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Akhlaghi H, Javan AJ, Chashmi SHE. Helicobacter pullorum and Helicobacter canadensis: Etiology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, identification, and antibiotic resistance implicating food and public health. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110573. [PMID: 38246022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is well-established that the consumption of poultry meat, especially chicken meat products has been drastically increasing. Even though more attentions are being paid to the major foodborne pathogens, it seems that scientists in the area of food safety and public health would prefer tackling the minor food borne zoonotic emerging or reemerging pathogens, namely Helicobacter species. Recently, understanding the novel aspects of zoonotic Enterohepatic Helicobacter species, including pathogenesis, isolation, identification, and genomic features is regarded as a serious challenge. In this regard, considerable attention is given to emerging elusive zoonotic Enterohepatic Helicobacter species, comprising Helicobacter pullorum and Helicobacter canadensis. In conclusion, the current review paper would attempt to elaborately summarize and somewhat compare the etiology, pathogenesis, cultivation process, identification, genotyping, and antimicrobial resistance profile of both H. pullorum and H. Canadensis. Further, H. pullorum has been introduced as the most significant food borne pathogen in chicken meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Akhlaghi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Jebelli Javan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
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Qumar S, Majid M, Qaria MA, Mendem SK, Ahmed N. Functional molecular characterization and the assessment of the transmission route of multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pullorum isolates from free-range and broiler chickens. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106253. [PMID: 37463609 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the life-threatening, food-borne, and zoonotic infections are transmitted through poultry birds. Inappropriate and irrational use of antimicrobials in the livestock industry has resulted in an increased incidence of multi-drug resistant bacteria of epidemic potentials. MATERIALS AND METHODS The adhesion and invasion properties of 11 free-range and broiler chicken derived Helicobacterpullorum isolates were evaluated. To examine the biofilm formation of H. pullorum isolates, crystal violet assay was performed. A quantitative assay of invasion-associated genes was carried out after infecting HepG2 cells with two different representative (broiler and free-range chicken) H. pullorum isolates, using RT-PCR assay. Furthermore, we investigated the prevalence of H. pullorum, Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. in chicken caeca and oviducts to determine the possibility of trans-ovarian transmission. RESULTS All H. pullorum isolates adhered to HepG2 cells significantly but a notable difference towards their invasion potential was observed between free-range and broiler chicken isolates wherein broiler isolates were found to be more invasive compared to free-range isolates. Furthermore, cdtB, flhA and flaB genes of H. pullorum were upregulated post infection of HepG2 cells, in broiler chicken isolates compared to free-range chicken isolates. Moreover, all isolates of H. pullorum were found to form biofilm on the liquid-air interface of the glass coverslips and sidewalls of the wells with similar propensities. Despite presence of H. pullorum and C. jejuni in high concentrations in the caecum, they were completely absent in oviduct samples, thus ruling out the possibility of vertical transmission of these bacterial species. In contrast, Salmonella spp. was found to be present in a significant proportion in the oviduct samples of egg-laying hens suggesting its vertical transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that H. pullorum, an emerging multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogen could be transmitted from poultry sources to humans. In addition to this, its strong functional similarity with C. jejuni provides a firm basis for H. pullorum to be an emerging food-associated, MDR pathogenic bacterium that could pose risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Qumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India; GeneStore India Pvt. Ltd, Sector 14, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India.
| | - Mohammad Majid
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India; Central Food Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Mendem
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
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Javed K, Gul F, Abbasi R, Batool S, Noreen Z, Bokhari H, Javed S. In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Helicobacter pullorum Type Six Secretory Protein Hcp and Its Role in Bacterial Invasion and Pathogenesis. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:195. [PMID: 35593885 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pullorum is a human zoonotic pathogen transmitted through poultry where it is associated with vibrionic hepatitis and colitis. Hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp) is an important structural as well as effector protein of type six secretory system; however, its role in H. pullorum invasion and pathogenesis has not been elucidated. In this study, we predicted the Helicobacter pullorum Hcp (HpuHcp) structure and identified Campylobacter jejuni Hcp (CjHcp) as its nearest homologue. Analysis of the predicted structure shows several common bacterial Hcp motifs like Protein kinase C phosphorylation site, Casein kinase II phosphorylation site, N-myristoylation site, cAMP-and cCGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site, N-glycosylation site. The presence of unique microbodies C-terminal targeting signal domain was present in HpuHcp which was seen for the first time in CjHcp. This could indicate that Hcp is a structural protein as well as a secretory protein. Moreover, the presence of a deamidase domain, similar to the tecA of Burkholderia cenocepacia an opportunistic pathogen, may help in bacterial internalization as it depolymerises the membranous actin by deamidation of the host cell Rho GTPases cdc42 and Rac1, which was supported by increased invasion of hepatocytes by Hcp-positive isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Javed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Gul
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashda Abbasi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Batool
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zobia Noreen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Bioscience Department, Kohsar University Murree, Near Kashmir Point, Murree, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Javed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Ochoa S, Collado L. Enterohepatic Helicobacter species - clinical importance, host range, and zoonotic potential. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:728-761. [PMID: 34153195 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1924117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Helicobacter defined just over 30 years ago, is a highly diverse and fast-growing group of bacteria that are able to persistently colonize a wide range of animals. The members of this genus are subdivided into two groups with different ecological niches, associated pathologies, and phylogenetic relationships: the gastric Helicobacter (GH) and the enterohepatic Helicobacter (EHH) species. Although GH have been mostly studied, EHH species have become increasingly important as emerging human pathogens and potential zoonotic agents in the last years. This group of bacteria has been associated with the development of several diseases in humans from acute pathologies like gastroenteritis to chronic pathologies that include inflammatory bowel disease, and liver and gallbladder diseases. However, their reservoirs, as well as their routes of transmission, have not been well established yet. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge of taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical role of the EHH group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ochoa
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Collado
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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Zhou G, Liang H, Gu Y, Ju C, He L, Guo P, Shao Z, Zhang J, Zhang M. Comparative genomics of Helicobacter pullorum from different countries. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:56. [PMID: 33303031 PMCID: PMC7727170 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pullorum commonly colonized in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry and caused gastroenteritis. This bacterium could be transmitted to humans through contaminated food and caused colitis and hepatitis. Currently, the genetic characteristics of the H. pullorum were not recognized enough. In this study, the genomes of 23 H. pullorum strains from different counties were comparatively analyzed. Among them, H. pullorum 2013BJHL was the first isolated and reported in China. RESULTS The genomes of the studied strains were estimated to vary from 1.55 to 2.03 Mb, with a GC content of ~ 34%. 4064 pan genes and 1267 core genes were obtained from the core-pan genome analysis using the Roary pipeline. Core genome SNPs (cg-SNPs) were obtained using Snippy4 software. Two groups were identified with the phylogenetic analysis based on the cg-SNPs. Some adhesion-related, immune regulation, motility-related, antiphagocytosis-related, toxin-related and quorum sensing related genes were identified as virulence factors. APH(3')-IIIa, APH(2'')-If, and AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia were identified as antibiotic resistance genes among the H. pullorum genomes. cat, SAT-4 and tetO genes were only identified in 2013BJHL, and tet(C) was identified in MIT98-5489. MIC determination revealed that the 2013BJHL showed acquired resistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, gentamicin, streptomycin and erythromycin, only sensitive to ampicillin. The antibiotic resistance genetic determinants on the 2013BJHL genome correlate well with observed antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Two types of VI secretion system (T6SS) were identified in 52.2% (12/23) the studied strains. CONCLUSION In this study, we obtained the genetic characteristics of H. pullorum from different sources in the world. The comprehensive genetic characteristics of H. pullorum were first described. H. pullorum showed highly genetic diversity and two sub-types of T6SSs were first identified in H. pullorum. 2013BJHL was found to be multidrug resistant as it was resistant to at least three different antibiotic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yixin Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyan Ju
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lihua He
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhujun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Maojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rd155, Changbailu, Changping, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Du W, Deng J, Yang Z, Zeng L, Yang X. Metagenomic analysis reveals linkages between cecal microbiota and feed efficiency in Xiayan chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:7066-7075. [PMID: 33248623 PMCID: PMC7705039 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cecal microbiota plays a critical role in energy harvest and nutrient digestion, influencing intestinal health and the performance of chickens. Feed efficiency (FE) is essential for improving economic efficiency and saving social resources in chicken production and may be affected by the cecal microbiota. Therefore, to investigate the composition and functional capacity of cecum microbes related to FE in Xiayan chicken, an indigenous breed in Guangxi province, metagenome sequencing was performed on chicken cecal contents. 173 male and 167 female chickens were divided into high and low FE groups according to the residual feed intake. The cecal microbial genome was extracted and sequenced. The results showed that the genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Alistipes were the 3 most abundant in each cecal microbiome. The linear discriminant analysis effect size revealed 6 potential biomarkers in male and 14 in female chickens. Notably, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the high FE group was higher than that of the low FE group both in the male and female chickens, and the species Limosilactobacillus oris has a higher score in the high FE group of male chickens. In contrast, some potentially pathogenic microorganisms such as Campylobacter avium in females and Helicobacter pullorum in males were enriched in the low FE group. Predictive functional analysis showed that the high FE group in male chickens had a greater ability of xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism and signaling molecules and interaction. In addition, the host sex was found to exert effects on the cecal microbial composition and function associated with FE. These results increased our understanding of the cecal microbial composition and identified many potential biomarkers related to FE, which may be used to improve the FE of the chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jixian Deng
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Zhuliang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Linghu Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiurong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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Javed S, Gul F, Javed K, Bokhari H. Helicobacter pullorum: An Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:604. [PMID: 28443081 PMCID: PMC5385324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pullorum (H.pullorum) commonly colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of poultry causing gastroenteritis. The bacterium may be transmitted to humans through contaminated meat where it has been associated with colitis and hepatitis. Despite the high prevalence of H. pullorum observed in poultry, little is known about the mechanisms by which this bacterium establishes infection in host and its virulence determinants. In this article we aim to provide an overview of this emerging zoonotic pathogen; its general characteristics, hosts, prevalence, and transmission as well as its pathogenic potential. We also discuss possible control strategies and risk of disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Javed
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Gul
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashaf Javed
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of BioSciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
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Manfreda G, De Cesare A. Novel food trends and climate changes: impact on emerging food-borne bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Parente MR, Monteiro JT, Martins GG, Saraiva LM. Helicobacter pullorum induces nitric oxide release in murine macrophages that promotes phagocytosis and killing. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:503-512. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida R. Parente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João T. Monteiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gabriel G. Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia M. Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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Helicobacter pullorum isolated from fresh chicken meat: antibiotic resistance and genomic traits of an emerging foodborne pathogen. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8155-63. [PMID: 26386065 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02394-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and meat products are important sources of human intestinal infections. We report the isolation of Helicobacter pullorum strains from chicken meat. Bacteria were isolated from 4 of the 17 analyzed fresh chicken meat samples, using a membrane filter method. MIC determination revealed that the four strains showed acquired resistance to ciprofloxacin; one was also resistant to erythromycin, and another one was resistant to tetracycline. Whole-genome sequencing of the four strains and comparative genomics revealed important genetic traits within the H. pullorum species, such as 18 highly polymorphic genes (including a putative new cytotoxin gene), plasmids, prophages, and a complete type VI secretion system (T6SS). The T6SS was found in three out of the four isolates, suggesting that it may play a role in H. pullorum pathogenicity and diversity. This study suggests that the emerging pathogen H. pullorum can be transmitted to humans by chicken meat consumption/contact and constitutes an important contribution toward a better knowledge of the genetic diversity within the H. pullorum species. In addition, some genetic traits found in the four strains provide relevant clues to how this species may promote adaptation and virulence.
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Varon C, Mocan I, Mihi B, Péré-Védrenne C, Aboubacar A, Moraté C, Oleastro M, Doignon F, Laharie D, Mégraud F, Ménard A. Helicobacter pullorum Cytolethal Distending Toxin Targets Vinculin and Cortactin and Triggers Formation of Lamellipodia in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:588-99. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Flahou B, Haesebrouck F, Smet A, Yonezawa H, Osaki T, Kamiya S. Gastric and enterohepatic non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters. Helicobacter 2013; 18 Suppl 1:66-72. [PMID: 24011248 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A substantial number of reports published in the last year have contributed to a better understanding of both human and animal infection with non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species (NHPH). Gastric infection of humans with Helicobacter suis and Helicobacter felis as well as unidentified NHPH has been described to cause a chronic gastritis and a variety of clinical symptoms, whereas enterohepatic NHPH, including Helicobacter cinaedi, Helicobacter bilis, and Helicobacter canis, have been reported to be associated with human diseases such as bacteremia, cellulitis, cutaneous diseases, and fever of unknown origin in immunocompromised hosts. In various animal species, including dogs and laboratory mice, high rates of infection with NHPH were described. For gastric NHPH, mainly H. suis and H. felis infection was studied, revealing that differences in the immune response evoked in the host do exist when compared to Helicobacter pylori. Pathogenic mechanisms of infection with Helicobacter pullorum, H. bilis, and Helicobacter hepaticus were investigated, as well as immune responses involved in H. bilis-, Helicobacter typhlonius-, and H. hepaticus-induced intestinal inflammation. Complete genome sequences of Helicobacter heilmannii strain ASB1 and a H. cinaedi strain isolated in a case of human bacteremia were published, as well as comparative genomics of a human-derived Helicobacter bizzozeronii strain and proteome or secretome analyses for H. hepaticus and Helicobacter trogontum, respectively. Molecular analysis has revealed a function for type VI secretion systems of H. hepaticus and H. pullorum, the Helicobacter mustelae iron urease, and several other functional components of NHPH. In each section of this chapter, new findings on gastric NHPH will first be discussed, followed by those on enterohepatic Helicobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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