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Lousada MB, Edelkamp J, Lachnit T, Fehrholz M, Pastar I, Jimenez F, Erdmann H, Bosch TCG, Paus R. Spatial Distribution and Functional Impact of Human Scalp Hair Follicle Microbiota. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1353-1367.e15. [PMID: 38070726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Human hair follicles (HFs) constitute a unique microbiota habitat that differs substantially from the skin surface. Traditional HF sampling methods fail to eliminate skin microbiota contaminants or assess the HF microbiota incompletely, and microbiota functions in human HF physiology remain ill explored. Therefore, we used laser-capture microdissection, metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and FISH to characterize the human scalp HF microbiota in defined anatomical compartments. This revealed significant compartment-, tissue lineage-, and donor age-dependent variations in microbiota composition. Greatest abundance variations between HF compartments were observed for viruses, archaea, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes, and Malassezia restricta, with the latter 2 being the most abundant viable HF colonizers (as tested by propidium monoazide assay) and, surprisingly, most abundant in the HF mesenchyme. Transfection of organ-cultured human scalp HFs with S. epidermidis-specific lytic bacteriophages ex vivo downregulated transcription of genes known to regulate HF growth and development, metabolism, and melanogenesis, suggesting that selected microbial products may modulate HF functions. Indeed, HF treatment with butyrate, a metabolite of S. epidermidis and other HF microbiota, delayed catagen and promoted autophagy, mitochondrial activity, and gp100 and dermcidin expression ex vivo. Thus, human HF microbiota show spatial variations in abundance and modulate the physiology of their host, which invites therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B Lousada
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University in Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Tim Lachnit
- Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University in Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Irena Pastar
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Francisco Jimenez
- Mediteknia Skin & Hair Lab, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University in Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; CUTANEON, Hamburg, Germany.
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Edelkamp J, Lousada MB, Pinto D, Chéret J, Calabrese FM, Jiménez F, Erdmann H, Wessel J, Phillip B, Angelis MD, Rinaldi F, Bertolini M, Paus R. Management of the human hair follicle microbiome by a synthetic odorant. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 112:99-108. [PMID: 37858476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human scalp hair follicles (HFs) engage in olfactory receptor (OR)-dependent chemosensation. Activation of olfactory receptor family 2 subfamily AT member 4 (OR2AT4) by the synthetic, sandalwood-like odorant Sandalore® up-regulated HF antimicrobial peptide expression of dermcidin (DCD), which had previously been thought to be produced exclusively by sweat and sebaceous glands. OBJECTIVES To understand if intrafollicular DCD production can be stimulated by a commonly used cosmetic odorant, thus altering human HF microbiome composition in a clinically beneficial manner. METHODS DCD expression was compared between fresh-frozen scalp biopsies and microdissected, full-length scalp HFs, organ-cultured in the presence/absence of the OR2AT4 agonist, Sandalore® and/or antibiotics and/or the competitive OR2AT4 antagonist, Phenirat®. Amplicon-based sequencing and microbial growth assays were performed to assess how this treatment affected the HF microbiome. RESULTS Synthetic odorant treatment upregulated epithelial DCD expression and exerted antimicrobial activity in human HFs ex vivo. Combined antibiotic and odorant treatment, during an ex vivo dysbiosis event, prevented HF tissue damage and favoured a more physiological microbiome composition. Sandalore®-conditioned medium, containing higher DCD content, favoured Staphylococcus epidermidis and Malassezia restricta over S. aureus and M. globosa, while exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Cutibacterium acnes. These effects were reversed by co-administration of Phenirat®. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first proof-of-principle that a cosmetic odorant impacts the human HF microbiome by up-regulating antimicrobial peptide production in an olfactory receptor-dependent manner. Specifically, a synthetic sandalwood-like odorant stimulates intrafollicular DCD production, likely via OR2AT4, and thereby controls microbial overgrowth. Thus, deserving further exploration as an adjuvant therapeutic principle in the management of folliculitis and dysbiosis-associated hair diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Edelkamp
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany.
| | - Marta B Lousada
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany; Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Francisco Jiménez
- Mediteknia, Skin & Hair Lab, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Julia Wessel
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (IMMB), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bodo Phillip
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (IMMB), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Marta Bertolini
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany; Mediteknia, Skin & Hair Lab, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; CUTANEON Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany
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Tsai WH, Fang YT, Huang TY, Chiang YJ, Lin CG, Chang WW. Heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GMNL-653 ameliorates human scalp health by regulating scalp microbiome. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:121. [PMID: 37120517 PMCID: PMC10148562 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The equilibrium of the scalp microbiome is important for maintaining healthy scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff, and hair growth. Many different strategies to improve scalp health have been reported; however, the effect of postbiotics, such as heat-killed probiotics, on scalp health remains unclear. We examined the beneficial effects of heat-killed probiotics consisting of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, GMNL-653, on scalp health. RESULTS Heat-killed GMNL-653 could co-aggregate with scalp commensal fungi, Malassezia furfur, in vitro, and the GMNL-653-derived lipoteichoic acid inhibited the biofilm formation of M. furfur on Hs68 fibroblast cells. The mRNA of hair follicle growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), vascular endothelial growth factor, IGF-1, and keratinocyte growth factor was up-regulated in skin-related human cell lines Hs68 and HaCaT after treatment with heat-killed GMNL-653. For clinical observations, we recruited 22 volunteer participants to use the shampoo containing the heat-killed GMNL-653 for 5 months and subsequently measured their scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff formation, and hair growth. We applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the scalp microbiota of M. restricta, M. globosa, Cutibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A decrease in dandruff and oil secretion and an increase in hair growth in the human scalp were observed after the use of heat-killed GMNL-653-containing shampoo. The increased abundance of M. globosa and the decreased abundance of M. restricta and C. acnes were also observed. We further found that accumulated L. paracasei abundance was positively correlated with M. globosa abundance and negatively correlated with C. acnes abundance. S. epidermidis and C. acnes abundance was negatively correlated with M. globosa abundance and positively correlated with M. restricta. Meanwhile, M. globosa and M. restricta abundances were negatively associated with each other. C. acnes and S. epidermidis abundances were statistically positively correlated with sebum secretion and dandruff, respectively, in our shampoo clinical trial. CONCLUSION Our study provides a new strategy for human scalp health care using the heat-killed probiotics GMNL-653-containing shampoo. The mechanism may be correlated with the microbiota shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Tsai
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Fang
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsuei-Yin Huang
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chiang
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Gong Lin
- Bachelor Program in Cosmeceutical and Biotech Industry, Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd, Taichung City, 402306, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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JOURDAIN R, MOGA A, MAGIATIS P, FONTANIÉ M, VELEGRAKI A, PAPADIMOU C, RAHOUL V, GUÉNICHE A, CHOPRA T, GAITANIS G. Malassezia restricta-mediated Lipoperoxidation: A Novel Trigger in Dandruff. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv00868. [PMID: 36789756 PMCID: PMC9944333 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dandruff is a common scalp disorder with multiple microbial and host-related factors contributing to its aetiology, including alterations in scalp sebum. Despite existing evidence that the yeast Malassezia restricta plays a key role in the onset of dandruff, the interplay of these factors is poorly understood. Recently, squalene monohydroperoxide and malondialdehyde were established as biomarkers of dandruff-afflicted scalp, highlighting the role of sebum lipoperoxidation in the triggering and maintenance of dandruff, although its mechanism of action is unknown. The current study provides evidence that M. restricta mediates sebum peroxidation, leading to production of squalene monohydroperoxide and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, in vitro data show that these lipoperoxidation products act on epidermal cells and alter the skin barrier. These results support the role of Malassezia restricta-induced lipoperoxides as triggers of dandruff, which suggests that blocking their production could be a novel anti-dandruff treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prokopios MAGIATIS
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens
| | | | | | - Chrysanthi PAPADIMOU
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Athens
| | | | | | | | - George GAITANIS
- University of Ioannina, Department of Dermatology, Ioannina, Greece,DELC Clinic, Biel, Switzerland
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Mangion SE, Holmes AM, Roberts MS. Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9730. [PMID: 34575891 PMCID: PMC8465279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated shampoo for treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), a disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. SD is a multi-factorial disease driven by microbiol dysbiosis, primarily involving Malassezia yeast. Anti-fungal activity of ZnPT depends on the cutaneous availability of bioactive monomeric molecular species, occurring upon particle dissolution. The success of ZnPT as a topical therapeutic is underscored by the way it balances treatment efficacy with formulation safety. This review demonstrates how ZnPT achieves this balance, by integrating the current understanding of SD pathogenesis with an up-to-date analysis of ZnPT pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology. ZnPT has anti-fungal activity with an average in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of 10-15 ppm against the most abundant scalp skin Malassezia species (Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restrica). Efficacy is dependent on the targeted delivery of ZnPT to the skin sites where these yeasts reside, including the scalp surface and hair follicle infundibulum. Imaging and quantitative analysis tools have been fundamental for critically evaluating the therapeutic performance and safety of topical ZnPT formulations. Toxicologic investigations have focused on understanding the risk of local and systemic adverse effects following exposure from percutaneous penetration. Future research is expected to yield further advances in ZnPT formulations for SD and also include re-purposing towards a range of other dermatologic applications, which is likely to have significant clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Mangion
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Amy M. Holmes
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael S. Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Limbu SL, Purba TS, Harries M, Wikramanayake TC, Miteva M, Bhogal RK, O'Neill CA, Paus R. A folliculocentric perspective of dandruff pathogenesis: Could a troublesome condition be caused by changes to a natural secretory mechanism? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100005. [PMID: 34486144 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common scalp condition, which frequently causes psychological distress in those affected. Dandruff is considered to be caused by an interplay of several factors. However, the pathogenesis of dandruff remains under-investigated, especially with respect to the contribution of the hair follicle. As the hair follicle exhibits unique immune-modulatory properties, including the creation of an immunoinhibitory, immune-privileged milieu, we propose a novel hypothesis taking into account the role of the hair follicle. We hypothesize that the changes and imbalance of yeast and bacterial species, along with increasing proinflammatory sebum by-products, leads to the activation of immune response and inflammation. Hair follicle keratinocytes may then detect these changes in scalp microbiota resulting in the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflammation site. These changes in the scalp skin immune-microenvironment may impact hair follicle immune privilege status, which opens new avenues into exploring the role of the hair follicle in dandruff pathogenesis. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/mEZEznCYtNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Limbu
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Talveen S Purba
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Harries
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tongyu C Wikramanayake
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mariya Miteva
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ranjit K Bhogal
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Neill
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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7
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Rios-Navarro A, Gonzalez M, Carazzone C, Celis Ramírez AM. Learning about microbial language: possible interactions mediated by microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and relevance to understanding Malassezia spp. metabolism. Metabolomics 2021; 17:39. [PMID: 33825999 PMCID: PMC8026438 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms synthesize and release a large diversity of small molecules like volatile compounds, which allow them to relate and interact with their environment. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-based compounds with low molecular weight and generally, high vapor pressure; because of their nature, they spread easily in the environment. Little is known about the role of VOCs in the interaction processes, and less is known about VOCs produced by Malassezia, a genus of yeasts that belongs to the human skin mycobiota. These yeasts have been associated with several dermatological diseases and currently, they are considered as emerging opportunistic yeasts. Research about secondary metabolites of these yeasts is limited. The pathogenic role and the molecular mechanisms involved in the infection processes of this genus are yet to be clarified. VOCs produced by Malassezia yeasts could play an important function in their metabolism; in addition, they might be involved in either beneficial or pathogenic host-interaction processes. Since these yeasts present differences in their nutritional requirements, like lipids to grow, it is possible that these variations of growth requirements also define differences in the volatile organic compounds produced in Malassezia species. AIM OF REVIEW We present a mini review about VOCs produced by microorganisms and Malassezia species, and hypothesize about their role in its metabolism, which would reveal clues about host-pathogen interaction. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Since living organisms inhabit a similar environment, the interaction processes occur naturally; as a result, a signal and a response from participants of these processes become important in understanding several biological behaviors. The efforts to elucidate how living organisms interact has been studied from several perspectives. An important issue is that VOCs released by the microbiota plays a key role in the setup of relationships between living micro and macro organisms. The challenge is to determine what is the role of these VOCs produced by human microbiota in commensal/pathogenic scenarios, and how these allow understanding the species metabolism. Malassezia is part of the human mycobiota, and it is implicated in commensal and pathogenic processes. It is possible that their VOCs are involved in these behavioral changes, but the knowledge about this remains overlocked. For this reason, VOCs produced by microorganisms and Malassezia spp. and their role in several biological processes are the main topic in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rios-Navarro
- grid.7247.60000000419370714Cellular and Molecular of Pathogenic Microorganisms Research Group (CeMoP), Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Mabel Gonzalez
- grid.7247.60000000419370714Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- grid.7247.60000000419370714Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
- grid.7247.60000000419370714Cellular and Molecular of Pathogenic Microorganisms Research Group (CeMoP), Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Cundinamarca Colombia
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8
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Meloni M, Balzaretti S, Collard N, Desaint S, Laperdrix C. Reproducing the scalp microbiota community: co-colonization of a 3D reconstructed human epidermis with C. acnes and M. restricta. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:235-245. [PMID: 33469935 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A 3D reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model colonized with specific microbial strains was developed to model the complex interactions between strains of the human scalp hair. METHODS Reconstructed human epidermis was colonized with Cutibacterium acnes and Malassezia restricta for 72 h. The epidermal model was characterized in terms of morphology, using immune-labelling targeting biomarkers for barrier structure, proliferation, differentiation and anti-microbial defence. The barrier function was assessed by transepithelial electrical eesistance (TEER) measurements. In order to study the microorganisms on the epidermal model, viable counts and phenotype ultrastructure analysis were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS The RHE colonized with C. acnes did not lead to severe modifications of the physiological barrier integrity and viability, though it shows aggregates. M. restricta formed large aggregates by a close interaction with the RHE, thus causing both a strong decrease in barrier function and structure degradation and an increased human beta defensin 2 (HBD2) expression. The co-colonized model resulted in barrier depletion, but the overall damage was less severe, respecting the single colonization with M. restricta. The developed 'scalp model' allowed to identify morphological modifications leading to uncontrolled epidermal renewal. CONCLUSION This study shows a pre-clinical model that recapitulates the interactions that can occur between site-specific microbial strains and keratinocytes in dandruff condition. The model can be applied to assess ingredients and products' mechanism of action.
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Celis Ramírez AM, Amézquita A, Cardona Jaramillo JEC, Matiz-Cerón LF, Andrade-Martínez JS, Triana S, Mantilla MJ, Restrepo S, Barrios AFG, de Cock H. Analysis of Malassezia Lipidome Disclosed Differences Among the Species and Reveals Presence of Unusual Yeast Lipids. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:338. [PMID: 32760678 PMCID: PMC7374198 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are lipid dependent and part of the human and animal skin microbiome. However, they are also associated with a variety of dermatological conditions and even cause systemic infections. How these yeasts can live as commensals on the skin and switch to a pathogenic stage has long been a matter of debate. Lipids are important cellular molecules, and understanding the lipid metabolism and composition of Malassezia species is crucial to comprehending their biology and host-microbe interaction. Here, we investigated the lipid composition of Malassezia strains grown to the stationary phase in a complex Dixon medium broth. In this study, we perform a lipidomic analysis of a subset of species; in addition, we conducted a gene prediction analysis for the detection of lipid metabolic proteins. We identified 18 lipid classes and 428 lipidic compounds. The most commonly found lipids were triglycerides (TAG), sterol (CH), diglycerides (DG), fatty acids (FAs), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), ceramides, cholesteryl ester (CE), sphingomyelin (SM), acylcarnitine, and lysophospholipids. Particularly, we found a low content of CEs in Malassezia furfur, atypical M. furfur, and Malassezia pachydermatis and undetectable traces of these components in Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia sympodialis. Remarkably, uncommon lipids in yeast, like diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine and FA esters of hydroxyl FAs, were found in a variable concentration in these Malassezia species. The latter are bioactive lipids recently reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. The results obtained can be used to discriminate different Malassezia species and offer a new overview of the lipid composition of these yeasts. We could confirm the presence and the absence of certain lipid-biosynthesis genes in specific species. Further analyses are necessary to continue disclosing the complex lipidome of Malassezia species and the impact of the lipid metabolism in connection with the host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adolfo Amézquita
- Grupo de Ecofisiología, Comportamiento y Herpetología (GECOH), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Luisa F Matiz-Cerón
- Research Group in Computational Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan S Andrade-Martínez
- Research Group in Computational Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Triana
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Juliana Mantilla
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología (LAMFU), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología (LAMFU), Chemical and Food Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Fernando González Barrios
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Chemical and Food Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hans de Cock
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abstract
Human skin is a complex ecosystem and is host to a large number of microorganisms. When the bacterial ecosystem is balanced and differentiated, skin remains healthy. However, the use of cosmetics can change this balance and promote the appearance of skin diseases. The skin’s microorganisms can utilize some cosmetic components, which either promote their growth, or produce metabolites that influence the skin environment. In this study, we tested the ability of the Malassezia species and some bacterial strains to assimilate substances frequently used in dermal formulations. The growth capability of microorganisms was determined and their lipase activity was analyzed. The growth of all Malassezia spp. in the presence of free acids, free acid esters, and fatty alcohols with a fatty chain length above 12 carbon atoms was observed. No growth was observed in the presence of fatty alcohol ethers, secondary fatty alcohols, paraffin- and silicon-based substances, polymers, polyethylene glycols, quaternary ammonium salts, hydroxy fatty acid esters, or fatty acids and fatty acid esters with a fatty chain length shorter than 12 carbon atoms. The hydrolysis of esters by Malassezia lipases was detected using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The production of free fatty acids as well as fatty alcohols was observed. The growth promotion or inhibition of bacterial strains was only found in the presence of a few ingredients. Based on these results, formulations containing microbiome inert ingredients were developed.
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Petrokilidou C, Pavlou E, Gaitanis G, Bassukas ID, Saridomichelakis MN, Velegraki A, Kourkoumelis N. The lipid profile of three Malassezia species assessed by Raman spectroscopy and discriminant analysis. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 46:101416. [PMID: 31247316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts constitute the major eukaryotic cutaneous flora of homoeothermic vertebrates. These lipophilic yeasts are able to cause, trigger, or aggravate common skin diseases under favorable conditions. Species identification and subspecies differentiation is currently based on morphological characteristics, lipid assimilation profile, and molecular tests. Mass spectrometry has been also reported as a reliable, yet costly and labor-intensive, method to classify Malassezia yeasts. Here, we introduce Raman spectroscopy as a new molecular technique able to differentiate three phylogenetically close Malassezia species (M.globosa, M.pachydermatis, and M.sympodialis) by examining their lipid metabolic profile. Using Raman spectroscopy, lipid fingerprints of Malassezia cultures on Leeming-Notman agar, were analyzed by spectral bands assignment and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Our results demonstrate differential utilization of lipid supplements among these three species and the ability of Raman spectroscopy to rapidly and accurately discriminate them by predictive modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Petrokilidou
- Faculty of Medicine, Department Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Pavlou
- Faculty of Medicine, Department Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Bassukas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Microbiology Department, Mycology Research Laboratory & UOA/HCPF Culture Collection, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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12
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Putting It All Together to Understand the Role of Malassezia spp. in Dandruff Etiology. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:893-903. [PMID: 29946996 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common scalp condition causing both a discomfort and an undesired social image. Various studies dating from early 1900s have investigated the condition, but understanding of underlying mechanisms and etiology of the condition is still in its infancy. Formation of dandruff is a common but complex event which has been associated with numerous causal factors. Physiological conditions such as pH, water content, or sebum secretion are some of the host-related factors. An imbalance between these factors can disturb the physiological equilibrium of the scalp that can lead to dandruff formation. However, severity of the condition is strongly related to the lipophilic yeast of the skin microbiota, Malassezia spp. On the other hand, there are recent publications highlighting the role of other scalp microbiota members on dandruff formation. This review investigates the processes leading to the formation of dandruff to provide an etiological description of the condition, with a focus on Malassezia spp.
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13
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Theelen B, Cafarchia C, Gaitanis G, Bassukas ID, Boekhout T, Dawson TL. Malassezia ecology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Dimitrios Bassukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Institute for Medical Biology, (IMB), Singapore
- Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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14
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Triana S, de Cock H, Ohm RA, Danies G, Wösten HAB, Restrepo S, González Barrios AF, Celis A. Lipid Metabolic Versatility in Malassezia spp. Yeasts Studied through Metabolic Modeling. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1772. [PMID: 28959251 PMCID: PMC5603697 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malassezia species are lipophilic and lipid-dependent yeasts belonging to the human and animal microbiota. Typically, they are isolated from regions rich in sebaceous glands. They have been associated with dermatological diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, atopic dermatitis, and folliculitis. The genomes of Malassezia globosa, Malassezia sympodialis, and Malassezia pachydermatis lack the genes related to fatty acid synthesis. Here, the lipid-synthesis pathways of these species, as well as of Malassezia furfur, and of an atypical M. furfur variant were reconstructed using genome data and Constraints Based Reconstruction and Analysis. To this end, the genomes of M. furfur CBS 1878 and the atypical M. furfur 4DS were sequenced and annotated. The resulting Enzyme Commission numbers and predicted reactions were similar to the other Malassezia strains despite the differences in their genome size. Proteomic profiling was utilized to validate flux distributions. Flux differences were observed in the production of steroids in M. furfur and in the metabolism of butanoate in M. pachydermatis. The predictions obtained via these metabolic reconstructions also suggested defects in the assimilation of palmitic acid in M. globosa, M. sympodialis, M. pachydermatis, and the atypical variant of M. furfur, but not in M. furfur. These predictions were validated via physiological characterization, showing the predictive power of metabolic network reconstructions to provide new clues about the metabolic versatility of Malassezia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Triana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans de Cock
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robin A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Danies
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
| | - Han A. B. Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés F. González Barrios
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Celis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Review of Research on the Relationship between Malassezia Infection and Psoriasis. INFECTION INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ii-2017-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPsoriasis is a common clinical disease, and its pathogenesis is closely related to infecting microorganisms. Studies in recent years indicated thatMalasseziaplays an important role in occurrence and development of psoriasis. This study provides an overview on the role ofMalasseziain development of psoriasis based on three aspects, namely, clinical observation, antifungal therapy, and immunology research.
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16
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Xu Z, Wang Z, Yuan C, Liu X, Yang F, Wang T, Wang J, Manabe K, Qin O, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Dandruff is associated with the conjoined interactions between host and microorganisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24877. [PMID: 27172459 PMCID: PMC4864613 DOI: 10.1038/srep24877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dandruff is an unpleasant scalp disorder common to human populations. In this study, we systematically investigated the intra- and inter-associations among dandruff, physiological conditions such as sebum of the scalp, host demographics such as gender, age and the region of the scalp, and the microorganisms on the scalp. We found that the physiological conditions were highly relevant to the host age and varied in different regions of the same scalp. The sebum quantity and water content were negatively correlated with the formation of dandruff and had significant relationships with the two dominant but reciprocally inhibited bacteria on the scalp (Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus). The dominant fungus (Malassezia species) displayed contrary roles in its contribution to the healthy scalp micro-environment. Bacteria and fungi didn’t show a close association with each other, but the intramembers were tightly linked. Bacteria had a stronger relationship with the severity of dandruff than fungi. Our results indicated that the severity of dandruff was closely associated with the interactions between the host and microorganisms. This study suggests that adjusting the balance of the bacteria on the scalp, particularly by enhancing Propionibacterium and suppressing Staphylococcus, might be a potential solution to lessen dandruff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (SCSB), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zongxiu Wang
- Kao (China) Research &Development Center, 623 Zi Ri Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Zhabei, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Zhabei, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (SCSB), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Kao (China) Research &Development Center, 623 Zi Ri Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Kao (China) Research &Development Center, 623 Zi Ri Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kenji Manabe
- Kao Corporation, Biological Science Laboratories, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Ou Qin
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Zhabei, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, 1278 Bao De Road, Zhabei, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (SCSB), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Menghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine (SCSB), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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17
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Jourdain R, Moga A, Vingler P, El Rawadi C, Pouradier F, Souverain L, Bastien P, Amalric N, Breton L. Exploration of scalp surface lipids reveals squalene peroxide as a potential actor in dandruff condition. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:153-63. [PMID: 26842231 PMCID: PMC4796319 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common but complex disorder with three major contributing factors: (1) individual predisposition, (2) scalp sebum and (3) Malassezia yeast colonization. To obtain further insights into the role of sebum in dandruff biogenesis, we analyzed scalp lipid species in a cohort of ten dandruff-free (control) and ten dandruff-afflicted volunteers by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Lipid peroxidation levels and biochemical markers of oxidative stress were also assessed. Squalene, a major sebum component, was significantly more peroxidized in dandruff-affected scalps, resulting in significantly higher ratios of squalene monohydroperoxide (SQOOH)/squalene. This was observed when comparing dandruff-affected zones of dandruff subjects to both their non-affected zones and control subjects. In addition, other biomarkers such as malondialdehyde indicated that oxidative stress levels were raised on dandruff scalps. Surprisingly, differences regarding either free or bound fatty acids were fairly rare and minor. Certain novel findings, especially squalene peroxidation levels, were then confirmed in a validation cohort of 24 dandruff-affected subjects, by comparing dandruff-affected and non-dandruff zones from the same individuals. As SQOOH can induce both keratinocyte inflammatory responses and hyperproliferation in vitro, we hypothesized that increased SQOOH could be considered as a new etiological dandruff factor via its ability to impair scalp barrier function. Our results also indicated that Malassezia could be a major source of squalene peroxidation on the scalp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Souverain
- L'OREAL Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | | | - Lionel Breton
- L'OREAL Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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18
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Sugita T, Yamazaki T, Makimura K, Cho O, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Comprehensive analysis of the skin fungal microbiota of astronauts during a half-year stay at the International Space Station. Med Mycol 2016; 54:232-9. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Novel inhibitor against Malassezia globosa LIP1 (SMG1), a potential anti-dandruff target. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Bonnist EYM, Pudney PDA, Weddell LA, Campbell J, Baines FL, Paterson SE, Matheson JR. Understanding the dandruff scalp before and after treatment: anin vivoRaman spectroscopic study. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:347-54. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Y. M. Bonnist
- Unilever R&D Colworth; Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ U.K
| | - P. D. A. Pudney
- Unilever R&D Colworth; Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ U.K
| | - L. A. Weddell
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight; Quarry Rd East Bebington Wirral CH63 3JW U.K
| | - J. Campbell
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight; Quarry Rd East Bebington Wirral CH63 3JW U.K
| | - F. L. Baines
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight; Quarry Rd East Bebington Wirral CH63 3JW U.K
| | - S. E. Paterson
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight; Quarry Rd East Bebington Wirral CH63 3JW U.K
| | - J. R. Matheson
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight; Quarry Rd East Bebington Wirral CH63 3JW U.K
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21
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Abstract
Synopsis Dandruff is characterized by a flaky, pruritic scalp and affects up to half the world’s population post-puberty. The aetiology of dandruff is multifactorial, influenced by Malassezia, sebum production and individual susceptibility. The commensal yeast Malassezia is a strong contributory factor to dandruff formation, but the presence of Malassezia on healthy scalps indicates that Malassezia alone is not a sufficient cause. A healthy stratum corneum (SC) forms a protective barrier to prevent water loss and maintain hydration of the scalp. It also protects against external insults such as microorganisms, including Malassezia, and toxic materials. Severe or chronic barrier damage can impair proper hydration, leading to atypical epidermal proliferation, keratinocyte differentiation and SC maturation, which may underlie some dandruff symptoms. The depleted and disorganized structural lipids of the dandruff SC are consistent with the weakened barrier indicated by elevated transepidermal water loss. Further evidence of a weakened barrier in dandruff includes subclinical inflammation and higher susceptibility to topical irritants. We are proposing that disruption of the SC of the scalp may facilitate dandruff generation, in part by affecting susceptibility to metabolites from Malassezia. Treatment of dandruff with cosmetic products to directly improve SC integrity while providing effective antifungal activity may thus be beneficial. Résumé Les pellicules se caractérisent par un cuir chevelu prurigineux, squameux, et affectent jusqu’à la moitié de la population post-pubertaire du monde. L’étiologie des pellicules est multifactorielle, influencée par Malassezia, par la production de sébum, et par la susceptibilité individuelle. La levure commensale Malassezia est un facteur fortement contributif à la formation de pellicules, mais la présence de Malassezia aussi sur les cuirs chevelus sains indique que Malassezia seule n’est pas une cause suffisante. Un stratum corneum (SC) sain forme une barrière protectrice pour empêcher la perte d’eau et maintenir l’hydratation du cuir chevelu. Il protège également contre les agressions externes tels les micro-organismes, y compris Malassezia, ou des substances toxiques. Des dommages aigus ou chroniques au niveau de la barrière peuvent nuire à une bonne hydratation, conduisant à des effets atypiques de la prolifération épidermique, de la différenciation des kératinocytes, et de la maturation du SC, ce qui peut expliquer une partie des symptômes des pellicules. L’appauvrissement et la désorganisation des lipides structurels d’un stratum corneum sujet aux pellicules sont compatibles avec la notion d’une barrière affaiblie telle qu’indiquée par une perte d’eau transépidermique élevée. Une preuve supplémentaire d’une barrière affaiblie dans les cas des pellicules est fournie par un niveau d’inflammation infraclinique et une plus grande susceptibilité aux irritants topiques. Nous proposons que la perturbation du SC du cuir chevelu facilite la production de pellicules, en partie en augmentant la sensibilité aux métabolites de Malassezia. Le traitement des pellicules avec des produits cosmétiques pour améliorer directement l’intégrité du SC, tout en offrant une activité antifongique efficace peut donc être bénéfique.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Turner
- Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight, Bebington, Merseyside, UK.
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