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Balasundaram RB, Boateng S, Yockey RA, Yording H, Tran D, Nguyen USDT. Oral health literacy, knowledge, practice and beliefs among Asian Americans: A scoping review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2024. [PMID: 38922997 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Asian American (AsA) population is at high risk for poor oral health outcomes and remains an underserved and understudied community. Low oral health literacy could explain poor oral health behaviours, practices and outcomes in this population. The aims were as follows: (i) provide a scoping review of oral health literacy, knowledge, practice and beliefs among AsA individuals residing in the United States; (ii) identify any instruments or tools translated into participants' language and (iii) determine whether the translated instruments had been assessed for validity and reliability. METHODS The current study used a scoping review framework based on PRISMA-ScR that included rigorous eligibility criteria, search strategy, independent selection process with adjudication, and standardized reporting of outcomes. The search was conducted on March 14, 2022, and updated on February 25, 2023 and February 13, 2024, in the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL. Peer-reviewed original research on oral health literacy, knowledge, awareness, practice, and beliefs related to oral health care in AsA subgroups published in English were included. Two reviewers independently assessed whether titles and abstracts should be included for review, with discrepancies adjudicated by a third reviewer. Data extracted from articles used a standard template that included study design, and measurement tools of oral health, knowledge, awareness, practice and beliefs, as well as results and conclusions of the publication. In addition, the template captured whether the translated and original measurement tools were assessed for reliability and validity. RESULTS Of the 367 papers identified, 10 studies that met eligibility criteria were included in the final review. Of these, four studies used previously validated tools to assess oral health measurements in AsA. Only five of the studies translated the tools into the participants' native language. Although AsA exhibited lower oral health literacy than Whites but higher than Hispanics and African Americans, none of the translated tools were assessed for reliability and validity. Acculturation and country of birth were factors influencing oral health behaviours related to good oral health practice and utilization, with AsA born in the United States exhibiting higher oral health utilization than those born in their country of origin. Oral health beliefs played a significant role in dental care utilization among AsA populations. CONCLUSIONS The scoping review on oral health in Asian American communities identifies a significant research gap, particularly in the lack of validated tools for assessing oral health literacy, which varies across ethnic groups. It notes that AsA generally have lower oral health literacy compared to Whites, but higher than Hispanics and African Americans. AsA born in the United States shows better oral health practices, influenced by acculturation and birth country. The findings emphasize the need for more thorough and culturally adapted research methods to address oral health disparities in this diverse group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Baal Balasundaram
- Department of Population and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Sarpong Boateng
- Department of Population and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - R Andrew Yockey
- Department of Population and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Hayley Yording
- Mary Couts Burnett Library, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Duong Tran
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Uyen-Sa D T Nguyen
- Department of Population and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Chan CCK, Chan AK, Chu C, Tsang YC. Theory-based behavioral change interventions to improve periodontal health. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1067092. [PMID: 36762002 PMCID: PMC9905735 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1067092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a significant global health burden affecting half of the world's population. Given that plaque and inflammation control are essential to the attainment of periodontal health, recent trends in preventive dentistry have focused on the use of behavioral models to understand patient psychology and promote self-care and treatment compliance. In addition to their uses in classifying, explaining and predicting oral hygiene practices, behavioral models have been adopted in the design of oral hygiene interventions from individual to population levels. Despite the growing focus on behavioral modification in dentistry, the currently available evidence in the field of periodontology is scarce, and interventions have primarily measured changes in patient beliefs or performance in oral hygiene behaviors. Few studies have measured their impact on clinical outcomes, such as plaque levels, gingival bleeding and periodontal pocket reduction, which serve as indicators of the patient's disease status and quality of oral self-care. The present narrative review aims to summarize selected literature on the use of behavioral models to improve periodontal outcomes. A search was performed on existing behavioral models used to guide dental interventions to identify their use in interventions measuring periodontal parameters. The main models were identified and subsequently grouped by their underlying theoretical area of focus: patient beliefs (health belief model and cognitive behavioral principles); stages of readiness to change (precaution adoption process model and transtheoretical model); planning behavioral change (health action process approach model, theory of planned behavior and client self-care commitment model); and self-monitoring (self-regulation theory). Key constructs of each model and the findings of associated interventions were described. The COM-B model, a newer behavioral change system that has been increasingly used to guide interventions and policy changes, is discussed with reference to its use in oral health settings. Within the limitations of the available evidence, interventions addressing patient beliefs, motivation, intention and self-regulation could lead to improved outcomes in periodontal health. Direct comparisons between interventions could not be made due to differences in protocol design, research populations and follow-up periods. The conclusions of this review assist clinicians with implementing psychological interventions for oral hygiene promotion and highlight the need for additional studies on the clinical effects of behavioral model-based interventions.
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Liu P, Wong MCM, Lee GHM, Yiu CKY, Lo ECM. Family behavior theory-based intervention via mobile messaging to improve oral health of adolescents: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:941. [PMID: 36384815 PMCID: PMC9667847 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to some unique physical, social and psychological features in the adolescent population, adolescents can be a time of heightened caries activity and periodontal disease. Oral health-related behaviors can be modified to improve oral health status. The family networks and the built environment can promote or inhibit health behaviors. The aim of this study is to implement and evaluate a behavior theory-based, integrated family intervention via mobile messaging to improve oral health of adolescents. Methods This is a three-arm parallel-design cluster-randomized controlled trial. This trial will allocate 12 local secondary schools (clusters) in Hong Kong to three test or comparison groups with a ratio 1:1:1. The enrolled Form II to IV students (ages 12 to 15) will be eligible for participation. The intervention to three study groups will be (i) Health Belief Model (HBM)-based mobile messaging to the adolescents and their parents, which will consist of several blocks of HBM-based messages and reinforcement during 24 weeks; (ii) same HBM-based messaging to adolescents only; and (iii) delivering e-version of oral health education pamphlets to adolescents. The primary outcome will be caries increment 2 years post-intervention. Changes in oral health self-efficacy and behaviors, oral hygiene, and gingival status will be the secondary outcomes. Discussion No school dental care service is available to secondary school students in Hong Kong. This study will be the first to test a theory-driven and family-engaged preventive intervention among adolescents in Hong Kong. Findings will contribute to developing a low-cost, feasible, and efficient oral health preventive program for adolescents. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT05448664. Registered on 7 July 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - May Chun Mei Wong
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gillian Hiu Man Lee
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
The impact of lifestyle factors has been increasingly studied and discussed in oral healthcare. Positive lifestyle factors are important in maintaining oral health or controlling disease, but they are not easy to adopt over the long term. Along with public health initiatives within communities and groups, there is a role for behavior change interventions delivered in dental practice settings to improve the periodontal health of individuals. Behavior management is now seen as a part of both prevention and therapy of periodontal diseases. This article summarizes the evidence on behavioral strategies for periodontal health to inform and assist oral healthcare professionals in implementing behavior change in their practice. In addition, strategies for education and training in communication and behavior change techniques are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E. Suvan
- Unit of PeriodontologyEastman Dental Institute, University College London (UCL)LondonUK
| | - Maja Sabalic
- Unit of PeriodontologyEastman Dental Institute, University College London (UCL)LondonUK
| | - Mário R. Araújo
- Department of Dental HygieneEscola Superior de Saúde de PortalegrePortalegrePortugal
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Cummins KM. Explanations for the Cloudy Evidence That Theory Benefits Health Promotion. Front Psychol 2022; 13:910041. [PMID: 35846677 PMCID: PMC9285721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.910041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persuasive arguments for using theory have been influential in health behavior and health promotion research. The use of theory is expected to improve intervention outcomes and facilitate scientific advancement. However, current empirical evaluations of the benefits of theory have not consistently demonstrated strong effects. A lack of resolution on this matter can be attributed to several features of the current body of evidence. First, the use of theory may be confounded with other features that impact health-related outcomes. Second, measurement of theory use has not been reliable. Third, the field conflates models and theories. Lastly, the evidentiary status and applicability of theories are not considered. Addressing these challenges during the execution of meta-analyses and designing original research specifically to estimate the benefits of theory could improve research and practice.
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Wang K, Yu KF, Liu P, Lee GHM, Wong MCM. Can mHealth promotion for parents help to improve their children's oral health? A systematic review. J Dent 2022; 123:104185. [PMID: 35691452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of oral health education using mHealth approach to parents for improving their children's oral health. DATA Twelve studies were included after the screening and five studies in the data synthesis. The sample size varied from 34 to 1055. There was a very low level of evidence showing that mHealth approach could increase parents' knowledge and improve their brushing behaviors for children when compared to a negative control group. There was a low level of evidence showing mHealth approach could be more effective than printed material in increasing the parents' oral health knowledge. SOURCES This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (#CRD42021289324) with no funding support. STUDY SELECTION Studies targeting parents/caregivers of children age 12 or under were included. Interventions should be oral health promotion delivered via mobile devices. Study outcomes were parents' oral health knowledge, attitude and behaviors, and children's oral health status. Eight electronic databases/registration platforms: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, WoS, Global Health, Engineering Village 2, WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov were lastly searched on 6th Oct 2021. The risk of bias tools used were RoB 2.0, ROBINS-I and NIH quality assessment tool for pre-post study. Meta-analysis using a fixed-effect model or vote counting based on the direction of effect was performed. CONCLUSION All included studies had a high risk of bias. Low/very low certainty of evidence existed that the mHealth approach could improve parents' oral health knowledge. However, there lacks evidence to show the effects of mHealth intervention exerted on other outcomes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The mHealth intervention could be a good approach to improve the parent's oral health knowledge. However, the theoretical model must be considered when designing the educational content. More research should be conducted to test the effectiveness of mHealth approaches on children's oral health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketian Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Fung Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong
| | - Pei Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong
| | - Gillian Hiu Man Lee
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong
| | - May Chun Mei Wong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong.
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Wang K, Lee GHM, Liu P, Gao X, Wong SYS, Wong MCM. Health belief model for empowering parental toothbrushing and sugar intake control in reducing early childhood caries among young children-study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:298. [PMID: 35413872 PMCID: PMC9003160 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been recognized that oral health education for parents is critical for preventing early childhood caries (ECC). Few parents practiced caries prevention procedures for their children in daily life, though. A novel intervention scheme using mobile messages will be developed in this study under the framework of the health belief model (HBM). The objective of the present randomized clinical trial (RCT) is to evaluate the effectiveness of the new scheme in promoting oral health of young children by reducing dental caries. Methods This RCT will involve 26–36 child care centers or kindergartens with nursery classes (clusters) located in Hong Kong. A total of 518–628 child-parent dyads (child age 18–30 months) will be recruited and randomly allocated at the cluster level into the test or control group with a 1:1 ratio. For parents in the test group, the intervention will consist of a set of HBM-based text messages sent regularly in 48 weeks. A standard text message will be sent to the parents in the control group in the first week. The primary outcome will be dental caries measured by dmft/dmfs of the children after 2 years (around 4 years of age). The secondary outcomes will be toothbtushing and sugar intake. Discussion HBM-based intervention via a low-cost text messaging vehicle may serve as a viable way to empower parents to establish proper oral health behaviors for their children and safeguard the oral health of children in Hong Kong. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT04665219. Registered on 11 December 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06208-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketian Wang
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Gillian Hiu Man Lee
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Pei Liu
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore
| | - Samuel Yeung Shan Wong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - May Chun Mei Wong
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
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Application of the extended theory of planned behavior to understand Chinese students' intention to improve their oral health behaviors: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2303. [PMID: 34923971 PMCID: PMC8684633 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to develop and test an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB), which includes attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, oral health knowledge, and past oral health behavior on the intention to improve oral health behaviors among primary school students in Shanghai, China. METHODS A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 414 students in the third-grade from 10 classes of Mingqiang Primary School located in Shanghai, China. Participants were recruited in October 2019. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires, consisting of demographic characteristics, TPB variables, oral health knowledge and past oral health behaviors. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze TPB items. Pearson's correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to identify the associated factors of intention to improve oral health behaviors. RESULTS The study showed that among students in the third grade, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and past oral health behaviors were associated with the intention to improve oral health behaviors. In the hierarchical regression analysis, age and sex were entered in Model 1 which significantly explained 3.00% of the variance (F = 6.26, p < 0.01). The addition of Model 2 variables of attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and oral health knowledge revealed that TPB variables explained 26.70% (F = 29.59, p < 0.01). For Model 3, the addition of past oral health behaviors accounted for a further 1% of variance, and the full model has accounted for 28.30% of the variance with the intention to improve oral health behaviors (F = 22.8, p < 0.01). Regression analyses supported that among the significant variables, perceived behavioral control had the largest beta weight, followed by subjective norms and past oral health behaviors. CONCLUSION The extended TPB model constructed in this study could be used to explain children's intentions to improve oral health behaviors. Children's oral health-related perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and past oral health behaviors may serve as priority intervention targets in oral health promotion practices aimed at children.
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Schensul J, Reisine S, Salvi A, Ha T, Grady J, Li J. Evaluating mechanisms of change in an oral hygiene improvement trial with older adults. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:362. [PMID: 34289839 PMCID: PMC8293549 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This paper compares the relationship between theoretically-driven mechanisms of change and clinical outcomes across two different interventions to improve oral hygiene of older adults participating in a group randomized trial.
Methods Six low-income senior residences were paired and randomized into two groups. The first received a face to face counseling intervention (AMI) and the second, a peer-facilitated health campaign (three oral health fairs). Both were based on Fishbein’s Integrated Model. 331 participants were recruited at baseline and 306 completed the post-assessment one month after intervention. Clinical outcomes were Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque score (PS), collected by calibrated dental hygienists. Surveys obtained data on patient background characteristics and ten mechanisms of change including oral health beliefs, attitudes, norms and behaviors. GLMM was used to assess the effects of time, intervention arm, participant characteristics, intervention mechanisms and differences between the two interventions over time in relation to outcomes. Results At baseline, both groups had similar background characteristics. Both groups improved significantly in outcomes. Overall GI scores changed from baseline mean of 0.38 (SD = .032) to .26 (SD = .025) and PS scores changed from baseline mean of 71.4 (SD = 18%) to 59.1% (SD = 21%). T-tests showed that fears of oral disease, oral health intentionality, oral health norms, worries about self-management of oral health, flossing frequency and sugar control improved significantly in both interventions from baseline to post intervention. Oral health self-efficacy, perceived risk of oral health problems, oral health locus of control and brushing frequency improved significantly only in the counseling intervention. GLMM models showed that the significant predictors of GI improvement were intentionality to perform oral hygiene, locus of control, and improvement in frequency of brushing and flossing in association with the counseling intervention. Predictors of PS improvement were worries about oral hygiene self-management and fear of oral diseases, in association with the counseling intervention. In the reduced final models, only oral health locus of control (predicting GI) and fears of oral diseases (predicting PS) were significant in association with the counseling intervention. Locus of control, a key concept in oral hygiene interventions including the IM was the main contributing mechanism for GI improvement. Fear, an emotional response, drove improvement in PS, reinforcing the importance of cognitive/emotional mechanisms in oral hygiene interventions. Conclusions Though both groups improved in outcomes, GI and PS outcomes improved more in response to the counseling intervention than the campaign. The counseling intervention had an impact on more mechanisms of change than the campaign. Improvements in intervention mechanisms across both interventions however, suggest a closer examination of the campaign intervention impact on outcomes over time. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02419144, first posted April 17, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Schensul
- Institute for Community Research, 2 Hartford Square West, St. 100, Hartford, CT, 06117, USA.
| | - Susan Reisine
- University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06107, USA
| | - Apoorva Salvi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Toan Ha
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 2118 Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - James Grady
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 195 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06107, USA
| | - Jianghong Li
- Institute for Community Research, 2 Hartford Square West, St. 100, Hartford, CT, 06117, USA
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Reisine S, Schensul JJ, Salvi A, Grady J, Ha T, Li J. Does sequencing matter? A cross-over randomized trial to evaluate a bi-level community-based intervention to improve oral hygiene among vulnerable adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2021; 50:270-279. [PMID: 34091935 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the cumulative effect of an individual-level intervention followed by a building-level intervention, both based on Fishbein's Integrated Model of Behavior Change, has a better effect on oral hygiene clinical outcomes than the sequence of the building-level intervention followed by the individual-level intervention; to determine the added effect of each intervention on the other; to identify the psychosocial mechanisms that might explain the differences. METHODS Six low-income senior housing complexes were enrolled in the study, and participants were recruited from these buildings. Buildings were randomly assigned to receive either the individual counselling intervention first followed by the building-level intervention, or the building-level intervention first followed by the individual intervention. Participants were assessed for gingival inflammation using the gingival index (GI) and plaque scores (PS) at T0, prior to the interventions, T1, about one month after each intervention and T2, about a month after the interventions switched and were completed. Data were collected on background moderators and cognitive/emotional/behavioural mediators in surveys administered at T0, T1 and T2. General linear mixed models were used to assess changes over time by condition and to analyse the effects of moderators and mediators over time. RESULTS Three hundred and thirty-one people completed T0; 306 completed T1 assessments (92.4% retention rate) and 285 completed T2 assessments (86.1% retention rate). All participants improved on GI and PS at T1 and T2 compared to T0. Those in the individual-level intervention condition improved more than those in the building-level condition. Those who were in the building-level intervention followed by the individual intervention continued to improve on GI from T1 to T2. Those in the individual-based intervention followed by the building intervention did not improve significantly from T1 to T2 but remained about the same. For PS, neither group improved significantly from T1 to T2. Several cognitive/behavioural variables significantly affected improvements in GI and PS. CONCLUSIONS Both interventions were successful in improving GI and PS. The building-level intervention did not provide much additional benefit when it followed the individual intervention although it may have had a sustaining effect. The findings on the cognitive/emotional/behavioural variables support the importance of these factors and should be considered when implementing oral hygiene interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Reisine
- Division of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Apoorva Salvi
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James Grady
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Toan Ha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - JiangHong Li
- Institute for Community Research, Hartford, CT, USA
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Determinants of intention to improve oral hygiene behavior among students based on the theory of planned behavior: A structural equation modelling analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247069. [PMID: 33630853 PMCID: PMC7906382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of oral hygiene behaviors (OHB) is very low among school children in Ethiopia. However, the determinants of student's readiness/intention to perform those behaviors have been remained unstudied. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the determinants of oral hygiene behavioral intention (OHBI) among preparatory school students based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). METHODS AND MATERIALS An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 393 students. A 98-item self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate oral hygiene knowledge (OHK), oral hygiene behavior (OHB), and OHBI based on TPB variables [attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC)]. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling analysis (SEM) were employed to confirm relationships and associations among study variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval were used to declare statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 393 students were participated with a response rate of 97.5%. The mean age of the participants (54% females) was 18 (± 1.3) with an age range of 16 to 24. The TPB model was well fitted to the data and explained 66% of the variance in intention. ATT (β = 0.38; 95% CI, (0.21, 0.64)), SN (β = 0.33; 95% CI, (0.05, 0.83)) and PBC (β = 0.29; 95% CI, (0.13, 0.64)) were significant predictors of OHBI, where ATT was the strongest predictor of OHBI. CONCLUSION The TPB model explained a large variance in the intention of students to improve their OHB. All TPB variables were significantly and positively linked to stronger intent, as the theory suggests. Furthermore, these results suggest that the model could provide a framework for oral hygiene promotion interventions in the study area. Indeed, these interventions should focus on changing the attitudes of students towards OHB, creation of positive social pressure, and enabling students to control over OHB barriers.
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Baniasadi K, Armoon B, Higgs P, Bayat AH, Mohammadi Gharehghani MA, Hemmat M, Fakhri Y, Mohammadi R, Fattah Moghaddam L, Schroth RJ. The Association of Oral Health Status and socio-economic determinants with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 19:153-165. [PMID: 33523593 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between poor Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and oral health determinants (eg being 75 years of age or greater, marital status, smoking status, denture wearing, depression, low educational level (≤8th grade), poor general health, caries history, tooth-induced pain, decayed, missing filled teeth (DMFT) scores and periodontal diseases) among the elderly. METHODS Formal search strategies in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science were performed to identify studies in English published before 1 December 2019. We assessed the impacts of the oral health determinants including being 75 years of age or greater, marital status, smoking status, denture wearing, depression, low educational level (≤8th grade), poor general health, caries history, tooth-induced pain, DMFT scores and periodontal diseases) on OHRQoL among elderly individuals. The data were analysed using Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS In total, 19 publications met the inclusion criteria of this meta-analysis. Findings indicate a positive association between low educational level (ie ≤8th grade), marital status, depression, smoking status, denture wearing, poor general health, tooth-induced pain, periodontal diseases and poor OHRQoL among the elderly. We also observed a negative association between DMFT, being older than 75 years of age on poor OHRQoL among the elderly. CONCLUSIONS This review identified that several oral health determinants were associated with poor OHRQoL. The efficacy of preventive measures and the economic aspects of tooth replacement approaches should be explored in the future. Developing oral healthcare plans and policies with the specific aim of improving OHRQoL among this group is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Baniasadi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Pardis, Iran
| | - Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Peter Higgs
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir-Hossein Bayat
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Hemmat
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ladan Fattah Moghaddam
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert J Schroth
- Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Armoon B, Yazdanian M, Higgs P, Nasab HS. Effect of a hospital-based oral health-education program on Iranian staff: evaluating a theory-driven intervention. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:17. [PMID: 33407407 PMCID: PMC7789283 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth decay and periodontitis are among the most prevalent dental diseases globally with adverse effects on an individual's general health. Recently the prevalence of dental caries has decreased significantly, but caries epidemiology remains a major problem in dental public health. This study investigated the impact of an oral health education intervention on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables, and whether changes in these variables persisted and were associated with changes in identified oral health behaviors at 2-month follow-up. METHODS This descriptive pre/post test study was conducted with 160 staff in the Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran. Six hospital wards were selected using a randomized multi-stratified sampling frame. The size for each cluster was calculated as 22 with each ward being allocated to either the intervention or the control arm of the study. Self-report questionnaires were used to evaluate socio-demographic factors, dental attendance as well as the constructs of the augmented TPB model (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control intentions). The intervention was an educational program based on TPB constructs delivered via direct training to half the participants. The control group was provided with usual training only. The independent-samples T-test, Repeated-Measures one-way ANOVA, and matched T-test with the significance level set at p < 0.05 were applied. RESULTS Findings revealed significant variations between the two groups immediately after the educational intervention concerning the attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions to seek treatment, oral health behavior as well as decayed, missing, and filled teeth and bleeding on probing (p<0.001). Two months after the intervention, except for the brushing construct (p = 0.18), the differences between the two groups were all statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings affirm the positive effect an oral health education program has on enhancing the attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions and behavior of staff in this hospital. The results of our study confirm that developing and applying an educational intervention in accordance with the theory of planned behavior can lead to significant changes in the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of hospital staff regarding preventing tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Peter Higgs
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hormoz Sanaei Nasab
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Education Department, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Moghaddam LF, Vettore MV, Bayani A, Bayat AH, Ahounbar E, Hemmat M, Armoon B, Fakhri Y. The Association of Oral Health Status, demographic characteristics and socioeconomic determinants with Oral health-related quality of life among children: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:489. [PMID: 33092562 PMCID: PMC7579886 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life (HQoL) indicators are considered valid measures of patient assessment in physical, mental and oral healthcare. This study aimed to examine the evidence on the relationship of oral health status, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children. METHODS Studies in English published up to December 2019 were searched on PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Epidemiological studies simultaneously assessing sociodemographic factors related to oral health (age, income, gender, maternal education), oral health measures (orthodontic treatment needs, dental caries and periodontal disease) and OHRQoL in children aged 3-12 years were included. Methodological quality was assessed using a Critical Appraisal Checklist. Meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled measures between sociodemographic factors and oral health measures with OHRQoL. RESULTS Eleven articles were included. Lower children's age (3-5 years vs > 5), gender (girls vs boys), lower income (< 70$ vs ≥ $70), low maternal education (≤ 6 vs > 6 years) were associated with poor OHRQoL among children. Orthodontic treatment needs, dental caries and periodontal diseases were also associated with poor children's OHRQoL. Meta-regression showed that Human Development Index, sample size, year of publication and participant's age were relevant aspects that influenced the above mentioned relationships. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that oral health promotion strategies to improve children's OHRQoL should consider the social and environmental where they live as well their oral health status. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore the determinants of OHQoL in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Fattah Moghaddam
- Department of nursing, faculty of nursing and midwifery, Tehran medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mario Vianna Vettore
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Azadeh Bayani
- Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossien Bayat
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Elahe Ahounbar
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Hemmat
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Karimy M, Higgs P, Abadi SS, Armoon B, Araban M, Rouhani MR, Zamani-Alavijeh F. Oral health behavior among school children aged 11-13 years in Saveh, Iran: an evaluation of a theory-driven intervention. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:476. [PMID: 33050893 PMCID: PMC7552527 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Good oral health (OH) is essential for physical, social, mental health, and overall quality of life. This study assessed the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in changing oral health-related behaviors among school children aged 11–13 years in Saveh, Iran. Methods In this descriptive before and after study, participants were sixth-grade students at single sex primary schools in Saveh city, Iran. We recruited 356 school children in 2019. Using simple random sampling, a male and a female school per district were allocated to the experimental group and the remaining schools to the control group. Our planned oral health education consisted of four one-hour training sessions over 1 week. The first session familiarized the participants with important information about OH. In the second session, we applied a brain storming exercise to identify the benefits and barriers to flossing and brushing. In the third session, a short film about correct brushing and dental flossing technique was shown and research team also used role-playing to correct any mistakes. In the final session students were taught about the importance and the application of OH planning and given forms to help plan for brushing. Results Participants for the study included 356 students (180 in the experimental group and 176 in the control group) who completed the post-test questionnaire. The mean age ± standard deviation was 11.55 years ±0.93 in the experimental group and 11.58 years ±1.01 in the control group. After the intervention, the paired t-test indicated a significant difference between the mean and standard deviation of the action plan and coping plan constructs in the experimental group before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). Covariance analysis indicated a significant difference between scores of intervention and control groups under statistical control of post-test in two groups (covariate) after a peer-led education program (post-test) (p < 0.05). Conclusion A shortage of professional health workers in education settings together with the ease, usefulness and low-cost of this peer-led method, suggest further steps should be taken to implement it more widely to improve and enhance primary school aged students’ oral health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Karimy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of medical sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Peter Higgs
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shaghaygh Solayman Abadi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of medical sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Bahram Armoon
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of medical sciences, Saveh, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Araban
- Department of health education and promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rouhani
- Internal medicine department, faculty of medicine, Arak University of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Zamani-Alavijeh
- Department of health education and promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Marquillier T, Lombrail P, Azogui-Lévy S. [Social inequalities in oral health and early childhood caries: How can they be effectively prevented? A scoping review of disease predictors]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2020; 68:201-214. [PMID: 32631663 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries represent a major public health problem. In addition to their individual impact, the massive social inequalities in oral health that are at the roots and result from the disease have largely underestimated consequences for the child, his family and the community. In response to the question of "how and where to act?", this scoping review identifies the individual characteristics associated with the disease on which it would be possible to act, using appropriate prevention strategies. METHODS This scoping review is aimed at describing and analyzing available data in the literature on the different factors associated with early childhood caries. RESULTS The predictors of early childhood caries are represented by mediating (knowledge, attitudes and parents' oral health practices) and moderating (psychosocial parameters, parental health literacy and alcohol consumption) factors. Twenty-eight articles fulfilled the selection criteria, twenty of which studied mediators related to early childhood caries, and fourteen of which dealt with moderators. The lower the parents' level of knowledge and literacy in oral health, the higher a child's dmft index. Additional studies are needed to assess the role of psychosocial parameters. CONCLUSION Parents' knowledge and oral health literacy are the key predictors to be preferentially targeted in view of reducing social inequalities in health through actions undertaken on a local scale. The prevention of early childhood caries necessitates a combination of generic and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Marquillier
- Pediatric Dentisry, CHU de Lille, university of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Educational and Health Practices Laboratory, LEPS, UR 3412, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 74, rue Marcel-Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France.
| | - P Lombrail
- Educational and Health Practices Laboratory, LEPS, UR 3412, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 74, rue Marcel-Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - S Azogui-Lévy
- Educational and Health Practices Laboratory, LEPS, UR 3412, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 74, rue Marcel-Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France; Public health Department, Dentistry Faculty, university of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
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