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Wang C, Chen Y, Xu H, Wang W, Zhou H, Sun Q, Hong X, Zhao J. Sustaining Healthy Habits: The Enduring Impact of Combined School-Family Interventions on Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among Pilot Chinese Schoolchildren. Nutrients 2024; 16:953. [PMID: 38612987 PMCID: PMC11013720 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the enduring impact of combined school- and family-based interventions on reducing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) among schoolchildren in China. Two primary schools were assigned at random to either the Intervention Group or the Control Group, in Nanjing, eastern China. All students were in grade three and received an invitation to participate. In the first year, students in the Intervention Group received one-year intervention measures, including monthly monitoring, aiming to decrease the consumption of SSBs. Students in the Control Group only received regular monitoring without interventions. In the second year, both groups received only regular monitoring, without active interventions. A generalized estimating equations model (GEE) was used to assess the intervention effects. After two years, relative to the Control Group, the Intervention Group had a significantly improved knowledge of SSBs and an improved family environment with parents. In the Intervention Group, 477 students (97.3%) had adequate knowledge about SSBs, compared to 302 students (83.2%) in the Control Group (X2 = 52.708, p < 0.001). Two years later, the number of students who stated 'my home always has SSBs' in the Intervention Group (7.8%) was fewer than that in the Control Group (12.4%), which was a statistically significant finding (p < 0.05). One year later, both the frequency and the quantity of SSB consumption in the Intervention Group were less than those in the Control Group; such differences between the groups remained statistically significant for the quantity but not for the frequency of SSB consumption two years later. In the Intervention Group, the frequency of SSB consumption was significantly reduced by 1.0 times per week, compared to a reduction of 0.1 times per week in the Control Group in the first year (p < 0.05). In the second year, the frequency of SSB consumption was reduced by 0.8 times per week in the Intervention Group, compared to 0.5 times per week in the Control Group (p > 0.05). In the first year, the volume of SSB consumption was significantly reduced by 233 mL per week in the Intervention Group, compared to an increase of 107 mL per week in the Control Group (p < 0.05). In the second year, the volume of SSB consumption was reduced by 122 mL per week in the Intervention Group compared to an increase of 31 mL per week in the Control Group (p > 0.05). The combined school-based and family-based interventions had a positive effect on the students' knowledge of SSBs and their family dynamics during the first and second year. Relative to the Control Group, the Intervention Group had a statistically significant reduction in SSB consumption after 1 year, but not after 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China; (C.W.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yijia Chen
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China; (C.W.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China; (C.W.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China; (C.W.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Hairong Zhou
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China; (C.W.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qiannan Sun
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China; (C.W.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China; (C.W.); (Y.C.); (H.X.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Jinkou Zhao
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
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Choi JE, Lee HA, Park SW, Lee JW, Lee JH, Park H, Kim HS. Increase of Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents in Korea during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the KNHANES. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1105. [PMID: 37508602 PMCID: PMC10378374 DOI: 10.3390/children10071105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak utilizing representative data on youth aged 2-18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) conducted in 2019-2020. (2) Methods: The survey consists of three parts: health interviews, health examinations, and nutrition surveys. From the 2019 and 2020 surveys, 1371 (2-9 years = 702 and 10-18 years = 669) and 1124 (2-9 years = 543 and 10-18 years = 581) individuals were included in the analysis. (3) Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) increased significantly among youth aged 2-9 years from 16.53 kg/m2 in 2019 to 17.1 kg/m2 in 2020 (p < 0.01). In youth aged 10-18 years, the BMI was found to increase slightly from 21.25 kg/m2 in 2019 to 21.41 kg/m2 in 2020 (p = 0.64). The increasing prevalence of extreme obesity was significant in girls, especially those aged 2-9 years (p < 0.01). However, extreme obesity had increased in 10-18-year-old boys (p = 0.08). The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents increased from 3.79% to 7.79% during the COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.01). (4) Conclusions: We observed that the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents has increased after the COVID-19 outbreak. This is believed to be associated with an increase in the rate of early comorbidities in adulthood. The prevention of the progression of pediatric obesity has recently become an urgent public health concern in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ah Lee
- Clinical Trial Center, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Park
- Department of Pediatrics, MizMedi Hospital, Seoul 07639, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Won Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyen Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Park
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Soon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
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Sim EB, Sohn W, Choi ES, Noh H. Oral Health Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption among Korean Adolescents. Int J Dent Hyg 2022; 20:721-731. [PMID: 35920085 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the association between the frequency of SSB consumption and the prevalence of oral symptoms in adolescents. METHODS We analyzed the data collected from the 2017 (13th) Korea Youth Risk-Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). KYRBS collected beverage consumption data from 64,991 Korean adolescents. Self-reported oral symptoms including sensitivity to food, sharp aches and pains in the teeth, and painful or bleeding gums were also collected. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to test the Association between the frequency of SSB consumption and oral symptoms groups. RESULTS It was found that Korean adolescents who consumed SSB at least once a week(94.4%) experienced more subjective oral symptoms (46.5%) even after controlling for confounding variables. In addition, as the frequency of SSB intake in adolescents increased, the subjective oral symptoms increased. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study clearly revealed that the SSB consumption impacted adolescents' subjective oral symptoms. Compared to those who did not consume SSBs, those who consumed SSBs showed increased for developing subjective oral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bi Sim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Woosung Sohn
- Discipline of Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eun Sil Choi
- Ganwon Public Health Policy Institute, Ganwon, Korea
| | - Hiejin Noh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
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Islam MR, Rahman SM, Rahman MM, Pervin J, Rahman A, Ekström EC. Gender and socio-economic stratification of ultra-processed and deep-fried food consumption among rural adolescents: A cross-sectional study from Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272275. [PMID: 35901170 PMCID: PMC9333446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although consumption of ultra-processed and deep-fried foods among adolescents is a global health concern, little is known about its gender and socio-economic stratification in rural settings of low- and middle-income countries. We, thus, aimed to describe ultra-processed and deep-fried food consumption among rural adolescents by gender and socio-economic factors, and to explore their relative importance in shaping consumption. Methods This cross-sectional study drew on data from a household survey in Matlab, a rural sub-district in Bangladesh. The analytic sample comprised 2463 adolescents. We assessed consumption of four ultra-processed food groups: ready-to-eat or “instant” foods; confectionery, sweets and similar packaged products; savory snacks; sugar-sweetened beverage; and of deep-fried foods with a 24-hour, qualitative recall. Asset scores were constructed. Proportion of consumption was calculated and compared by gender and household wealth. Logistic regression models were fitted to isolate socio-demographic variables associated with consumption. Results Approximately 83% (81.5–84.4) adolescents consumed at least one ultra-processed or deep-fried item. Confectioneries were the most consumed (53.5%), whereas sugar-sweetened beverage was the least consumed (12%) group. Boys had greater odds of consumption than girls for all food groups. The association was strongest for sugar-sweetened beverage (adjusted odds ratio = 2.57; 95% CI: 1.97, 3.37), followed by deep-fried foods (adjusted odds ratio = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.66, 2.32) and ready-to-eat foods (adjusted odds ratio = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.45, 2.38). Belonging to the richest households was associated with ready-to-eat food consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.16). Adolescents with higher educational attainment had lower odds of consuming sugar-sweetened beverage (adjusted odds ratio = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.98). Conclusion Consumption of packaged confectioneries, savory snacks, and deep-fried foods appeared common, while SSB consumption was relatively low. Role of gender was pre-eminent as consumption was more likely among boys across the food groups. This may disproportionately expose them to the risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Moshfiqur Rahman
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Monjur Rahman
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jesmin Pervin
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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The Association of Soft Drink Consumption and the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines with Suicidality among Adolescents of the United States. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091870. [PMID: 35565838 PMCID: PMC9100874 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence is lacking for the association of the behaviors of the 24 h movement guidelines including sleep duration, physical activity, screen time, and soft drink consumption with suicidality among adolescents. Methods: Data were extracted from a national representative sample of Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) in the United States from 2011 to 2019. Binary logistic regression models with complex sampling designs were used to explore the association of the recommendations of the 24 h movement guidelines and soft drink consumption with suicidality. Results: The total prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide attempt with medical treatment was higher among adolescents who did not meet all the recommendations in the 24 h movement guidelines and had a higher level of soft drink consumption. Totally, not meeting all the recommendations of the 24 h movement guidelines was significantly associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.30–2.19) and suicide plan (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.34–2.33) compared with adolescents who meet all the recommendations. Soft drink consumption of ≥3 times/day was associated with an increased risk of suicidality including suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide attempt with medical treatment, regardless of sex. Soft drink consumption of ≥3 times/day was significantly associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt and suicide attempt with medical treatment, regardless of whether the recommendations of physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration were met. Conclusion: Age-appropriate sleep duration, no more than 2 h of screen time per day, at least 1 h of physical activity per day as contained in the 24 h movement guidelines and less than one soft drink consumption per day are good targets to prevent involvement in suicidality. More actions for intervening in the movement and dietary behaviors among adolescents are needed to maintain physical and mental health.
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Guo H, Phung D, Chu C. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, behavioral, and parental factors associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in children in China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261199. [PMID: 34890424 PMCID: PMC8664181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence shows sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is a risk factor for obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in children. Investigating the influential profiles, which have been examined insufficiently, will help to inform the reduction of SSB consumption. The present research examines the current trend in SSB consumption and associated factors among children in China, in order to inform policy development. Methods Secondary data was extracted from China’s Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS; 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011), a repeated cross-sectional research, and a Chi-squared test was applied to compare SSB consumption in the last year, queried by social demographical, `environmental, behavioral, and parental factors. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was employed to examine the trend and effects of the multiple factors. Results A total of 6015 Chinese children aged 6–17 years were investigated. From 2004 to 2011, the percentage of SSB consumption in children increased from 72.6% to 90.3%. The prevalence in urban areas was higher than the prevalence in rural areas, higher in high schools than primary and middle schools, higher in east coast affluent provinces than other provinces, and higher in high-income households than low-income households. Other associated factors include children’s fast food and salty snacks preference, level of physical activity, sedentariness, and parental education. The strongest association with SSB consumption in children was the mother’s SSB consumption (adjusted odds ratio: 5.54, 95% CI: 3.17–9.67). Conclusion Children’s SSB consumption has increased significantly in China, and is associated with socio-economic, demographic, level of physical activity, food preference, and parental factors. Future strategies aimed at reducing SSB consumption among children need to consider these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Guo
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
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Wang CW, Chen DR. Associations of sugar-sweetened beverage knowledge, self-efficacy, and perceived benefits and barriers with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescents: A structural equation modeling approach. Appetite 2021; 168:105663. [PMID: 34455023 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the predictors of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in adolescents, including knowledge of SSBs, self-efficacy, and perceived benefits and barriers, using the structural equation modeling approach. This cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2019 in New Taipei City, Taiwan. The participants were 633 adolescents from 23 classes at three junior high schools in New Taipei City. A structured self-administered questionnaire was developed for data collection. The overall model predicted SSB consumption well, suggesting that SSB consumption was associated with self-efficacy and perceived barriers and benefits. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of SSB consumption. Both perceived barriers and self-efficacy sequentially and fully mediated the effect of knowledge on SSB consumption. This study confirms that self-efficacy is associated with SSB intake in both male and female adolescents. However, knowledge of SSBs was not associated with SSB consumption. Relying on nutritional education alone may not be adequate to change SSB consumption. The results suggest that future health promotion programs should improve self-efficacy to decrease SSB consumption in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Wang
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment (Population Health Research Center, PHRC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
| | - Duan-Rung Chen
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei, 10055, Taiwan.
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Can point-of-sale nutrition information encourage reduced preference for sugary drinks among adolescents? Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:4023-4034. [PMID: 34018479 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether point-of-sale (POS) information about the nutrition content of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) promotes healthier drink choices among teenagers, and explore whether POS intervention effects vary based on prior exposure to a sugary drink public health campaign (13 Cancers). DESIGN Between-subjects online experiment with three POS signage conditions: no signage (control); sugar content (SC) and Health Star Rating (HSR). Participants viewed their assigned POS sign alone, then alongside a drinks product display and chose which drink they would buy. Perceptions of various drink products and campaign recall were assessed. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents aged 13-17 years (n 925) recruited via an online panel. RESULTS POS signs did not promote a significant reduction in preference for SSB (cf. control condition). Cognitive and emotional responses to POS signs were strongest for the SC sign, which was rated higher than the HSR sign on various perceived effectiveness measures. Participants who saw the SC sign rated SSB as less healthy (cf. control condition) and were more likely to accurately estimate the number of teaspoons of sugar in soft drink (cf. HSR sign and control conditions). There was no significant interaction between prior exposure to the 13 Cancers campaign and POS signage condition regarding preferences for and perceptions of SSB. CONCLUSIONS SSB POS interventions may not have the desired effect on adolescents' drink preferences. Testing SSB POS signs in real-world retail settings is needed to determine whether positive educational impacts extend to promoting healthier drink purchases and reduced SSB consumption among teenagers.
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Hwang SB, Park S, Jin GR, Jung JH, Park HJ, Lee SH, Shin S, Lee BH. Trends in Beverage Consumption and Related Demographic Factors and Obesity among Korean Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2651. [PMID: 32878096 PMCID: PMC7551557 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that reducing consumption of sugar is a global public health priority. Beverages were the primary source of total sugar intake from processed foods. However, there are few studies investigating the trend of beverage consumption among children and adolescents in Korea. We examined the overall trend in beverage consumption among 11,996 participants aged 10-18 years who were enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (1998-2018). Further, we examined the effect of beverage types on beverage consumption-related demographic factors and obesity among 6121 participants using the recent 24 h dietary recall data (2010-2018) that captured the consumption of fruit and vegetable juices, soft drinks, milk and milk-based products and alcoholic beverages. Demographic characteristics, including sex, age, body mass index, household income level and residential area, were considered. Consumers' overall beverage intake and the percentage of energy derived from fruit and vegetable juices and soft drinks steadily increased from 1998 to 2016-2018 (p-trend < 0.0001); in contrast, dairy product consumption declined since 2010-2012. The main sources of beverage-based calories were fruit and vegetable juices (107.5 kcal/day), soft drinks (145.2 kcal/day), dairy products (181.8 kcal/day) and alcoholic beverages (103.5 kcal/day). Also, Korean adolescents aged 16-18 years consumed more soft drinks, fewer dairy products and higher alcoholic drinks than other age groups; particularly, boys consumed more energy from beverages (p < 0.0001). The odds ratios of obesity prevalence tended to be higher for soft drink consumption than for other beverages but this was not significant. The consumption of fruit and vegetable juices and milk and milk products showed a marginal association with a reduced risk of obesity prevalence. Since beverage consumption has increased steadily among Korean children and adolescents, appropriate interventions are needed. In the future, data from a larger sample of Korean children and adolescents are necessary to identify significant differences and longitudinal studies are necessary to examine the causalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sangah Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea; (S.B.H.); (S.P.); (G.-R.J.); (J.H.J.); (H.J.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Bog-Hieu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea; (S.B.H.); (S.P.); (G.-R.J.); (J.H.J.); (H.J.P.); (S.H.L.)
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