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Wang R, Chow SSL, Serafin RB, Xie W, Han Q, Baraznenok E, Lan L, Bishop KW, Liu JTC. Direct three-dimensional segmentation of prostate glands with nnU-Net. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:036001. [PMID: 38434772 PMCID: PMC10905031 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.3.036001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Significance In recent years, we and others have developed non-destructive methods to obtain three-dimensional (3D) pathology datasets of clinical biopsies and surgical specimens. For prostate cancer risk stratification (prognostication), standard-of-care Gleason grading is based on examining the morphology of prostate glands in thin 2D sections. This motivates us to perform 3D segmentation of prostate glands in our 3D pathology datasets for the purposes of computational analysis of 3D glandular features that could offer improved prognostic performance. Aim To facilitate prostate cancer risk assessment, we developed a computationally efficient and accurate deep learning model for 3D gland segmentation based on open-top light-sheet microscopy datasets of human prostate biopsies stained with a fluorescent analog of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Approach For 3D gland segmentation based on our H&E-analog 3D pathology datasets, we previously developed a hybrid deep learning and computer vision-based pipeline, called image translation-assisted segmentation in 3D (ITAS3D), which required a complex two-stage procedure and tedious manual optimization of parameters. To simplify this procedure, we use the 3D gland-segmentation masks previously generated by ITAS3D as training datasets for a direct end-to-end deep learning-based segmentation model, nnU-Net. The inputs to this model are 3D pathology datasets of prostate biopsies rapidly stained with an inexpensive fluorescent analog of H&E and the outputs are 3D semantic segmentation masks of the gland epithelium, gland lumen, and surrounding stromal compartments within the tissue. Results nnU-Net demonstrates remarkable accuracy in 3D gland segmentations even with limited training data. Moreover, compared with the previous ITAS3D pipeline, nnU-Net operation is simpler and faster, and it can maintain good accuracy even with lower-resolution inputs. Conclusions Our trained DL-based 3D segmentation model will facilitate future studies to demonstrate the value of computational 3D pathology for guiding critical treatment decisions for patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sarah S. L. Chow
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Robert B. Serafin
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Weisi Xie
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Qinghua Han
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Elena Baraznenok
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Lydia Lan
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Kevin W. Bishop
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jonathan T. C. Liu
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Pac J, Koo DJ, Cho H, Jung D, Choi MH, Choi Y, Kim B, Park JU, Kim SY, Lee Y. Three-dimensional imaging and analysis of pathological tissue samples with de novo generation of citrate-based fluorophores. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd9419. [PMID: 36383671 PMCID: PMC9668299 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) histopathology based on the observation of thin tissue slides is the current paradigm in diagnosis and prognosis. However, labeling strategies in conventional histopathology are limited in compatibility with 3D imaging combined with tissue clearing techniques. Here, we present a rapid and efficient volumetric imaging technique of pathological tissues called 3D tissue imaging through de novo formation of fluorophores, or 3DNFC, which is the integration of citrate-based fluorogenic reaction DNFC and tissue clearing techniques. 3DNFC markedly increases the fluorescence intensity of tissues by generating fluorophores on nonfluorescent amino-terminal cysteine and visualizes the 3D structure of the tissues to provide their anatomical morphology and volumetric information. Furthermore, the application of 3DNFC to pathological tissue achieves the 3D reconstruction for the unbiased analysis of diverse features of the disorders in their natural context. We suggest that 3DNFC is a promising volumetric imaging method for the prognosis and diagnosis of pathological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Pac
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyeongjun Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Min-ha Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 5 Gil 20, Boramae Road, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Yunjung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Bohyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ung Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 5 Gil 20, Boramae Road, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Sung-Yon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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van Ineveld RL, van Vliet EJ, Wehrens EJ, Alieva M, Rios AC. 3D imaging for driving cancer discovery. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109675. [PMID: 35403737 PMCID: PMC9108604 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the cellular composition and architecture of cancer has primarily advanced using 2D models and thin slice samples. This has granted spatial information on fundamental cancer biology and treatment response. However, tissues contain a variety of interconnected cells with different functional states and shapes, and this complex organization is impossible to capture in a single plane. Furthermore, tumours have been shown to be highly heterogenous, requiring large-scale spatial analysis to reliably profile their cellular and structural composition. Volumetric imaging permits the visualization of intact biological samples, thereby revealing the spatio-phenotypic and dynamic traits of cancer. This review focuses on new insights into cancer biology uniquely brought to light by 3D imaging and concomitant progress in cancer modelling and quantitative analysis. 3D imaging has the potential to generate broad knowledge advance from major mechanisms of tumour progression to new strategies for cancer treatment and patient diagnosis. We discuss the expected future contributions of the newest imaging trends towards these goals and the challenges faced for reaching their full application in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravian L van Ineveld
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Esmée J van Vliet
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maria Alieva
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Xie W, Reder NP, Koyuncu C, Leo P, Hawley S, Huang H, Mao C, Postupna N, Kang S, Serafin R, Gao G, Han Q, Bishop KW, Barner LA, Fu P, Wright JL, Keene CD, Vaughan JC, Janowczyk A, Glaser AK, Madabhushi A, True LD, Liu JTC. Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification via Nondestructive 3D Pathology with Deep Learning-Assisted Gland Analysis. Cancer Res 2022; 82:334-345. [PMID: 34853071 PMCID: PMC8803395 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer treatment planning is largely dependent upon examination of core-needle biopsies. The microscopic architecture of the prostate glands forms the basis for prognostic grading by pathologists. Interpretation of these convoluted three-dimensional (3D) glandular structures via visual inspection of a limited number of two-dimensional (2D) histology sections is often unreliable, which contributes to the under- and overtreatment of patients. To improve risk assessment and treatment decisions, we have developed a workflow for nondestructive 3D pathology and computational analysis of whole prostate biopsies labeled with a rapid and inexpensive fluorescent analogue of standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. This analysis is based on interpretable glandular features and is facilitated by the development of image translation-assisted segmentation in 3D (ITAS3D). ITAS3D is a generalizable deep learning-based strategy that enables tissue microstructures to be volumetrically segmented in an annotation-free and objective (biomarker-based) manner without requiring immunolabeling. As a preliminary demonstration of the translational value of a computational 3D versus a computational 2D pathology approach, we imaged 300 ex vivo biopsies extracted from 50 archived radical prostatectomy specimens, of which, 118 biopsies contained cancer. The 3D glandular features in cancer biopsies were superior to corresponding 2D features for risk stratification of patients with low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer based on their clinical biochemical recurrence outcomes. The results of this study support the use of computational 3D pathology for guiding the clinical management of prostate cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: An end-to-end pipeline for deep learning-assisted computational 3D histology analysis of whole prostate biopsies shows that nondestructive 3D pathology has the potential to enable superior prognostic stratification of patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisi Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicholas P Reder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Can Koyuncu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Patrick Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Hongyi Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chenyi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Soyoung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert Serafin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gan Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Qinghua Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin W Bishop
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lindsey A Barner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan L Wright
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew Janowczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam K Glaser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Yuan C, Wang J, Cheng S, Li Z, Xu C, Zhu W, Fan S, Yang K, Li X, Zhou L. Robotic ureteral reimplantation for the management of ureterovaginal fistula: four cases at a single center. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:3705-3713. [PMID: 34804814 PMCID: PMC8575580 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To describe our initial experience with robotic ureteral reimplantation for the management of ureterovaginal fistulas. Methods Between January 2018 and January 2020, four patients received robotic ureteral reimplantation for ureterovaginal fistulas. All patients were diagnosed based on anterograde urography and computed tomography urography (CTU). Follow-up was performed with magnetic resonance urography and renal ultrasound as well as the clinical assessment of symptoms. Results The mean age of all patients was 50.3 (range, 37–65) years. The cause of the ureterovaginal fistula in four patients was due to a previous hysterectomy. The mean time from fistula diagnosis to robotic repair surgery was 14.5 (range, 3–36) months. All robotic procedures were successfully performed without intraoperative complications or open conversion. The mean operative time was 137 (range, 116–171) minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 25 (range, 10–50) mL. No postoperative complications that were high grade (grade III and IV) occurred within one month of surgery. Patients had the double-J (D-J) stents removed 2 months after surgery and the nephrostomy tubes removed 3 months after the operation. There was a 100% success rate without serious complications, such as the leakage of urine and side progressive hydronephrosis, during the 6 to 24 months of follow-up. Conclusions Our initial results and experience showed that robotic ureteral reimplantation for the management of ureterovaginal fistula is safe and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Yuan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sida Cheng
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chunru Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shubo Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlin Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
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Haddad TS, Friedl P, Farahani N, Treanor D, Zlobec I, Nagtegaal I. Tutorial: methods for three-dimensional visualization of archival tissue material. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4945-4962. [PMID: 34716449 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of three-dimensional patient specimens is gaining increasing relevance for understanding the principles of tissue structure as well as the biology and mechanisms underlying disease. New technologies are improving our ability to visualize large volume of tissues with subcellular resolution. One resource often overlooked is archival tissue maintained for decades in hospitals and research archives around the world. Accessing the wealth of information stored within these samples requires the use of appropriate methods. This tutorial introduces the range of sample preparation and microscopy approaches available for three-dimensional visualization of archival tissue. We summarize key aspects of the relevant techniques and common issues encountered when using archival tissue, including registration and antibody penetration. We also discuss analysis pipelines required to process, visualize and analyze the data and criteria to guide decision-making. The methods outlined in this tutorial provide an important and sustainable avenue for validating three-dimensional tissue organization and mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Sami Haddad
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Cancer GenomiCs.nl (CGC.nl), http://cancergenomics.nl, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Darren Treanor
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Clinical Pathology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Imaging Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping, Sweden
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Iris Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Liu JY, Lv WJ, Jian JB, Xin XH, Zhao XY, Hu CH. High-resolution three-dimensional visualization of hepatic sinusoids in cirrhotic rats via serial histological sections. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:577-586. [PMID: 33851410 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM As a specialized intraparenchymal vascular conduit, hepatic sinusoids play a key role in liver microcirculation. This study aimed to explore the three-dimensional (3D) morphological changes of cirrhotic sinusoids by serial histological sections. METHODS Cirrhosis was induced by tail vein injection of albumin in Wistar rats with a positive antibody. A total of 356 serial histological sections were prepared from liver tissue blocks of normal and cirrhotic rats. The optical microscope images were registered and reconstructed, and 3D reconstructions of the fine structures of fibrous tissues and sinusoids were subsequently visualized. RESULTS The fibrosis area of the cirrhotic sample was 6-16 times that of the normal sample (P<0.001). Cirrhosis led to obvious changes in the distribution and morphology of sinusoids, which were mainly manifested as dilation, increased quantity and disordered distribution. Compared with normal liver, cirrhotic liver has a significantly increased volume ratio, number and volume of sinusoids (1.63-, 0.53-, and 1.75-fold, respectively, P<0.001). Furthermore, the samples were further divided into three zones according to the oxygen supply, and there were significant differences in the morphology of the sinusoids in the normal and cirrhotic samples (P<0.05). In particular, morphological parameters of the cirrhotic sinusoids near the portal area were obviously greater than those in the normal liver (P<0.05). CONCLUSION 3D morphological structures of hepatic sinusoids were reconstructed, and the adaptive microstructure changes of cirrhotic sinusoids were accurately measured, which has an important implications for the study of hepatic microcirculation and pathological changes of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Juan Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Bo Jian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Yan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hong Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Tian J, Qian B, Zhang S, Guo R, Zhang H, Jeannon JP, Jin R, Feng X, Zhan Y, Liu J, He P, Guo J, Li L, Jia Y, Huang F, Wang B. Three-dimensional reconstruction of laryngeal cancer with whole organ serial immunohistochemical sections. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18962. [PMID: 33144690 PMCID: PMC7642254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction of tumors based on serial histological sectioning is one of the most powerful methods for accurate high-resolution visualization of tumor structures. However, 3D histological reconstruction of whole tumor has not yet been achieved. We established a high-resolution 3D model of molecular marked whole laryngeal cancer by optimizing the currently available techniques. A series of 5,388 HE stained or immunohistochemically stained whole light microscopic images (200 ×) were acquired (15.61 TB).The data set of block-face images (96.2 GB) was also captured. Direct volume rendering of serial 6.25 × light microscopy images did not demonstrate the major characteristics of the laryngeal cancer as expected. Based on fusion of two datasets, the accurate boundary of laryngeal tumor bulk was visualized in an anatomically realistic context. In the regions of interest, micro tumor structure, budding, cell proliferation and tumor lymph vessels were well represented in 3D after segmentation, which highlighted the advantages of 3D reconstruction of light microscopy images. In conclusion, generating 3D digital histopathological images of a whole solid tumor based on current technology is feasible. However, data mining strategy should be developed for complete utilization of the large amount of data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Qian
- Department of General Surgery, The General Hospital of Taiyuan Iron & Steel Company, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sanmei Zhang
- Medical Department of Medical Insurance, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Imaging Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - J-P Jeannon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Guy's & St Thomas NHS Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rongxiu Jin
- Department of Nursing, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiang Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yangni Zhan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Pengfei He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jue Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Fuhui Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Binquan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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van Leenders GJLH, Verhoef EI, Hollemans E. Prostate cancer growth patterns beyond the Gleason score: entering a new era of comprehensive tumour grading. Histopathology 2020; 77:850-861. [PMID: 32683729 PMCID: PMC7756302 DOI: 10.1111/his.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Gleason grading system is one of the most important factors in clinical decision‐making for prostate cancer patients, and is entirely based on the classification of tumour growth patterns. In recent years it has become clear that some individual growth patterns themselves have independent prognostic value, and could be used for better personalised risk stratification. In this review we summarise recent literature on the clinicopathological value and molecular characteristics of individual prostate cancer growth patterns, and show how these, most particularly cribriform architecture, could alter treatment decisions for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther I Verhoef
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Hollemans
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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[Application of preoperative three-dimensional image reconstruction in the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32773806 PMCID: PMC7433641 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the value of preoperative three-dimensional image reconstruction in the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). METHODS We reviewed data on 40 patients (22 male cases, and 18 female cases) diagnosed with UPJO in Peking University First Hospital from May 2017 to April 2019. The median age was 26.5 years (IQR 23.25-38.75) years. There were 11 patients complicated with ectopic vessels, 14 patients with kidney stones, 3 patients with horseshoe kidney, and 6 patients with obstruction after pyeloplasty. All the patients underwent preoperative enhanced CT scan, and the CT data were reconstructed into three-dimensional image models. The obstruction position of ureteropelvic junction and the relationship between ureteropelvic junction and blood vessels and organs were observed by three-dimensional models to assist planning surgery. Thirty-seven patients underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty (including 3 cases combined with pyelolithotomy with flexible cystoscope, 1 case combined with pyelolithotomy by sun-style cystoscope, 1 case with laparoscopic ureter resection and anastomosis, 3 cases of laparoscopic pyeloplasty of horseshoe kidney), 2 patients underwent laparoscopic ventral onlay lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty, and 1 patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty. RESULTS Three-dimensional CT image clearly showed the relationship between the obstruction of ureteropelvic junction and blood vessels and organs after three-dimensional reconstruction. The type, diameter, position and direction of the ectopic vessels could be observed clearly before operation according to the three-dimensional reconstruction model, and the number, size, location and shape of renal calculi or other masses, the number of involved renal calyces and the anatomical distribution in the renal pelvis and calyces could be also evaluated preoperatively. After comprehensive analysis of the above information, individualized operation plans were performed on the patients, all the 40 cases were successfully completed with the surgery without any transfer to open surgery. The average operative time was (129.91±37.90) min (range: 75 to 273), the average blood loss was (48.1±78.0) mL (range: 10 to 400), the average hospitality was (5.04±1.99) d (range: 2 to 10), and the average postoperative drainage time was (3.8±1.4) d (range: 2 to 8). CONCLUSION The preoperative three-dimensional image reconstruction has a high clinical value in the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and it is of great help to assist surgery planning and is worthy of further clinical promotion and application.
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Tolkach Y, Dohmgörgen T, Toma M, Kristiansen G. High-accuracy prostate cancer pathology using deep learning. NAT MACH INTELL 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-020-0200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Dinges SS, Vandergrift LA, Wu S, Berker Y, Habbel P, Taupitz M, Wu CL, Cheng LL. Metabolomic prostate cancer fields in HRMAS MRS-profiled histologically benign tissue vary with cancer status and distance from cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4038. [PMID: 30609175 PMCID: PMC7366614 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the state of the field of high resolution magic angle spinning MRS (HRMAS MRS)-based cancer metabolomics since its beginning in 2004; discuss the concept of cancer metabolomic fields, where metabolomic profiles measured from histologically benign tissues reflect patient cancer status; and report our HRMAS MRS metabolomic results, which characterize metabolomic fields in prostatectomy-removed cancerous prostates. Three-dimensional mapping of cancer lesions throughout each prostate enabled multiple benign tissue samples per organ to be classified based on distance from and extent of the closest cancer lesion as well as the Gleason score (GS) of the entire prostate. Cross-validated partial least squares-discriminant analysis separations were achieved between cancer and benign tissue, and between cancer tissue from prostates with high (≥4 + 3) and low (≤3 + 4) GS. Metabolomic field effects enabled histologically benign tissue adjacent to cancer to distinguish the GS and extent of the cancer lesion itself. Benign samples close to either low GS cancer or extensive cancer lesions could be distinguished from those far from cancer. Furthermore, a successfully cross-validated multivariate model for three benign tissue groups with varying distances from cancer lesions within one prostate indicates the scale of prostate cancer metabolomic fields. While these findings could, at present, be potentially useful in the prostate cancer clinic for analysis of biopsy or surgical specimens to complement current diagnostics, the confirmation of metabolomic fields should encourage further examination of cancer fields and can also enhance understanding of the metabolomic characteristics of cancer in myriad organ systems. Our results together with the success of HRMAS MRS-based cancer metabolomics presented in our literature review demonstrate the potential of cancer metabolomics to provide supplementary information for cancer diagnosis, staging, and patient prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. Dinges
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsey A. Vandergrift
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
| | - Shulin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
| | - Yannick Berker
- Division of X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piet Habbel
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Department of Radiology, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
| | - Leo L. Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114 USA
- Corresponding author: Leo L. Cheng, PhD, 149 13 St, CNY 6, Charlestown, MA 02129, Ph. 617-724-6593,
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Katsamenis OL, Olding M, Warner JA, Chatelet DS, Jones MG, Sgalla G, Smit B, Larkin OJ, Haig I, Richeldi L, Sinclair I, Lackie PM, Schneider P. X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography for Nondestructive Three-Dimensional (3D) X-ray Histology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1608-1620. [PMID: 31125553 PMCID: PMC6680277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, micro-computed tomography (μCT) has been considered unsuitable for histologic analysis of unstained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded soft tissue biopsy specimens because of a lack of image contrast between the tissue and the paraffin. However, we recently demonstrated that μCT can successfully resolve microstructural detail in routinely prepared tissue specimens. Herein, we illustrate how μCT imaging of standard formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens can be seamlessly integrated into conventional histology workflows, enabling nondestructive three-dimensional (3D) X-ray histology, the use and benefits of which we showcase for the exemplar of human lung biopsy specimens. This technology advancement was achieved through manufacturing a first-of-kind μCT scanner for X-ray histology and developing optimized imaging protocols, which do not require any additional sample preparation. 3D X-ray histology allows for nondestructive 3D imaging of tissue microstructure, resolving structural connectivity and heterogeneity of complex tissue networks, such as the vascular network or the respiratory tract. We also demonstrate that 3D X-ray histology can yield consistent and reproducible image quality, enabling quantitative assessment of a tissue's 3D microstructures, which is inaccessible to conventional two-dimensional histology. Being nondestructive, the technique does not interfere with histology workflows, permitting subsequent tissue characterization by means of conventional light microscopy-based histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. 3D X-ray histology can be readily applied to a plethora of archival materials, yielding unprecedented opportunities in diagnosis and research of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis L Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Olding
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Warner
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Jones
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bennie Smit
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Haig
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Richeldi
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Engineering Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schneider
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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14
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Hu B, Li G, Brown JQ. Enhanced resolution 3D digital cytology and pathology with dual-view inverted selective plane illumination microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3833-3846. [PMID: 31452978 PMCID: PMC6701541 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The current gold-standard histopathology for tissue analysis is destructive, time consuming, and limited to 2D slices. Light sheet microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for 3D imaging of tissue biospecimens with its fast speed and low photo-damage, but usually with worse axial resolution and complicated configuration for sample imaging. Here, we utilized inverted selective plane illumination microscopy for easy sample mounting and imaging, and dual-view imaging and deconvolution to overcome the anisotropic resolution. We have rendered 3D images of fresh cytology cell blocks and millimeter- to centimeter-sized fixed tissue samples with high resolution in both lateral and axial directions. More accurate cellular quantification, higher image sharpness, and more image details have been achieved with the dual-view method compared with single-view imaging.
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15
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Tolkach Y, Kristiansen G. Cribriform and glomeruloid acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate—an intratumoural intraductal carcinoma? Histopathology 2019; 74:804-808. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tolkach
- Institute of Pathology University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
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Verhoef EI, van Cappellen WA, Slotman JA, Kremers GJ, Ewing-Graham PC, Houtsmuller AB, van Royen ME, van Leenders GJLH. Three-dimensional architecture of common benign and precancerous prostate epithelial lesions. Histopathology 2019; 74:1036-1044. [PMID: 30815904 PMCID: PMC6849837 DOI: 10.1111/his.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims Many glandular lesions can mimic prostate cancer microscopically, including atrophic glands, adenosis and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. While the characteristic histopathological and immunohistochemical features of these lesions have been well established, little is known about their three‐dimensional architecture. Our objective was to evaluate the three‐dimensional organisation of common prostate epithelial lesions. Methods and results 500 μm‐thick punches (n = 42) were taken from radical prostatectomy specimens, and stained with antibodies targeting keratin 8–18 and keratin 5 for identification of luminal and basal cells, respectively. Tissue samples were optically cleared in benzyl alcohol:benzyl benzoate and imaged using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The three‐dimensional architecture of peripheral and transition zone glands was acinar, composed of interconnecting and blind‐ending saccular tubules. In simple atrophy, partial atrophy and post‐atrophic hyperplasia, the acinar structure was attenuated with branching blind‐ending tubules from parental tubular structures. Three‐dimensional imaging revealed a novel variant of prostate atrophy characterised by large Golgi‐like atrophic spaces parallel to the prostate surface, which were represented by thin, elongated tubular structures on haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides. Conversely, adenosis lacked acinar organisation, so that it closely mimicked low‐grade prostate cancer. High‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia displayed prominent papillary intraluminal protrusions but retained an acinar organisation, whereas intraductal carcinoma predominantly consisted of cribriform proliferations with either spheroid, ellipsoid or complex interconnecting lumens. Conclusions While various prostate epithelial lesions might mimic malignancy on H&E slides, their three‐dimensional architecture is acinar and clearly different from the tubular structure of prostate cancer, with adenosis as an exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther I Verhoef
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wiggert A van Cappellen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan A Slotman
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Kremers
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia C Ewing-Graham
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J L H van Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Kweldam CF, van Leenders GJ, van der Kwast T. Grading of prostate cancer: a work in progress. Histopathology 2019; 74:146-160. [PMID: 30565302 PMCID: PMC7380027 DOI: 10.1111/his.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Grading of prostate cancer has evolved substantially over time, not least because of major changes in diagnostic approach and concomitant shifts from late- to early-stage detection since the adoption of PSA testing from the late 1980s. After the conception of the architecture-based nine-tier Gleason grading system more than 50 years ago, several changes were made in order to increase its prognostic impact, to reduce interobserver variation and to improve concordance between prostate needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy grading. This eventually resulted in the current five-tier grading system, with a much more detailed description of the individual architectural patterns constituting the remaining three Gleason patterns (i.e. grades 3-5). Nevertheless, there is room for improvement. For instance, distinction of common grade 4 subpatterns such as ill-formed and fused glands from the grade 3 pattern is challenging, blurring the division between low-risk patients who could be eligible for deferred therapy and those who need curative therapy. The last few years have witnessed the publication of several studies on the prognostic impact of individual architectural subpatterns showing that, in particular, the cribriform pattern exceeded the prognostic impact of other grade 4 subpatterns. This review provides an overview of the changes in prostate cancer grading over time and provides a thorough description of the various Gleason subpatterns, the current evidence of their prognostic impact and areas of contention. Potential practical ways for improvements of the current grading system are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Kweldam
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - T van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Verhoef EI, van Cappellen WA, Slotman JA, Kremers GJ, Ewing-Graham PC, Houtsmuller AB, van Royen ME, van Leenders GJLH. Three-dimensional analysis reveals two major architectural subgroups of prostate cancer growth patterns. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1032-1041. [PMID: 30737469 PMCID: PMC6760644 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Gleason score is one of the most important parameters for therapeutic decision-making in prostate cancer patients. Gleason growth patterns are defined by their histological features on 4- to 5-µm cross sections, and little is known about their three-dimensional architecture. Our objective was to characterize the three-dimensional architecture of prostate cancer growth patterns. Intact tissue punches (n = 46) of representative Gleason growth patterns from radical prostatectomy specimens were fluorescently stained with antibodies targeting Keratin 8/18 and Keratin 5 for the detection of luminal and basal epithelial cells, respectively. Punches were optically cleared in benzyl alcohol-benzyl benzoate and imaged using a confocal laser scanning microscope up to a depth of 500 µm. Gleason pattern 3, poorly formed pattern 4, and cords pattern 5 all formed a continuum of interconnecting tubules in which the diameter of the structures and the lumen size decreased with higher grades. In fused pattern 4, the interconnections between the tubules were markedly closer together. In these patterns, all tumor cells were in direct contact with the surrounding stroma. In contrast, cribriform Gleason pattern 4 and solid pattern 5 demonstrated a three-dimensional continuum of contiguous tumor cells, in which the vast majority of cells had no contact with the surrounding stroma. Transitions between cribriform pattern 4 and solid pattern 5 were seen. There was a decrease in the number and size of intercellular lumens from cribriform to solid growth pattern. Glomeruloid pattern 4 formed an intermediate structure consisting of a tubular network with intraluminal epithelial protrusions close to the tubule splitting points. In conclusion, three-dimensional microscopy revealed two major architectural subgroups of prostate cancer growth patterns: (1) a tubular interconnecting network including Gleason pattern 3, poorly formed and fused Gleason pattern 4, and cords Gleason pattern 5, and (2) serpentine contiguous epithelial proliferations including cribriform Gleason pattern 4 and solid Gleason pattern 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther I. Verhoef
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiggert A. van Cappellen
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Slotman
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Kremers
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia C. Ewing-Graham
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B. Houtsmuller
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J. L. H. van Leenders
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Tolkach Y, Kristiansen G. Is high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) a reliable precursor for prostate carcinoma? Implications for clonal evolution and early detection strategies. J Pathol 2018; 244:389-393. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tolkach
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
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