, fruiting, and fall leaf coloration. We used seven clones of each genotype, for a total of 70 individual trees. RESULTS Genotype affected each sequential life-cycle event independently and explained on average 62% of the variation in the timing and duration of vegetative and reproductive life-cycle events. All events were significantly heritable. A single genotype tended to be "early" or "late" across life-cycle events, but for event durations, there was no consistent response within genotypes. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that genetic variation can be a major component underlying intraspecific variation in the timing and duration of life-cycle events. It is often assumed that the environment affects durations, but we show that genetic factors also play a role. Because the timing and duration of events are independent of one another, our results suggest that the effects of environmental change on one event will not necessarily cascade to subsequent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Iler
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
- Aarhus University, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul J CaraDonna
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lea K Richardson
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Wu
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Glencoe, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kelly C Pfeiler
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Grace A Freymiller
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Kimber N Godfrey
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Gorman
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Wilson
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Malachi D Whitford
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Grant A Edmonds
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Conner Stratton
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Erik S Jules
- California State Polytechnic University - Humboldt, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA, USA
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13
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Chen Y, Collins SL, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Yang X, An H, Hu G, Xin C, Zhou J, Sheng X, He M, Zhang P, Guo Z, Zhang H, Li L, Ma M. Warming reduced flowering synchrony and extended community flowering season in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecology 2023; 104:e3862. [PMID: 36062319 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The timing of phenological events is highly sensitive to climate change, and may influence ecosystem structure and function. Although changes in flowering phenology among species under climate change have been reported widely, how species-specific shifts will affect phenological synchrony and community-level phenology patterns remains unclear. We conducted a manipulative experiment of warming and precipitation addition and reduction to explore how climate change affected flowering phenology at the species and community levels in an alpine meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that warming advanced the first and last flowering times differently and with no consistent shifts in flowering duration among species, resulting in the entire flowering period of species emerging earlier in the growing season. Early-flowering species were more sensitive to warming than mid- and late-flowering species, thereby reducing flowering synchrony among species and extending the community-level flowering season. However, precipitation and its interactions with warming had no significant effects on flowering phenology. Our results suggest that temperature regulates flowering phenology from the species to community levels in this alpine meadow community, yet how species shifted their flowering timing and duration in response to warming varied. This species-level divergence may reshape flowering phenology in this alpine plant community. Decreasing flowering synchrony among species and the extension of community-level flowering seasons under warming may alter future trophic interactions, with cascading consequences to community and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hang An
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guorui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunming Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingrui He
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Miaojun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Hantak MM, Guralnick RP, Cameron AC, Griffing AH, Harrington SM, Weinell JL, Paluh DJ. Colour scales with climate in North American ratsnakes: a test of the thermal melanism hypothesis using community science images. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220403. [PMID: 36541094 PMCID: PMC9768630 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal colour is a complex trait shaped by multiple selection pressures that can vary across geography. The thermal melanism hypothesis predicts that darker coloration is beneficial to animals in colder regions because it allows for more rapid solar absorption. Here, we use community science images of three closely related species of North American ratsnakes (genus Pantherophis) to examine if climate predicts colour variation across range-wide scales. We predicted that darker individuals are found in colder regions and higher elevations, in accordance with the thermal melanism hypothesis. Using an unprecedented dataset of over 8000 images, we found strong support for temperature as a key predictor of darker colour, supporting thermal melanism. We also found that elevation and precipitation are predictive of colour, but the direction and magnitude of these effects were more variable across species. Our study is the first to quantify colour variation in Pantherophis ratsnakes, highlighting the value of community science images for studying range-wide colour variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Hantak
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Robert P. Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alexander C. Cameron
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Aaron H. Griffing
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Sean M. Harrington
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
- INBRE Data Science Core, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Weinell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Daniel J. Paluh
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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15
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Phenology of grassland plants responds to urbanization. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding phenological responses of plants to changing temperatures is important because of multiple associated ecological consequences. Cities with their urban heat island can be used as laboratories to study phenological adaptation to climate change. However, previous phenology studies focused on trees and did not disentangle the role of micro-climate and urban structures.We studied reproductive phenology of dry grassland species in response to micro-climate and urbanization in Berlin, Germany. Phenological stages were recorded weekly at the individual plant level for five native grassland species across 30 dry grassland sites along an urbanization and temperature gradient. We estimated 50% onset probabilities for flowering and seed maturation of populations, and analysed variation in onset dates using regression models.Early flowering species significantly advanced flowering phenology with increasing mean air temperature but were little influenced by urbanization. By contrast, late-flowering species showed significant phenological responses to both air temperature and urbanization, possibly because micro-climate was most affected by urbanization in late summer. Surprisingly, not all grassland species showed an advanced phenology with increasing intensity of urbanization.This contradicts observed patterns for urban trees, indicating that phenological shifts in urban areas cannot be generalized from the observation of one growth form or taxonomic group. Growth form appears as a possible determinant of phenological responses. Results suggest that the phenology of dry grassland species may directly respond to the urban heat island, albeit with variable direction and magnitude. This has implications for ecosystem services, shifted allergy seasons, changes of biogeochemical cycles and potential ecological mismatches.
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16
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Bernard-Verdier M, Seitz B, Buchholz S, Kowarik I, Lasunción Mejía S, Jeschke JM. Grassland allergenicity increases with urbanisation and plant invasions. AMBIO 2022; 51:2261-2277. [PMID: 35594005 PMCID: PMC9481851 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollen allergies have been on the rise in cities, where anthropogenic disturbances, warmer climate and introduced species are shaping novel urban ecosystems. Yet, the allergenic potential of these urban ecosystems, in particular spontaneous vegetation outside parks and gardens, remains poorly known. We quantified the allergenic properties of 56 dry grasslands along a double gradient of urbanisation and plant invasion in Berlin (Germany). 30% of grassland species were classified as allergenic, most of them being natives. Urbanisation was associated with an increase in abundance and diversity of pollen allergens, mainly driven by an increase in allergenic non-native plants. While not inherently more allergenic than native plants, the pool of non-natives contributed a larger biochemical diversity of allergens and flowered later than natives, creating a broader potential spectrum of allergy. Managing novel risks to urban public health will involve not only targeted action on allergenic non-natives, but also policies at the habitat scale favouring plant community assembly of a diverse, low-allergenicity vegetation. Similar approaches could be easily replicated in other cities to provide a broad quantification and mapping of urban allergy risks and drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bernard-Verdier
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Seitz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstraße 12, 12165 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Buchholz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstraße 12, 12165 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Ingo Kowarik
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Rothenburgstraße 12, 12165 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Lasunción Mejía
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan M. Jeschke
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Liu G, Kingsford RT, Callaghan CT, Rowley JJL. Anthropogenic habitat modification alters calling phenology of frogs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6194-6208. [PMID: 35949049 PMCID: PMC9804319 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic habitat modification significantly challenges biodiversity. With its intensification, understanding species' capacity to adapt is critical for conservation planning. However, little is known about whether and how different species are responding, particularly among frogs. We used a continental-scale citizen science dataset of >226,000 audio recordings of 42 Australian frog species to investigate how calling-a proxy for breeding-phenology varied along an anthropogenic modification gradient. Calling started earlier and breeding seasons lengthened with increasing modification intensity. Breeding seasons averaged 22.9 ± 8.25 days (standard error) longer in the most modified compared to the least modified regions, suggesting that frog breeding activity was sensitive to habitat modification. We also examined whether calls varied along a modification gradient by analysing the temporal and spectral properties of advertisement calls from a subset of 441 audio recordings of three broadly distributed frog species. There was no appreciable effect of anthropogenic habitat modification on any of the measured call variables, although there was high variability. With continued habitat modification, species may shift towards earlier and longer breeding seasons, with largely unknown ecological consequences in terms of proximate and ultimate fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracie Liu
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Australian Museum Research InstituteAustralian MuseumSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Richard T. Kingsford
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Corey T. Callaghan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) – HalleLeipzigGermany
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Jodi J. L. Rowley
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Australian Museum Research InstituteAustralian MuseumSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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18
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Belitz MW, Larsen EA, Shirey V, Li D, Guralnick RP. Phenological research based on natural history collections: practical guidelines and a Lepidopteran case study. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Belitz
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Elise A. Larsen
- Department of Biology Georgetown University Washington DC USA
| | - Vaughn Shirey
- Department of Biology Georgetown University Washington DC USA
| | - Daijiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
- Center for Computation & Technology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
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19
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Hantak MM, Guralnick RP, Zare A, Stucky BJ. Computer vision for assessing species color pattern variation from web-based community science images. iScience 2022; 25:104784. [PMID: 35982791 PMCID: PMC9379571 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Openly available community science digital vouchers provide a wealth of data to study phenotypic change across space and time. However, extracting phenotypic data from these resources requires significant human effort. Here, we demonstrate a workflow and computer vision model for automatically categorizing species color pattern from community science images. Our work is focused on documenting the striped/unstriped color polymorphism in the Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus). We used an ensemble convolutional neural network model to analyze this polymorphism in 20,318 iNaturalist images. Our model was highly accurate (∼98%) despite image heterogeneity. We used the resulting annotations to document extensive niche overlap between morphs, but wider niche breadth for striped morphs at the range-wide scale. Our work showcases key design principles for using machine learning with heterogeneous community science image data to address questions at an unprecedented scale. We built a deep learning model to group color morphs from community science images Our model achieved 98% accuracy for classifying striped and unstriped salamanders We used our model to classify >20,000 images and built morph-specific niche models We then determined if Red-backed salamanders niche partition at a range-wide scale
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Hantak
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Robert P. Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alina Zare
- Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Brian J. Stucky
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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20
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Xu X, He C, Zhong C, Zhang Q, Yuan X, Hu X, Deng W, Wang J, Du Q, Zhang L. Soil N 2O emission in Cinnamomum camphora plantations along an urbanization gradient altered by changes in litter input and microbial community composition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118876. [PMID: 35074458 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization alters land use, increasing the rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and hence atmospheric compositions. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major GHG that contributes substantially to global warming. N2O emissions are sensitive to changes in substrate availabilities, such as litter and N input, as well as micro-environmental factors caused by land-use change upon urbanization. However, the potential impacts of changing litter and N on soil N2O emissions along urban-rural gradients is not well understood. Here, we conducted an in situ study over 19 months in Cinnamomum camphora plantations along an urban-rural gradient, to examine the effects of the urban-rural gradient, N and litter input on N2O emissions from C. camphora plantation soils and the underlying mechanisms via N, litter and microbial communities. The results showed that urban soil N2O emissions were 105% and 196% higher than those from suburban and rural soil, respectively, and co-occurred with a higher abundance of AOA, nirS and nirK genes. Litter removal increased cumulative N2O emissions by 59.7%, 50.9% and 43.3% from urban, suburban and rural soils, respectively. Compared with litter kept treatment, increases in AOA and nirK abundance were observed in urban soil, and higher rural nirS abundance occurred following litter removal. Additionally, the relatively higher soil temperature and available N content in the urban soil increased N2O emissions compared with the suburban and rural soil. Therefore, in addition to changes in microbial communities and abiotic environmental factors, litter kept in C. camphora plantations along an urban-rural gradient is also important in mitigating N2O emissions, providing a potential strategy for the mitigation of N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Chang He
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Chuan Zhong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- School of Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Wenping Deng
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Qu Du
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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21
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Alterations in Population Distribution of Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. and Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. Caused by Climate Change. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has a significant impact on species population size and distribution, global biodiversity, and ecological status. The Liriodendron genus contains two species: Liriodendron chinense and Liriodendron tulipifera, both playing important roles in timber, medicinal, and landscape purposes. However, little is known about their population distribution characteristics and important climatic factors shaping their suitability. In this research, we used the geological record data, 19 climate components, MaxEnt, and ArcGIS to recreate and analyze the potential population distribution and their alterations of Liriodendron within the world beneath the current and future scenarios of RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 in 2050 and 2070. Our results showed that: Liriodendron is suitable to grow in subtropical monsoon climate areas, and that the climatic factor of precipitation of warmest quarter exerts the greatest impact on L. chinense, with a contribution rate of 57.6%. Additionally, we showed that the climatic factor of precipitation of the driest month exerts the greatest impact on L. tulipifera, with a contribution rate of 60.5%. Further analysis exhibited that low temperature and temperature fluctuations are major temperature factors affecting L. chinense and L. tulipifera, respectively. Therefore, we predicted that by the 2050s and 2070s, the areas of Liriodendron suitable habitats would increase first and then decrease in three scenarios; except the area of L. tulipifera suitable habitats under RCP8.5, which shows a slight increase. We then conclude that the Liriodendron suitable areas would shift to high latitudes due to global climate warming. The information gained from this study will provide a reference for developing forest cultivation, management, and conservation strategies for these two important tree species, and also a basis for subsequent biogeographic research.
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22
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Reeb RA, Aziz N, Lapp SM, Kitzes J, Heberling JM, Kuebbing SE. Using Convolutional Neural Networks to Efficiently Extract Immense Phenological Data From Community Science Images. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:787407. [PMID: 35111176 PMCID: PMC8801702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Community science image libraries offer a massive, but largely untapped, source of observational data for phenological research. The iNaturalist platform offers a particularly rich archive, containing more than 49 million verifiable, georeferenced, open access images, encompassing seven continents and over 278,000 species. A critical limitation preventing scientists from taking full advantage of this rich data source is labor. Each image must be manually inspected and categorized by phenophase, which is both time-intensive and costly. Consequently, researchers may only be able to use a subset of the total number of images available in the database. While iNaturalist has the potential to yield enough data for high-resolution and spatially extensive studies, it requires more efficient tools for phenological data extraction. A promising solution is automation of the image annotation process using deep learning. Recent innovations in deep learning have made these open-source tools accessible to a general research audience. However, it is unknown whether deep learning tools can accurately and efficiently annotate phenophases in community science images. Here, we train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to annotate images of Alliaria petiolata into distinct phenophases from iNaturalist and compare the performance of the model with non-expert human annotators. We demonstrate that researchers can successfully employ deep learning techniques to extract phenological information from community science images. A CNN classified two-stage phenology (flowering and non-flowering) with 95.9% accuracy and classified four-stage phenology (vegetative, budding, flowering, and fruiting) with 86.4% accuracy. The overall accuracy of the CNN did not differ from humans (p = 0.383), although performance varied across phenophases. We found that a primary challenge of using deep learning for image annotation was not related to the model itself, but instead in the quality of the community science images. Up to 4% of A. petiolata images in iNaturalist were taken from an improper distance, were physically manipulated, or were digitally altered, which limited both human and machine annotators in accurately classifying phenology. Thus, we provide a list of photography guidelines that could be included in community science platforms to inform community scientists in the best practices for creating images that facilitate phenological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Reeb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Naeem Aziz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Samuel M. Lapp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Justin Kitzes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - J. Mason Heberling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sara E. Kuebbing
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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23
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Gallinat AS, Ellwood ER, Heberling JM, Miller-Rushing AJ, Pearse WD, Primack RB. Macrophenology: insights into the broad-scale patterns, drivers, and consequences of phenology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2112-2126. [PMID: 34755895 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology research has surged in recent decades, in part due to interest in phenological sensitivity to climate change and the vital role phenology plays in ecology. Many local-scale studies have generated important findings regarding the physiology, responses, and risks associated with shifts in plant phenology. By comparison, our understanding of regional- and global-scale phenology has been largely limited to remote sensing of green-up without the ability to differentiate among plant species. However, a new generation of analytical tools and data sources-including enhanced remote sensing products, digitized herbarium specimen data, and public participation in science-now permits investigating patterns and drivers of phenology across extensive taxonomic, temporal, and spatial scales, in an emerging field that we call macrophenology. Recent studies have highlighted how phenology affects dynamics at broad scales, including species interactions and ranges, carbon fluxes, and climate. At the cusp of this developing field of study, we review the theoretical and practical advances in four primary areas of plant macrophenology: (1) global patterns and shifts in plant phenology, (2) within-species changes in phenology as they mediate species' range limits and invasions at the regional scale, (3) broad-scale variation in phenology among species leading to ecological mismatches, and (4) interactions between phenology and global ecosystem processes. To stimulate future research, we describe opportunities for macrophenology to address grand challenges in each of these research areas, as well as recently available data sources that enhance and enable macrophenology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles California, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - J Mason Heberling
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - William D Pearse
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Rd., Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Belitz MW, Barve V, Doby JR, Hantak MM, Larsen EA, Li D, Oswald JA, Sewnath N, Walters M, Barve N, Earl K, Gardner N, Guralnick RP, Stucky BJ. Climate drivers of adult insect activity are conditioned by life history traits. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2687-2699. [PMID: 34636143 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Insect phenological lability is key for determining which species will adapt under environmental change. However, little is known about when adult insect activity terminates and overall activity duration. We used community-science and museum specimen data to investigate the effects of climate and urbanisation on timing of adult insect activity for 101 species varying in life history traits. We found detritivores and species with aquatic larval stages extend activity periods most rapidly in response to increasing regional temperature. Conversely, species with subterranean larval stages have relatively constant durations regardless of regional temperature. Species extended their period of adult activity similarly in warmer conditions regardless of voltinism classification. Longer adult durations may represent a general response to warming, but voltinism data in subtropical environments are likely underreported. This effort provides a framework to address the drivers of adult insect phenology at continental scales and a basis for predicting species response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Belitz
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vijay Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua R Doby
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maggie M Hantak
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Elise A Larsen
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Daijiang Li
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisina, USA.,Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisina, USA
| | - Jessica A Oswald
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Biology Department, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Neeka Sewnath
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mitchell Walters
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Narayani Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kamala Earl
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicholas Gardner
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert P Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian J Stucky
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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25
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Di Cecco GJ, Barve V, Belitz MW, Stucky BJ, Guralnick RP, Hurlbert AH. Observing the Observers: How Participants Contribute Data to iNaturalist and Implications for Biodiversity Science. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The availability of citizen science data has resulted in growing applications in biodiversity science. One widely used platform, iNaturalist, provides millions of digitally vouchered observations submitted by a global user base. These observation records include a date and a location but otherwise do not contain any information about the sampling process. As a result, sampling biases must be inferred from the data themselves. In the present article, we examine spatial and temporal biases in iNaturalist observations from the platform's launch in 2008 through the end of 2019. We also characterize user behavior on the platform in terms of individual activity level and taxonomic specialization. We found that, at the level of taxonomic class, the users typically specialized on a particular group, especially plants or insects, and rarely made observations of the same species twice. Biodiversity scientists should consider whether user behavior results in systematic biases in their analyses before using iNaturalist data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J Di Cecco
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Vijay Barve
- biodiversity informatics, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Michael W Belitz
- biodiversity informatics, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Brian J Stucky
- biodiversity informatics, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Robert P Guralnick
- biodiversity informatics, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Allen H Hurlbert
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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26
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Hantak MM, McLean BS, Li D, Guralnick RP. Mammalian body size is determined by interactions between climate, urbanization, and ecological traits. Commun Biol 2021; 4:972. [PMID: 34400755 PMCID: PMC8367959 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenically-driven climate warming is a hypothesized driver of animal body size reductions. Less understood are effects of other human-caused disturbances on body size, such as urbanization. We compiled 140,499 body size records of over 100 North American mammals to test how climate and human population density, a proxy for urbanization, and their interactions with species traits, impact body size. We tested three hypotheses of body size variation across urbanization gradients: urban heat island effects, habitat fragmentation, and resource availability. Our results demonstrate that both urbanization and temperature influence mammalian body size variation, most often leading to larger individuals, thus supporting the resource availability hypothesis. In addition, life history and other ecological factors play a critical role in mediating the effects of climate and urbanization on body size. Larger mammals and species that utilize thermal buffering are more sensitive to warmer temperatures, while flexibility in activity time appears to be advantageous in urbanized areas. This work highlights the value of using digitized, natural history data to track how human disturbance drives morphological variation. Anthropogenically-driven climate change is responsible for body size decreases in mammals. Using an important dataset of historically-collected data and data from continental-scale survey efforts from the National Ecological Observatory Network, Hantak et al. show that urbanization plays an important role in mediating this dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Hantak
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Bryan S McLean
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Daijiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert P Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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