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Wang Z, Wang T, Zhang X, Wang J, Yang Y, Sun Y, Guo X, Wu Q, Nepovimova E, Watson AE, Kuca K. Biodiversity conservation in the context of climate change: Facing challenges and management strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173377. [PMID: 38796025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Biodiversity conservation amidst the uncertainty of climate change presents unique challenges that necessitate precise management strategies. The study reported here was aimed at refining understanding of these challenges and to propose specific, actionable management strategies. Employing a quantitative literature analysis, we meticulously examined 1268 research articles from the Web of Science database between 2005 and 2023. Through Cite Spaces and VOS viewer software, we conducted a bibliometric analysis and thematic synthesis to pinpoint emerging trends, key themes, and the geographical distribution of research efforts. Our methodology involved identifying patterns within the data, such as frequency of keywords, co-authorship networks, and citation analysis, to discern the primary focus areas within the field. This approach allowed us to distinguish between research concentration areas, specifically highlighting a predominant interest in Environmental Sciences Ecology (67.59 %) and Biodiversity Conservation (22.63 %). The identification of adaptive management practices and ecosystem services maintenance are central themes in the research from 2005 to 2023. Moreover, challenges such as understanding phenological shifts, invasive species dynamics, and anthropogenic pressures critically impact biodiversity conservation efforts. Our findings underscore the urgent need for precise, data-driven decision-making processes in the face of these challenges. Addressing the gaps identified, our study proposes targeted solutions, including the establishment of germplasm banks for at-risk species, the development of advanced genomic and microclimate models, and scenario analysis to predict and mitigate future conservation challenges. These strategies are aimed at enhancing the resilience of biodiversity against the backdrop of climate change through integrated, evidence-based approaches. By leveraging the compiled and analyzed data, this study offers a foundational framework for future research and practical action in biodiversity conservation strategies, demonstrating a path forward through detailed analysis and specified solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Tongxin Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Junbang Wang
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology in Cold Region of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810001, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Alan E Watson
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic.
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He F, Svenning JC, Chen X, Tockner K, Kuemmerle T, le Roux E, Moleón M, Gessner J, Jähnig SC. Freshwater megafauna shape ecosystems and facilitate restoration. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1141-1163. [PMID: 38411930 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater megafauna, such as sturgeons, giant catfishes, river dolphins, hippopotami, crocodylians, large turtles, and giant salamanders, have experienced severe population declines and range contractions worldwide. Although there is an increasing number of studies investigating the causes of megafauna losses in fresh waters, little attention has been paid to synthesising the impacts of megafauna on the abiotic environment and other organisms in freshwater ecosystems, and hence the consequences of losing these species. This limited understanding may impede the development of policies and actions for their conservation and restoration. In this review, we synthesise how megafauna shape ecological processes in freshwater ecosystems and discuss their potential for enhancing ecosystem restoration. Through activities such as movement, burrowing, and dam and nest building, megafauna have a profound influence on the extent of water bodies, flow dynamics, and the physical structure of shorelines and substrata, increasing habitat heterogeneity. They enhance nutrient cycling within fresh waters, and cross-ecosystem flows of material, through foraging and reproduction activities. Freshwater megafauna are highly connected to other freshwater organisms via direct consumption of species at different trophic levels, indirect trophic cascades, and through their influence on habitat structure. The literature documenting the ecological impacts of freshwater megafauna is not evenly distributed among species, regions, and types of ecological impacts, with a lack of quantitative evidence for large fish, crocodylians, and turtles in the Global South and their impacts on nutrient flows and food-web structure. In addition, population decline, range contraction, and the loss of large individuals have reduced the extent and magnitude of megafaunal impacts in freshwater ecosystems, rendering a posteriori evaluation more difficult. We propose that reinstating freshwater megafauna populations holds the potential for restoring key ecological processes such as disturbances, trophic cascades, and species dispersal, which will, in turn, promote overall biodiversity and enhance nature's contributions to people. Challenges for restoration actions include the shifting baseline syndrome, potential human-megafauna competition for habitats and resources, damage to property, and risk to human life. The current lack of historical baselines for natural distributions and population sizes of freshwater megafauna, their life history, trophic interactions with other freshwater species, and interactions with humans necessitates further investigation. Addressing these knowledge gaps will improve our understanding of the ecological roles of freshwater megafauna and support their full potential for facilitating the development of effective conservation and restoration strategies to achieve the coexistence of humans and megafauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi He
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shengbei Street 4888, Changchun, 130102, China
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Xing Chen
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Klement Tockner
- Senckenberg Society for Nature Research, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Faculty for Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
| | - Elizabeth le Roux
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) and Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Marcos Moleón
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva S/N, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Jörn Gessner
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
| | - Sonja C Jähnig
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin, 12587, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
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3
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Lynch AJ, Embke HS, Nyboer EA, Wood LE, Thorpe A, Phang SC, Viana DF, Golden CD, Milardi M, Arlinghaus R, Baigun C, Beard TD, Cooke SJ, Cowx IG, Koehn JD, Lyach R, Potts W, Robertson AM, Schmidhuber J, Weyl OLF. Inland recreational fisheries contribute nutritional benefits and economic value but are vulnerable to climate change. NATURE FOOD 2024; 5:433-443. [PMID: 38741002 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-00961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Inland recreational fishing is primarily considered a leisure-driven activity in freshwaters, yet its harvest can contribute to food systems. Here we estimate that the harvest from inland recreational fishing equates to just over one-tenth of all reported inland fisheries catch globally. The estimated total consumptive use value of inland recreational fish destined for human consumption may reach US$9.95 billion annually. We identify Austria, Canada, Germany and Slovakia as countries above the third quantile for nutrition, economic value and climate vulnerability. These results have important implications for populations dependent on inland recreational fishing for food. Our findings can inform climate adaptation planning for inland recreational fisheries, particularly those not currently managed as food fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Lynch
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA.
| | - Holly S Embke
- Midwest Climate Adaptation Science Center, United States Geological Survey, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Nyboer
- Canadian Centre for Evidence-Based Conservation, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Louisa E Wood
- Centre for Blue Governance, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Andy Thorpe
- Centre for Blue Governance, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Daniel F Viana
- Department of Nutrition, Department of Environmental Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D Golden
- Department of Nutrition, Department of Environmental Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Milardi
- Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA/APSOI), Saint-Denis, France
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudio Baigun
- Institute of Environmental Research and Engineering, National University of San Martin-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T Douglas Beard
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Canadian Centre for Evidence-Based Conservation, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian G Cowx
- International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - John D Koehn
- Applied Aquatic Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Gulbali Institute for Agriculture, Water and Environment, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roman Lyach
- Institute for Evaluations and Social Analyses (INESAN), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Warren Potts
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Ashley M Robertson
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - Olaf L F Weyl
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
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4
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Li Y, Sun M, Kleisner KM, Mills KE, Chen Y. A global synthesis of climate vulnerability assessments on marine fisheries: Methods, scales, and knowledge co-production. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3545-3561. [PMID: 37079435 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Undertaking climate vulnerability assessments (CVAs) on marine fisheries is instrumental to the identification of regions, species, and stakeholders at risk of impacts from climate change, and the development of effective and targeted responses for fisheries adaptation. In this global literature review, we addressed three important questions to characterize fisheries CVAs: (i) what are the available approaches to develop CVAs in various social-ecological contexts, (ii) are different geographic scales and regions adequately represented, and (iii) how do diverse knowledge systems contribute to current understanding of vulnerability? As part of these general research efforts, we identified and characterized an inventory of frameworks and indicators that encompass a wide range of foci on ecological and socioeconomic dimensions of climate vulnerability on fisheries. Our analysis highlighted a large gap between countries with top research inputs and the most urgent adaptation needs. More research and resources are needed in low-income tropical countries to ensure existing inequities are not exacerbated. We also identified an uneven research focus across spatial scales and cautioned a possible scale mismatch between assessment and management needs. Drawing on this information, we catalog (1) a suite of research directions that could improve the utility and applicability of CVAs, particularly the examination of barriers and enabling conditions that influence the uptake of CVA results into management responses at multiple levels, (2) the lessons that have been learned from applications in data-limited regions, particularly the use of proxy indicators and knowledge co-production to overcome the problem of data deficiency, and (3) opportunities for wider applications, for example diversifying the use of vulnerability indicators in broader monitoring and management schemes. This information is used to provide a set of recommendations that could advance meaningful CVA practices for fisheries management and promote effective translation of climate vulnerability into adaptation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Li
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Yong Chen
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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5
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Harper JRM, van Wilgen NJ, Turner AA, Tolley KA, Maritz B, Clusella‐Trullas S, da Silva JM, Cunningham SJ, Cheney C, de Villiers AL, Measey J, Foden W. Application of a trait‐based climate change vulnerability assessment to determine management priorities at protected area scale. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jack R. M. Harper
- DSI‐NRF Centre of Excellence FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Nicola J. van Wilgen
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept. Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Andrew A. Turner
- CapeNature, Scientific Services Stellenbosch South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Bryan Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa
| | - Susana Clusella‐Trullas
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept. Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jessica M. da Silva
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Susan J. Cunningham
- DSI‐NRF Centre of Excellence FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Chad Cheney
- South African National Parks Cape Town South Africa
| | | | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept. Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Wendy Foden
- DSI‐NRF Centre of Excellence FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks Cape Town South Africa
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6
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Menéndez D, Álvarez A, Acle S, Peón P, Ardura A, Garcia-Vazquez E. Microplastics across biomes in diadromous species. Insights from the critically endangered Anguilla anguilla. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119277. [PMID: 35427676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution affects freshwater and marine biota worldwide, microplastics occurring even inside the organisms. With highly variable effects, from physical damage to toxicity of plastic compounds, microplastics are a potential threat to the biodiversity, community composition and organisms' health. This emerging pollutant could overstress diadromous species, which are exposed to both sea and river water in their life cycle. Here we have quantified microplastics in young European eel Anguilla anguilla, a critically endangered catadromous fish, entering three rivers in southwestern Bay of Biscay. River water, sediments and seawater were also analysed for microplastics. The microplastic type was identified using Fournier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy and then searched for their hazard potential at the European Chemical Agency site. Both riverine and sea microplastic pollution were predictors of eels' microplastic profile (types of microplastics by shape and colour): A. anguilla juveniles entering European rivers already carry some marine microplastics and acquire more from river water. Potentially hazardous plastic materials were found from eels, some of them dangerous for aquatic life following the European Chemical Agency. This confirms microplastics as a potential threat for the species. Between-rivers differences for microplastics profiles persistent over years highlight the convenience of analysing and preventing microplastics at a local spatial scale, to save diadromous species from this stressor. Since the origin of microplastics present in glass eels seems to be dual (continental + seawater), new policies should be promoted to limit the entry of microplastics in sea and river waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Menéndez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Almudena Álvarez
- Centro de Experimentación Pesquera, Dirección General de Pesca Marítima, Consejería de Medio Rural y Cohesión Territorial Del Principado de Asturias, Centro Integrado de Formación Profesional Del Mar 2(a) Planta, Avda. Príncipe de Asturias 74, 33212, Gijón, Spain
| | - Susana Acle
- BIOPARC Acuario de Gijón S.A., Playa de Poniente, S/n, 33212, Gijón, Spain
| | - Paloma Peón
- Centro de Experimentación Pesquera, Dirección General de Pesca Marítima, Consejería de Medio Rural y Cohesión Territorial Del Principado de Asturias, Centro Integrado de Formación Profesional Del Mar 2(a) Planta, Avda. Príncipe de Asturias 74, 33212, Gijón, Spain
| | - Alba Ardura
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Garcia-Vazquez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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7
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Nyboer EA, Lin HY, Bennett JR, Gabriel J, Twardek W, Chhor AD, Daly L, Dolson S, Guitard E, Holder P, Mozzon CM, Trahan A, Zimmermann D, Kesner-Reyes K, Garilao C, Kaschner K, Cooke SJ. Global assessment of marine and freshwater recreational fish reveals mismatch in climate change vulnerability and conservation effort. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4799-4824. [PMID: 34289527 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recreational fisheries contribute substantially to the sociocultural and economic well-being of coastal and riparian regions worldwide, but climate change threatens their sustainability. Fishery managers require information on how climate change will impact key recreational species; however, the absence of a global assessment hinders both directed and widespread conservation efforts. In this study, we present the first global climate change vulnerability assessment of recreationally targeted fish species from marine and freshwater environments (including diadromous fishes). We use climate change projections and data on species' physiological and ecological traits to quantify and map global climate vulnerability and analyze these patterns alongside the indices of socioeconomic value and conservation effort to determine where efforts are sufficient and where they might fall short. We found that over 20% of recreationally targeted fishes are vulnerable to climate change under a high emission scenario. Overall, marine fishes had the highest number of vulnerable species, concentrated in regions with sensitive habitat types (e.g., coral reefs). However, freshwater fishes had higher proportions of species at risk from climate change, with concentrations in northern Europe, Australia, and southern Africa. Mismatches in conservation effort and vulnerability were found within all regions and life-history groups. A key pattern was that current conservation effort focused primarily on marine fishes of high socioeconomic value rather than on the freshwater and diadromous fishes that were predicted to be proportionately more vulnerable. While several marine regions were notably lacking in protection (e.g., Caribbean Sea, Banda Sea), only 19% of vulnerable marine species were without conservation effort. By contrast, 72% of freshwater fishes and 33% of diadromous fishes had no measures in place, despite their high vulnerability and cultural value. The spatial and taxonomic analyses presented here provide guidance for the future conservation and management of recreational fisheries as climate change progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsien-Yung Lin
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph R Bennett
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Gabriel
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Twardek
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Auston D Chhor
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay Daly
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Dolson
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Guitard
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Holder
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Garilao
- GEOMAR Helmholtz, Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristin Kaschner
- Abteilung für Biometri und Umweltsystemanalyse, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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