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Pulido Mantas T, Roveta C, Calcinai B, Campanini C, Coppari M, Falco P, Di Camillo CG, Garrabou J, Lee MC, Memmola F, Cerrano C. Mesophotic zone as buffer for biodiversity protection: A promising opportunity to enhance MPA effectiveness. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 201:106676. [PMID: 39142217 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Coastal areas conservation strategies often left deeper habitats, such as mesophotic ones, unprotected and exposed to anthropogenic activities. In this context, an approach for including the mesophotic zone inside protection plans is proposed, considering 27 Italian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as a model. MPAs were classified considering their bathymetries, exposure to marine heat waves (MHWs), mass mortality events (MMEs) and, using a local ecological knowledge (LEK) approach, the estimated resilience of certain sessile species after MMEs. Only 8 MPAs contained considerable mesophotic areas, with stronger MHWs mainly occurring in shallower MPAs, and MMEs mostly affecting coralligenous assemblages. Even with only a 10% response rate, the LEK approach provided useful information on the resilience of certain species, allowing us to suggest that the presence of nearby mesophotic areas can help shallower habitats facing climate change, thus making the "deep refugia" hypothesis, usually related to tropical habitats, applicable also for the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torcuato Pulido Mantas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Camilla Roveta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Barbara Calcinai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Coppari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Falco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Gioia Di Camillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Joaquim Garrabou
- Institute of Marine Sciences-CSIC (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Man Chun Lee
- Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francesco Memmola
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlo Cerrano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche s.n.c., 60131 Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy; Stazione Zoologica di Napoli Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Via Francesco Caracciolo s.n.c., 80122 Napoli, Italy; Fano Marine Center, Viale Adriatico 1/N, 61032 Fano, Italy
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Bilajac A, Gljušćić E, Smith S, Najdek M, Iveša L. Effects of extreme temperatures and recovery potential of Gongolaria barbata from a coastal lagoon in the northern Adriatic Sea: an ex situ approach. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:415-426. [PMID: 38484147 PMCID: PMC11341668 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Globally, rising seawater temperatures contribute to the regression of marine macroalgal forests. Along the Istrian coastline (northern Adriatic), an isolated population of Gongolaria barbata persists in a coastal lagoon, representing one of the last marine macroalgal forests in the region. Our objective was to examine the impact of extreme temperatures on the morphology and physiology of G. barbata and test its potential for recovery after simulating marine heatwave (MHW) conditions. METHODS We explored the occurrence of marine heatwaves in southern Istria, adjacent to the study area, in addition to extreme temperatures inside the area itself. Subsequently, we performed a thermotolerance experiment, consisting of a stress and recovery phase, in which we exposed G. barbata thalli to four extreme (28, 30, 32 and 34 °C) and one favourable (18 °C) temperature. We monitored morphological and physiological responses. KEY RESULTS Our findings indicate a significant rise in frequency, duration and intensity of MHWs over decades on the southern Istrian coast. Experimental results show that G. barbata demonstrates potential for both morphological and physiological recovery after exposure to temperatures as high as 32 °C. However, exposure to 34 °C led to thallus decay, with limited ability to regenerate. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that G. barbata has a remarkable resilience to long-term exposure to extreme temperatures ≤32 °C and suggest that short-term exposure to temperatures beyond this, as currently recorded inside the lagoon, do not notably affect the physiology or morphology of local G. barbata. With more MHWs expected in the future, such an adapted population might represent an important donor suitable for future restoration activities along the Istrian coast. These results emphasize the resilience of this unique population, but also warn of the vulnerability of marine macroalgal forests to rising seawater temperatures in rapidly changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bilajac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Edi Gljušćić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Shannen Smith
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Najdek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Iveša
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia
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Canessa M, Bertolotto R, Betti F, Bo M, Dagnino A, Enrichetti F, Toma M, Bavestrello G. Variation in the Health Status of the Mediterranean Gorgonian Forests: The Synergistic Effect of Marine Heat Waves and Fishing Activity. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:642. [PMID: 39194580 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Over the past thirty years, the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata in the Mediterranean Sea has faced increasing threats, including heat waves and human activities such as artisanal and recreational fishing. Epibiosis on damaged gorgonian colonies is generally used as an indirect indication of stressed conditions. The density and height of P. clavata and the percentage of colonies affected by epibiosis and entangled in lost fishing gear were monitored to investigate the phenomenon and its trend over time in the Ligurian Sea. Analyses were based on transects collected during ROV campaigns between 2015 and 2022 at depths of 33-90 m. A strong correlation was observed between fishing efforts in the study area and the level of epibiosis. Maximal percentages of colonies affected by epibiosis and entanglement were recorded at depths of 50-70 m. Temporally, marine heat waves before 2019 were identified as the primary cause of damage to P. clavata. The decrease in epibiosis percentages after 2019, despite the 2022 heat wave, may be due to a quick recovery ability of the populations and a reduction in fishing activities during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. Long-term monitoring programmes are essential to understand the changes in marine benthic communities exposed to different stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Canessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita-DISTAV, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Rosella Bertolotto
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure-ARPAL, Via Bombrini 8, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Betti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita-DISTAV, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marzia Bo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita-DISTAV, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Centre-NBFC, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dagnino
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure-ARPAL, Via Bombrini 8, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Enrichetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita-DISTAV, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Margherita Toma
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita-DISTAV, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale-ISPRA, Via Vitalino Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bavestrello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita-DISTAV, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Centre-NBFC, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Starko S, van der Mheen M, Pessarrodona A, Wood GV, Filbee-Dexter K, Neufeld CJ, Montie S, Coleman MA, Wernberg T. Impacts of marine heatwaves in coastal ecosystems depend on local environmental conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17469. [PMID: 39155748 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs), increasing in duration and intensity because of climate change, are now a major threat to marine life and can have lasting effects on the structure and function of ecosystems. However, the responses of marine taxa and ecosystems to MHWs can be highly variable, making predicting and interpreting biological outcomes a challenge. Here, we review how biological responses to MHWs, from individuals to ecosystems, are mediated by fine-scale spatial variability in the coastal marine environment (hereafter, local gradients). Viewing observed responses through a lens of ecological theory, we present a simple framework of three 'resilience processes' (RPs) by which local gradients can influence the responses of marine taxa to MHWs. Local gradients (1) influence the amount of stress directly experienced by individuals, (2) facilitate local adaptation and acclimatization of individuals and populations, and (3) shape community composition which then influences responses to MHWs. We then synthesize known examples of fine-scale gradients that have affected responses of benthic foundation species to MHWs, including kelp forests, coral reefs, and seagrass meadows and link these varying responses to the RPs. We present a series of case studies from various marine ecosystems to illustrate the differential impacts of MHWs mediated by gradients in both temperature and other co-occurring drivers. In many cases, these gradients had large effect sizes with several examples of local gradients causing a 10-fold difference in impacts or more (e.g., survival, coverage). This review highlights the need for high-resolution environmental data to accurately predict and manage the consequences of MHWs in the context of ongoing climate change. While current tools may capture some of these gradients already, we advocate for enhanced monitoring and finer scale integration of local environmental heterogeneity into climate models. This will be essential for developing effective conservation strategies and mitigating future marine biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Starko
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mirjam van der Mheen
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Albert Pessarrodona
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Georgina V Wood
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Research Station, His, Norway
| | | | - Shinae Montie
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda A Coleman
- Department of Primary Industries New South Wales, National Marine Sciences Centre, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Research Station, His, Norway
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Rovira GL, Capdevila P, Zentner Y, Margarit N, Ortega J, Casals D, Figuerola-Ferrando L, Aspillaga E, Medrano A, Pagès-Escolà M, Hereu B, Garrabou J, Linares C. When resilience is not enough: 2022 extreme marine heatwave threatens climatic refugia for a habitat-forming Mediterranean octocoral. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 38867406 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is impacting ecosystems worldwide, and the Mediterranean Sea is no exception. Extreme climatic events, such as marine heat waves (MHWs), are increasing in frequency, extent and intensity during the last decades, which has been associated with an increase in mass mortality events for multiple species. Coralligenous assemblages, where the octocoral Paramuricea clavata lives, are strongly affected by MHWs. The Medes Islands Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean) was considered a climate refugia for P. clavata, as their populations were showing some resilience to these changing conditions. In this study, we assessed the impacts of the MHWs that occurred between 2016 and 2022 in seven shallow populations of the octocoral P. clavata from a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. The years that the mortality rates increased significantly were associated with the ones with strong MHWs, 2022 being the one with higher mortalities. In 2022, with 50 MHW days, the proportion of total affected colonies was almost 70%, with a proportion of the injured surface of almost 40%, reaching levels never attained in our study site since the monitoring was started. We also found spatial variability between the monitored populations. Whereas few of them showed low levels of mortality, others lost around 75% of their biomass. The significant impacts documented here raise concerns about the future of shallow P. clavata populations across the Mediterranean, suggesting that the resilience of this species may not be maintained to sustain these populations face the ongoing warming trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciel la Rovira
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Capdevila
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yanis Zentner
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Margarit
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Ortega
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Casals
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Figuerola-Ferrando
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eneko Aspillaga
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Alba Medrano
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pagès-Escolà
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Hereu
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Garrabou
- Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Cristina Linares
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Estaque T, Basthard-Bogain S, Bianchimani O, Blondeaux V, Cheminée A, Fargetton M, Richaume J, Bally M. Investigating the outcomes of a threatened gorgonian in situ transplantation: Survival and microbiome diversity in Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1827). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106384. [PMID: 38320428 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Gorgonian octocorals are threatened by global and local stressors that can act synergistically to affect their health. In recent years, mass mortality events triggered by marine heatwaves have caused demographic declines in Mediterranean gorgonian populations that may lead to their collapse. Potential changes in microbiome composition under stressful conditions may further increase the susceptibility of the gorgonian holobiont to disease. Given the low recovery capacity of gorgonians, restoration approaches using transplantation are becoming an increasingly attractive option to counteract their decline. Here, we compared the survival and microbiome diversity of Paramuricea clavata colonies transplanted to sites differing in depth and local environmental conditions. Gorgonians sampled at a greater depth than the transplantation site were more likely to suffer necrosis after 1 year of monitoring. Gorgonian transplantation into environments disturbed by an anthropogenic source of pollution resulted in an imbalance of the microbiome with potential consequences on the success of restoration initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Estaque
- Septentrion Environnement, Campus Nature Provence, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | - Vincent Blondeaux
- Septentrion Environnement, Campus Nature Provence, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Cheminée
- Septentrion Environnement, Campus Nature Provence, Marseille, France
| | - Margaux Fargetton
- Septentrion Environnement, Campus Nature Provence, Marseille, France
| | - Justine Richaume
- Septentrion Environnement, Campus Nature Provence, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bally
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
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7
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Prioux C, Tignat-Perrier R, Gervais O, Estaque T, Schull Q, Reynaud S, Béraud E, Mérigot B, Beauvieux A, Marcus MI, Richaume J, Bianchimani O, Cheminée A, Allemand D, Ferrier-Pagès C. Unveiling microbiome changes in Mediterranean octocorals during the 2022 marine heatwaves: quantifying key bacterial symbionts and potential pathogens. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:271. [PMID: 38053218 PMCID: PMC10696765 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change has accelerated the occurrence and severity of heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea and poses a significant threat to the octocoral species that form the foundation of marine animal forests (MAFs). As coral health intricately relies on the symbiotic relationships established between corals and microbial communities, our goal was to gain a deeper understanding of the role of bacteria in the observed tissue loss of key octocoral species following the unprecedented heatwaves in 2022. RESULTS Using amplicon sequencing and taxon-specific qPCR analyses, we unexpectedly found that the absolute abundance of the major bacterial symbionts, Spirochaetaceae (C. rubrum) and Endozoicomonas (P. clavata), remained, in most cases, unchanged between colonies with 0% and 90% tissue loss. These results suggest that the impairment of coral health was not due to the loss of the main bacterial symbionts. However, we observed a significant increase in the total abundance of bacterial opportunists, including putative pathogens such as Vibrio, which was not evident when only their relative abundance was considered. In addition, there was no clear relation between bacterial symbiont loss and the intensity of thermal stress, suggesting that factors other than temperature may have influenced the differential response of octocoral microbiomes at different sampling sites. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that tissue loss in octocorals is not directly caused by the decline of the main bacterial symbionts but by the proliferation of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria. Our findings thus underscore the significance of considering both relative and absolute quantification approaches when evaluating the impact of stressors on coral microbiome as the relative quantification does not accurately depict the actual changes in the microbiome. Consequently, this research enhances our comprehension of the intricate interplay between host organisms, their microbiomes, and environmental stressors, while offering valuable insights into the ecological implications of heatwaves on marine animal forests. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Prioux
- Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche sur la Biologie des Coraux Précieux CSM - CHANEL, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98000, Principality of Monaco
| | - Romie Tignat-Perrier
- Unité de Recherche sur la Biologie des Coraux Précieux CSM - CHANEL, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98000, Principality of Monaco
| | - Ophélie Gervais
- Unité de Recherche sur la Biologie des Coraux Précieux CSM - CHANEL, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98000, Principality of Monaco
| | - Tristan Estaque
- Septentrion Environnement, Campus Nature Provence, Marseille, 13008, France
| | - Quentin Schull
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98000, Principality of Monaco
| | - Eric Béraud
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98000, Principality of Monaco
| | | | | | - Maria-Isabelle Marcus
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98000, Principality of Monaco
| | - Justine Richaume
- Septentrion Environnement, Campus Nature Provence, Marseille, 13008, France
| | | | - Adrien Cheminée
- Septentrion Environnement, Campus Nature Provence, Marseille, 13008, France
| | - Denis Allemand
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98000, Principality of Monaco
| | - Christine Ferrier-Pagès
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, MC 98000, Principality of Monaco.
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