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da Silva Goulart R, Oliveira-Silva M, Faria-Junior M, Silva-Sousa YTC, Miranda CES, Pitondo-Silva A. Optimized protocol for collecting root canal biofilms for in vitro studies. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 226:107048. [PMID: 39332642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.107048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Endodontic retreatment is often necessitated by several factors, including the persistence of microorganisms in the root canal system (RCS). Their complex organization in biofilms increases their pathogenic potential, necessitating new disinfection strategies. This study aimed to standardize a new in vitro protocol for collecting biofilm from the RCS. Thirty-four bovine incisors were used in the study, divided into two experimental groups with two collection steps each: (a) biofilm collection protocol and (b) absorbent paper points protocol. Twelve specimens from each group were selected for counting colony-forming units (CFUs), while eight specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two additional specimens served as sterilization controls to ensure that experiments were free of contamination. The coronal region was removed and standardized at 15 mm. After preparation with ProTaper up to F5, the apical foramen was sealed with composite resin, and the roots were stabilized with acrylic resin in 1.5-mL Eppendorf tubes. The specimens were sterilized and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis NTCT 775 every 24 h for 21 days. After this period, each group underwent biofilm collection protocols, and CFU and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data were analyzed. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to assess the normality of log-transformed data, and the results indicated a normal distribution for all groups, allowing parametric testing. The Levene test was used to evaluate the equality of variances. The proposed biofilm collection method yielded significantly higher CFU counts compared with the absorbent paper points method, particularly when analyzed on a log₁₀ scale. An independent samples t-test confirmed a statistically significant difference between the two methods (p < 0.0001). The proposed protocol achieved an efficiency rate of 95.85 % ± 1.15 %, whereas the absorbent paper points protocol yielded a lower efficiency of 5.46 % ± 1.37 %. Therefore, the biofilm collection protocol proposed in this study proved to be more effective for biofilm removal from the RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael da Silva Goulart
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil CEP: 14096-900.
| | - Mariana Oliveira-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil CEP: 14096-900.
| | - Milton Faria-Junior
- Departamento de Exatas, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil CEP: 14096-900.
| | - Yara Teresinha Correa Silva-Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil CEP: 14096-900.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Saraiva Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil CEP: 14096-900; Curso de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil CEP: 14096-900.
| | - André Pitondo-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil CEP: 14096-900; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto. Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil CEP: 14096-900.
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Madani WAM, Ramos Y, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Morales DK. Enterococcal-host interactions in the gastrointestinal tract and beyond. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae027. [PMID: 39391373 PMCID: PMC11466040 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is typically considered the natural niche of enterococci. However, these bacteria also inhabit extraintestinal tissues, where they can disrupt organ physiology and cause life-threatening infections. Here, we discuss how enterococci, primarily Enterococcus faecalis, interact with the intestine and other host anatomical locations such as the oral cavity, heart, liver, kidney, and vaginal tract. The metabolic flexibility of these bacteria allows them to quickly adapt to new environments, promoting their persistence in diverse tissues. In transitioning from commensals to pathogens, enterococci must overcome harsh conditions such as nutrient competition, exposure to antimicrobials, and immune pressure. Therefore, enterococci have evolved multiple mechanisms to adhere, colonize, persist, and endure these challenges in the host. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how enterococci interact with diverse host cells and tissues across multiple organ systems, highlighting the key molecular pathways that mediate enterococcal adaptation, persistence, and pathogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiam Abdalla Mo Madani
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
| | - Yusibeska Ramos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
| | - Diana K Morales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
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Niu C, Huang J, Wei L, Wang J, Ran S. Proinflammatory Effect of Membrane Vesicles Derived from Enterococcus faecalis at Neutral and Alkaline pH. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00480-1. [PMID: 39218147 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study explored the proinflammatory impact of Enterococcus faecalis membrane vesicles (MVs) derived from culture medium at pH levels of 7.4 and 9.0. METHODS E. faecalis MVs were obtained by centrifugation and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. Proteomic analyses were performed on E. faecalis MVs to investigate their components. THP-1 macrophages were exposed to E. faecalis MVs, and the inflammatory cytokines and proteins were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. The inflammatory cytokines in the serum of mice with intraperitoneal injection of E. faecalis MVs were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunophenotyping of spleen cells was investigated with flow cytometry. RESULTS Proteomic analysis revealed 196 proteins in E. faecalis MVs obtained under neutral and alkali conditions; 110 proteins were up-regulated, and 79 proteins were down-regulated by alkaline pH. E. faecalis MVs induced secretion of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in a concentration-dependent manner. Immunoblotting revealed that E. faecalis MVs increased expression of pro-IL-1β, nuclear factor kappa Bp65, and Toll-like receptor 2. In vivo studies demonstrated that E. faecalis MVs significantly promoted secretion of IL-1β in mouse serum, whereas inflammatory cells were activated in the spleen. E. faecalis MVs obtained at a pH of 9.0 showed stronger proinflammatory effects than those obtained under neutral pH. CONCLUSIONS E. faecalis produces MVs that carry specific proteins associated with virulence factors, and these MVs can promote inflammation in vitro and in vivo. E. faecalis MVs obtained under alkaline conditions have a stronger proinflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Niu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifan Wei
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China; Nucleic Acid Drug Research and Development Institute, CSPC, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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Xiang Y, Wang S, Huang H, Li X, Wei Y, Li H, Ji X. A novel endolysin from an Enterococcus faecalis phage and application. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106689. [PMID: 38750777 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the primary species detected in cases of secondary persistent infection resulting from root canal therapy failure. Due to the overuse of antibacterial agents, E. faecalis has developed resistance to these drugs, making it challenging to treat clinical diseases caused by E. faecalis infection. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new alternative drugs for treating E. faecalis infections. We aimed to clone and express the genes of phage endolysins, purify the recombinant proteins, and analyze their antibacterial activity, lysis profile, and ability to remove biofilm. The crude enzyme of phage endolysin pEF51 (0.715 mg/mL), derived from phage PEf771 infecting E. faecalis, exhibited superior bacterial inhibitory activity and a broader bactericidal spectrum than its parental phage PEf771. Furthermore, pEF51 demonstrated high efficacy in eliminating E. faecalis biofilm. Therapeutic results of the infected Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model indicated that among 10 SD rats, only one developed a thoracic peritoneal abscess and splenic peritoneal abscess after 72 h of treatment with pEF51. This suggests that pEF51 could provide protection against E. faecalis infection in SD rats. Based on the 16S rDNA metagenomic data of the intestinal microbial community of SD rats, endolysin pEF51 exerted a certain influence on the diversity of intestinal microorganisms at the genus level. Thus, pEF51 may serve as a promising alternative to antibiotics in the management of E. faecalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- -Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Suping Wang
- -Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao Huang
- -Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- -Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- -Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- -Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- -Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Park KH, Ordinola-Zapata R, Noblett WC, Lima BP, Staley C. The effect of ultrasonic and multisonic irrigation on root canal microbial communities: An ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2024; 57:895-906. [PMID: 37983635 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse the effect of ultrasonic irrigant activation (UIA) and the GentleWave (GW) multisonic irrigation (GW) with minimal instrumentation on the root canal microbial diversity in an ex vivo model that used extracted molars with a history of pulp necrosis. METHODOLOGY Twenty-three mandibular molars were prepared ex vivo for collection of superficial (surface control), pre-treatment and post-treatment samples 24 h after extraction. Samples were divided into two groups: UIA using 6% NaOCl (n = 11) and GW group (n = 12). All samples were processed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing to measure microbial diversity before and after the antimicrobial treatment. For qPCR, a t-test (α = .05) was used to compare the log10 reduction. The Chao1 and Shannon indices evaluated alpha diversity. Differences in community composition (beta diversity) were evaluated by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni corrections was performed to evaluate the differences in abundances genera in the samples. RESULTS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed an estimated 1.6 and 2.6 log10 reduction for UIA and GW groups respectively (p = .048). An average of 5 ± 4 and 3 ± 5 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in surface's samples in the UIA and GW group respectively. These values were significantly lower (p < .001) compared to the number of preoperative OTUs in those groups (155 ± 79 and 187 ± 121). In assessing beta diversity, there were no significant differences found in pre-treatment samples (R = .090, p = .070 ANOSIM with Bonferroni corrections). Also, no significant differences in community composition were observed in post-treatment samples (R = -.05, p = .829). After treatment, there was a significant reduction of Eubacterium using conventional treatment with UIA and a significant reduction of Prevotella using minimal instrumentation with GW irrigation (p = .007 and p = .002 respectively). CONCLUSION Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a significant reduction in microbial load for GW group. Overall, diversity changes were similar between UIA and GW irrigation in this ex vivo model that used extracted teeth with a history of pulp necrosis. OTUs obtained from the surface sample were negligible and did not affect the statistical outcome of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Park
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - W Craig Noblett
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Macedo FPG, Soares ADJ, Marceliano-Alves MFV, Martinez E, Lopes R, Bastos LF, Nascimento WM, Limoeiro AG, Dos Frozoni M. The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study. Int Endod J 2024; 57:700-712. [PMID: 38404175 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the influence of different preparation tapers on the reduction in planktonic bacteria and biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the apical third (4 mm) of the mesial roots of mandibular molars, correlating decontamination with canal shape. METHODOLOGY After microtomography analysis for morphological standardization of the canals, 48 mandibular molar roots, each containing two canals (96 canals), were contaminated with E. faecalis and C. albicans and divided into four groups (n = 11) for canal instrumentation using ProDesign Logic 2 files with different tapers G (.03): # 25.03; G (.04): # 25.04; G (.05): # 25.05; and G (.06): # 25.06 and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Four roots were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to qualitatively assess biofilm formation. Eight roots were used as the negative control group (samples were not contaminated). Bacteriological samples were taken exclusively from the apical third of the roots before and after chemical-mechanical preparation and bacterial counts were determined (CFU/mL). The final micro-CT scan was used to quantify the volume variation and unprepared canal area in the apical third. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Student-Newman-Keuls and Wilcoxon tests for analysis of microbiological data. anova and the Tukey or Games-Howell test were used for analysis of micro-CT data and Spearman's test for correlations (α = 5%). RESULTS All groups showed a significant reduction in bacteria (p < .05), with no statistically significant difference between groups. There was no significant difference in per cent volume increase between groups. The unprepared area (Δ%) was affected by the file used (p = .026) and was significantly lower for G (.06) compared to G (.03). There was no statistically significant correlation among bacterial reduction, volume and unprepared area (p > .05). CONCLUSION The different preparation tapers influenced root canal shaping in the apical third but did not improve decontamination in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana de Jesus Soares
- Department of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Fagury Videira Marceliano-Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT - Biomaterials Research group & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, School of Dentistry, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Elizabeth Martinez
- Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lopes
- Nuclear Instrumentation Department, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan Ferreira Bastos
- Nuclear Instrumentation Department, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wayne Martins Nascimento
- Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Grasiela Limoeiro
- Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Dos Frozoni
- Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xiang Y, Wang S, Huang H, Li X, Li H, Tu Y, Wei Y, Song F, Ji X. A novel holin from an Enterococcus faecalis phage and application in vitro and in vivo. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106471. [PMID: 38048838 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a conditional pathogenic bacterium, is prevalent in the intestinal, oral, and reproductive tracts of humans and animals, causing a variety of infectious diseases. E. faecalis is the main species detected in secondary persistent infection from root canal therapy failure. Due to the abuse of antibacterial agents, E. faecalis has evolved its resistant ability. Therefore, it is difficult to treat clinical diseases infected by E. faecalis. Exploring new alternative drugs for treating E. faecalis infection is urgent. We cloned and expressed the gene of phage holin, purified the recombinant protein, and analyzed the antibacterial activity, lysis profile, and ability to remove bacterial biofilm. It showed that the crude enzyme of phage holin pEF191 exhibited superior bacterial inhibiting activity and a broader lysis host range compared to the parent phage PEf771. In addition, pEF191 demonstrated high efficacy in eliminating E. faecalis biofilm. The therapeutic results of the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats model infected showed that pEf191 did not affect SD rats, indicating that pEF191 provided greater protection against E. faecalis infection in SD rats. Based on the 16 S rDNA data of SD rats intestinal microorganism population, holin pEF191 exhibited no impact on the diversity of intestinal microorganisms at the phylum and genus levels and improved the relative abundance of favorable bacteria. Thus, pEF191 may serve as a promising alternative to antibiotics in the management of E. faecalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Suping Wang
- Facculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Yungui Tu
- Anning First People's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Facculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Minimally invasive intervention, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China.
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China.
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Tadano JPG, Bueno CEDS, Silveira CFDM, Yamanaka TB, Piai GG, Duarte MAH, Vivan RR, De Martin AS. Effect of different activation methods on the intratubular penetration of CaOH 2 paste: Ex-vivo analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:18-26. [PMID: 36093994 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the maximum penetration depth (MPD) and penetration area (PA) of CaOH2 paste agitated by different methods and to measure the pH after performing these methods. Fifty-five mandibular premolars were divided into control, GL and 4 experimental groups, GEC, GXP, GEDDY and GI (n = 11), where the paste was agitated with Easy Clean, XP-endo Finisher, EDDY and Irrisonic, respectively. The canals were instrumented and irrigated with NaOCl. The paste was manipulated with propylene glycol and rhodamine B dye. Root sections were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. There was no difference between groups regarding PA (p > 0.05). At 5 mm, MPD was greater in GEC than in GL or GEDDY, and greater in GI than in GL (p < 0.05). At 2 mm, MPD was greater in GEC than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both Easy Clean and Irrisonic promoted deeper paste penetration and were associated with higher pH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Gasparin Tadano
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Endodontia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tainara Bielecki Yamanaka
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Endodontia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Gonçalez Piai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Húngaro Duarte
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Sigrist De Martin
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Endodontia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rajan SM, Shrestha B, Aati S, Kujan O, Tay A, Fawzy AS. Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Versus Photodynamic Therapy Against Enterococcus faecalis-Infected Root Canals. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:1875-1881. [PMID: 37263892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The high incidence of endodontic failure is associated with the remnants of Enterococcus faecalis present within the intricate anatomies of the root canal system (RCS), often inaccessible by the current endodontic practices. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on E. faecalis biofilms in artificially infected root canals for the potential application in current endodontic practices. METHODS Forty-five single-rooted extracted teeth were instrumented using hand files, sterilized in an autoclave, infected with E. faecalis and incubated for 4 wk. The specimens were treated and identified as follows: Control, 4% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); riboflavin (1 mg/mL); light only; HIFU (250 kHz, 20 W, 60s); PDT; riboflavin/HIFU; light/HIFU; and riboflavin/HIFU/light. Bactericidal efficacy was determined by colony-forming units (CFU), (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS Enterococcus faecalis biofilm exhibited significantly lower metabolic activity when treated with HIFU (250 kHz, 20 W, 60 s) compared with the control (4% NaOCl) and PDT groups. A similar phenomenon was observed with the CFU assay. HIFU remained the most effective treatment modality, with consistent results in CLSM and SEM. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the potential application of HIFU as an adjunct drug-free, non-destructive root canal disinfection method for endodontic treatment, suggesting an alternative to the current gold standard of 4% NaOCl and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barsha Shrestha
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sultan Aati
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Alfred Tay
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Amr S Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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10
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Espíndola LCP, Oliveira AMD, Masterson D, Maia LC, Souto RMD. Prevalence of Enterococcus species in adults with periodontal health or with periodontitis: a systematic review. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e019. [PMID: 37531510 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Enterococcus species in the mouth of adults with periodontal health and periodontitis. A systematic search was made in databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The search for articles was conducted in Medline/PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science databases and in the System of Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SINGLE) and included articles published in English up to April 25th, 2021. Observational studies in humans with and without periodontitis were evaluated to identify the prevalence of Enterococcus species. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and classified to determine the quality rating in good, fair, and poor. A new detailed checklist for quality assessment was developed based on the information required for applicable data extraction in reviews. The study design, sample size, demographic data, periodontal clinical parameters, microbial analysis method, biological sample, prevalence of Enterococcus spp., and correlations with periodontal clinical parameters were assessed. After screening and full-text reading, 8 articles met the inclusion criteria. All selected studies showed a significantly higher prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in patients with periodontitis compared with periodontally healthy patients. Thus, the present systematic review suggests that the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis in the mouth of periodontitis individuals is higher than that of periodontally healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Miranda de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Dental School, Department of Dental Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Masterson
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Central Library of the Health Science Center, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Dental School, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Martins do Souto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Deng Z, Lin B, Liu F, Zhao W. Role of Enterococcus faecalis in refractory apical periodontitis: from pathogenicity to host cell response. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2184924. [PMID: 36891193 PMCID: PMC9987735 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2184924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory apical periodontitis (RAP) is an oral infectious disease characterised by persistent inflammation, progressive alveolar bone destruction, and delayed bone healing. RAP has received increasing attention, because it cannot be cured after repeated root canal therapies. The aetiology of RAP is related to the complex interplay between the pathogen and its host. However, the exact pathogenesis of RAP remains unclarified and includes several factors, such as microorganism immunogenicity, host immunity and inflammation, and tissue destruction and repair. Enterococcus faecalis is the dominant pathogen involved in RAP, and has evolved multiple strategies to ensure survival, which cause persistent intraradicular and extraradicular infections. OBJECTIVE To review the crucial role of E. faecalis in the pathogenesis of RAP, and open new avenues for prevention and treatment of RAP. METHODS The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for pertinent publications, employing the search terms "Enterococcus faecalis", "refractory apical periodontitis", "persistent periapical periodontitis", "pathogenicity", "virulence", "biofilm formation", "dentine tubule", "immune cell", "macrophage", and "osteoblast". RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Besides its high pathogenicity due to various virulence mechanisms, E. faecalis modulates the macrophage and osteoblast responses, including regulated cell death, cell polarisation, cell differentiation, and inflammatory response. An in-depth understanding of the multifaceted host cell responses modulated by E. faecalis will help to design potential future therapeutic strategies and overcome the challenges of sustained infection and delayed tissue healing in RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Xiang D, Dong PT, Cen L, Bor B, Lux R, Shi W, Yu Q, He X, Wu T. Antagonistic interaction between two key endodontic pathogens Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2149448. [DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2149448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Xiang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pu-Ting Dong
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lujia Cen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Batbileg Bor
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuesong He
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tingxi Wu
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance of Streptococci and Enterococci Isolated from Dental Caries and Healthy People. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jommid.10.2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Alshanta OA, Albashaireh K, McKloud E, Delaney C, Kean R, McLean W, Ramage G. Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm frenemies: When the relationship sours. Biofilm 2022; 4:100072. [PMID: 35313556 PMCID: PMC8933684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Om Alkhir Alshanta
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Khawlah Albashaireh
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emily McKloud
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Delaney
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Kean
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William McLean
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Glasgow Endodontology and Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Xu VW, Nizami MZI, Yin IX, Yu OY, Lung CYK, Chu CH. Application of Copper Nanoparticles in Dentistry. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:805. [PMID: 35269293 PMCID: PMC8912653 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles based on metal and metallic oxides have become a novel trend for dental applications. Metal nanoparticles are commonly used in dentistry for their exclusive shape-dependent properties, including their variable nano-sizes and forms, unique distribution, and large surface-area-to-volume ratio. These properties enhance the bio-physio-chemical functionalization, antimicrobial activity, and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. Copper is an earth-abundant inexpensive metal, and its nanoparticle synthesis is cost effective. Copper nanoparticles readily intermix and bind with other metals, ceramics, and polymers, and they exhibit physiochemical stability in the compounds. Hence, copper nanoparticles are among the commonly used metal nanoparticles in dentistry. Copper nanoparticles have been used to enhance the physical and chemical properties of various dental materials, such as dental amalgam, restorative cements, adhesives, resins, endodontic-irrigation solutions, obturation materials, dental implants, and orthodontic archwires and brackets. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of copper nanoparticles and their applications in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (V.W.X.); (I.X.Y.); (O.Y.Y.); (C.Y.K.L.); (C.H.C.)
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16
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Gutiérrez DM, Castillo Y, Ibarra-Avila H, López M, Orozco JC, Lafaurie GI, Castillo DM. A new model for the formation of an Enterococcus faecalis endodontic biofilm with nutritional restriction. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:13-21. [PMID: 34874074 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro model for the formation of an Enterococcus faecalis endodontic biofilm under nutritional restriction was established, simulating clinical conditions for the evaluation of antimicrobial substances. Biofilm formation in dentin was standardized using root quarters incubated with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 at 37°C without nutritional changes. Biofilms were evaluated at 7, 14, and 30 days, counting bacterial colony-forming units using conventional culture and verified scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial viability and biovolume were determined with confocal laser microscopy. Colonization of E. faecalis and biofilm formation on the dentinal surface was confirmed after 7 and 14 days, respectively. Microorganism colonization was homogeneous over the entire root surface at each time point, without significant differences in the viability percentage and biovolume. On the contrary, a decrease in viability and an increase in biovolume were observed when the time was increased. Compared with other incubation times, 14 days was found to be the best time for the establishment of the biofilm in terms of biovolume and bacterial viability. This in vitro model for the formation of endodontic biofilm will allow future evaluation of the efficacy of antimicrobial substances with a more adequate clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marcela Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral (UIBO), Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Yormaris Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral (UIBO), Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Humberto Ibarra-Avila
- Centro de Microscopia-μ-Core I Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Mónica López
- Centro de Microscopia-μ-Core I Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Juan C Orozco
- Centro de Microscopia-μ-Core I Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Gloria I Lafaurie
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral (UIBO), Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral (UIBO), Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
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17
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Oliveira LSDJ, de Bragança RMF, Sarkis-Onofre R, Faria-E-Silva AL. The effectiveness of the supplementary use of the XP-endo Finisher on bacteria content reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Restor Dent Endod 2021; 46:e37. [PMID: 34513643 PMCID: PMC8411000 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2021.46.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of the supplementary use of the XP-endo Finisher on bacteria content reduction in the root canal system. Materials and Methods In-vitro studies evaluating the use of the XP-endo Finisher on bacteria content were searched in four databases in July 2020. Two authors independently screened the studies for eligibility. Data were extracted, and risk of bias was assessed. Data were meta-analyzed by using random-effects model to compare the effect of the supplementary use (experimental) or not (control) of the XP-endo Finisher on bacteria counting reduction, and results from different endodontic protocols were combined. Four studies met the inclusion criteria while 1 study was excluded from the meta-analysis due to its high risk of bias and outlier data. The 3 studies that made it to the meta-analysis had an unclear risk of bias for at least one criterion. Results No heterogeneity was observed among the results of the studies included in the meta-analysis. The study excluded from the meta-analysis assessing the bacteria counting deep in the dentin demonstrated further bacteria reduction upon the use of the XP-endo Finisher. Conclusions This systematic review found no evidence supporting the supplementary use of the XP-endo Finisher on further bacteria counting the reduction in the root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - André Luis Faria-E-Silva
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
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18
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Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factor Gene Profiles of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Giant Panda Oral Cavities. J Vet Res 2021; 65:147-154. [PMID: 34250298 PMCID: PMC8256466 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolated from the oral cavities of captive giant pandas in China. Material and Methods The virulence-associated determinant and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on 54 strains of each bacterium. Results All isolates showed 100% multidrug resistance. E. faecalis isolates showed a higher percentage of strains resistant to gentamicin (48.1%), vancomycin (55.6%), linezolid (100%), and streptomycin (33.3%) than E. faecium isolates. The resistance genes of Enterococcus spp. were present to highly varying extents according to antibiotic type, their presence breaking down for E. faecalis and E. faecium respectively as aac(6')/aph(2″) 5.56% and 5.56%; aph(3')-Ⅲ 0% and 14.81%; ant(6)-I 0% and 3.7%; ant(4')-Ia 0% and 64.81%; tetL 20.37% and 100%; vanA 92.59% and 46.3%; vanB 0% and 0%; cfr 0% and 90.74%; optrA 96.3% and 3.7%; blaZ 0% and 1.85%; blaTEM 0% and 0%; tetA 20.37% and 0%; tetC 24.07% and 100%; tetM 0% and 0%; ermA 12.96% and 100%; ermB 5.56% and 3.7%; and ermC 0% and 1.85%.Virulence-associated determinants were detected in this research, which typically include efaA, gelE, asa1, ace, cylA, esp and hyl; however, the latter three were not detected. High proportions of the isolates carried the efaA, gelE, asa1, and ace genes. Respectively for E. faecalis and E. faecium their detection was efaA 98.1% and 85.2%; gelE 98.1% and 87%; asa1 92.6% and 87%; and ace 87% and 85.2%. Conclusion This is the first study on the potential disease risk and antimicrobial-resistant characteristics of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in giant panda oral cavities. The results of this study show that the antimicrobial resistance rate of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the oral cavity of captive pandas is very high, and thus needs to be monitored.
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19
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Souza MA, Palhano HS, Macci D, Broch GM, Tissiani L, Rauber BF, Cecchin D, Bervian J, de Almeida Gomes BPF, Gabrielli ES. Influence of ultrasonic activation on antimicrobial activity of a new final irrigant containing glycolic acid: An in vitro study. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 47:531-537. [PMID: 33901338 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic activation (US) on the antimicrobial activity of a new final irrigant containing glycolic acid (GA). Extracted teeth were used, being 70 to counting of colony-forming units (CFUs) and 35 to confocal laser scanning microscopy. Samples were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided into 7 groups: distilled water + US; 17% EDTA; Qmix; 17% GA; 17% EDTA + US; QMix + US; and 17% GA + US and kept in contact with test solution for 1 min in the groups with or no US. In the CFUs, the highest bacterial reduction was observed in QMix + US group, followed by QMix and GA + US. In the confocal evaluation, the lowest number of viable cells was observed in EDTA + US, with no statistical difference from QMix, QMix + US and GA + US (P > 0.05). The use of US improves the antimicrobial activity of EDTA and GA, being statistically different from the isolated use of these final irrigants in both evaluation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dierro Macci
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luanda Tissiani
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Bervian
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ezequiel Santin Gabrielli
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.,School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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20
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El-Telbany M, El-Didamony G, Askora A, Ariny E, Abdallah D, Connerton IF, El-Shibiny A. Bacteriophages to Control Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Infection of Dental Root Canals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030517. [PMID: 33802385 PMCID: PMC7998577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is an alternative treatment to antibiotics that can overcome multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophages targeted against Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root canal infections obtained from clinics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Ismalia, Egypt. Bacteriophage, vB_ZEFP, was isolated from concentrated wastewater collected from hospital sewage. Morphological and genomic analysis revealed that the phage belongs to the Podoviridae family with a linear double-stranded DNA genome, consisting of 18,454, with a G + C content of 32.8%. Host range analysis revealed the phage could infect 10 of 13 E. faecalis isolates exhibiting a range of antibiotic resistances recovered from infected root canals with efficiency of plating values above 0.5. One-step growth curves of this phage showed that it has a burst size of 110 PFU per infected cell, with a latent period of 10 min. The lytic activity of this phage against E. faecalis biofilms showed that the phage was able to control the growth of E. faecalis in vitro. Phage vB_ZEFP could also prevent ex-vivo E. faecalis root canal infection. These results suggest that phage vB_ZEFP has potential for application in phage therapy and specifically in the prevention of infection after root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Telbany
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Gamal El-Didamony
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Eman Ariny
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Dalia Abdallah
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismaïlia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (I.F.C.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +44-115-9516119 (I.F.C.)
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12578, Egypt
- Correspondence: (I.F.C.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +44-115-9516119 (I.F.C.)
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21
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Fernandes KGC, Silva BBD, Boer NC, Mandarini DR, Moreti LCT, Kato AS, Bueno CEDS, Limoeiro AGDS, Pinheiro SL, Martin ASD, Fontana CE. The Effectiveness of Three Irrigation Systems in the Enterococcus faecalis Reduction after Instrumentation with a Reciprocating Instrument. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:539-543. [PMID: 32898871 PMCID: PMC7535969 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of three irrigation systems: EndoActivator, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and Easy Clean in the reduction of Enterococcus faecalis, after instrumentation with the reciprocating system, through microbiological collection and culture method. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 extracted human lower premolars were used and standardized at 16 mm in length. The teeth were accessed, contaminated with E. faecalis, and incubated for 21 days at 37°C. Initial collections (S1) were made with an absorbent paper cone to confirm the contamination; subsequently, instrumentation was performed with WaveOne Primary. The teeth were divided into four groups according to the final irrigation protocol (n = 15): group 1. EndoActivator; group 2, PUI; group 3, Easy Clean; and group 4, control group irrigated with saline solution sterile and without agitation. In the final irrigation, the agitation of the 17% ethylene amine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solutions was used, then 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); in both for this, three cycles of 20 seconds each. After the chemical-mechanical preparation and agitation of the irrigating solutions, the final collections (S2) for counting the colony-forming units (CFU/mL) occurred. RESULTS The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that all the agitation systems reduced by 100% and the control group by 65.7%. CONCLUSION The control group presented a significantly higher amount of CFU/mL after the chemical-mechanical preparation than the other groups, which were similar to each other (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Augusto Shoji Kato
- Department of Endodontics, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sergio Luiz Pinheiro
- Department of Endodontics, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Sigrist De Martin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fontana
- Department of Endodontics, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Dezhurko-Korol VA, Novozhilova NE, Makeeva IM, Arkhipova AY, Moisenovich MM, Akhmadishina LV, Lukashev AN, Semenov AM, Leontieva MR, Byakova SF. The influence of centrifugation and inoculation time on the number, distribution, and viability of intratubular bacteria and surface biofilm in deciduous and permanent bovine dentin. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 114:104716. [PMID: 32325265 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the influence of centrifugation and inoculation time on the number, distribution, and viability of intratubular bacteria and surface monospecies E. faecalis biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-four semicylindrical specimens cut from primary (n = 22) and permanent (n = 22) bovine teeth were randomly assigned to the experimental groups. Teeth of each type were inoculated with E. faecalis with and without centrifugation for 1 and 14 days. The number, localization, viability of bacteria and depth of their penetration were assessed with bacterial culturing of dentin shavings, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser electron microscopy (CLSM). Three-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test were used to assess the influence of different experimental setups on dentin infection. RESULTS Severe dentin infection was observed in permanent and deciduous teeth after centrifugation and 1-day incubation: bacteria reached the full length of dentinal tubules and colony-forming units were too numerous to count. The volume of green fluorescence didn't differ significantly in permanent teeth compared with deciduous (p = 1.0). After 1-day stationary inoculation, small number of cultivable bacteria and few viable bacteria in dentinal tubules were found in both groups. After 14-day stationary inoculation, the dentin infection according to CLSM was deeper in deciduous teeth compared with permanent (p = 0.006 and p = 0.019 for centrifugation and stationary inoculation, respectively). CONCLUSION The most even and dense dentin infection was observed in primary and permanent bovine teeth after centrifugation and 1-day inoculation, and in deciduous teeth after 14-day stationary inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria A Dezhurko-Korol
- Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Mojaiskii val str., 11, 121059б, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina E Novozhilova
- Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Mojaiskii val str., 11, 121059б, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina M Makeeva
- Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Mojaiskii val str., 11, 121059б, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Yu Arkhipova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mihail M Moisenovich
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Akhmadishina
- E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), M. Pirogovskaya str., 20-1, 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), M. Pirogovskaya str., 20-1, 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Semenov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria R Leontieva
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Byakova
- Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Mojaiskii val str., 11, 121059б, Moscow, Russia
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Li Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Jiang W, Jiang X, Zeng Y, Li X, Feng Z, Luo J, Zhang L. Antimicrobial peptide GH12 as root canal irrigant inhibits biofilm and virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2020; 53:948-961. [PMID: 32189340 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The objectives of this laboratory-based study were to investigate the effects of GH12 on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and virulence. METHODOLOGY Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of GH12 against E. faecalis were first determined. A time-kill assay was further conducted. The effects of GH12 on the expression of virulence and stress genes in E. faecalis were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Crystal violet stain was used to investigate the effects of GH12 on E. faecalis biofilm formation and 1-day-old biofilm. Finally, an ex vivo tooth model contaminated with E. faecalis was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of GH12 as an irrigant by CFU counting, SEM and CLSM. One-way anova and Tukey's multiple comparisons test were used to compare the differences amongst groups (α = 0.05). RESULTS The MICs and MBCs of GH12 against E. faecalis were 8.0 ± 0.0 and 16.0 ± 0.0 mg L-1 , respectively, and GH12 at 32.0 mg L-1 reduced the bacterial numbers by more than 99.9% within 1 min. Various virulence genes (efaA, esp and gelE) and stress genes (dnaK, groEL, ctsR and clpPBCEX) in E. faecalis were significantly downregulated by GH12 at sub-MIC levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, both E. faecalis biofilm formation and the biomass of 1-day-old E. faecalis biofilm were significantly reduced by GH12 (P < 0.05). Elimination of E. faecalis in biofilms from root canal walls was achieved through irrigation with 64.0 mg L-1 GH12 for 30 min. CLSM analysis revealed that GH12 at 64.0 mg L-1 was most effective in eliminating bacteria within dentinal tubules (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In a laboratory setting, and when used as an irrigant, GH12 suppressed E. faecalis, downregulated specific virulence and stress-associated genes, eliminated intracanal E. faecalis protected by biofilms and killed bacteria in dentinal tubules. These results emphasize the need for preclinical and clinical studies to explore the potential of GH12 as an antimicrobial agent during root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Fan W, Li Y, Liu D, Sun Q, Duan M, Fan B. PLGA submicron particles containing chlorhexidine, calcium and phosphorus inhibit Enterococcus faecalis infection and improve the microhardness of dentin. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:17. [PMID: 30671677 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe, is reported to take responsibility for a large portion of refractory root canal infections and root canal re-infections of human teeth. Chlorhexidine is a strong bactericide against E. faecalis but cannot infiltrate into dentinal tubules. On the other hand, a common negative effect of root canal medicaments is the decrease of dentin microhardness. In this study, poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA) submicron particles were applied as delivery carriers to load and release the chlorhexidine as well as calcium and phosphorus. The release profiles, antibacterial ability against E. faecalis, infiltration ability into dentinal tubules, biocompatibility and effects on dentin microhardness of these particles were investigated. Results revealed that encapsulated chemicals could be released in a sustained manner from the particles. The particles also exhibited excellent biocompatibility on MC3T3-E1 cells and significant antimicrobial property against E. faecalis. On dentin slices, the particles could be driven into dentinal tubules by ultrasonic activiation and inhibit E. faecalis colonization. Besides, dentin slices medicated with the particles displayed an increase in microhardness. In conclusion, PLGA submicron particles carrying chlorhexidine, calcium and phosphorus could be developed into a new intra-canal disinfectant for dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyun Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Duan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Pourhajibagher M, Kazemian H, Chiniforush N, Hosseini N, Pourakbari B, Azizollahi A, Rezaei F, Bahador A. Exploring different photosensitizers to optimize elimination of planktonic and biofilm forms of Enterococcus faecalis from infected root canal during antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:206-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Souza MA, Tumelero Dias C, Zandoná J, Paim Hoffmann I, Sanches Menchik VH, Palhano HS, Bertol CD, Rossato-Grando LG, Cecchin D, de Figueiredo JAP. Antimicrobial activity of hypochlorite solutions and reciprocating instrumentation associated with photodynamic therapy on root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis – An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:347-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Dal Bello Y, Mezzalira GI, Jaguszewski LA, Hoffmann IP, Menchik VHS, Cecchin D, Souza MA. Effectiveness of calcium and sodium hypochlorite in association with reciprocating instrumentation on decontamination of root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. AUST ENDOD J 2018; 45:92-97. [PMID: 30113742 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of sodium and calcium hypochlorite utilising reciprocating instrumentation. Sixty root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis for 14 days. Samples were divided into six groups according to decontamination protocol: G1: no treatment, G2: distilled water, G3: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, G4: 2.5% calcium hypochlorite, G5: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and G6: 5.25% calcium hypochlorite. Instrumentation was performed with Wave One reciprocating system (Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, York, PA, USA) in groups G2 to G6. Colony-forming units (CFUs) counting was performed and the data were subjected to Anova and Tukey (α = 0.05). Group 1 and 2 showed the highest mean contamination, with a significant difference between them (P < 0.05). Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 showed the lowest contamination means with no significant difference between them (P < 0.05). Sodium and calcium hypochlorite, in association with reciprocating instrumentation, can be an effective decontamination protocol in root canals infected with E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dal Bello
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Gean I Mezzalira
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Igor P Hoffmann
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus A Souza
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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The evaluation of E. faecalis colonies dissolution ability of sodium hypochlorite in microenvironment by a novel device. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:36. [PMID: 29651562 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis(E. faecalis) is a common microorganism could be isolated from the infected canals, especially in the case of refractory apical periodontitis. Due to its ability to invade the dentinal tubules and highly resistant to antimicrobial strategies, the thorough debridement of E.faecalis is hard to achieve. And that may be one of the reasons to cause reinfection and therapeutic failure. According to the anatomy of dentinal tubules published before and the results of our team previous work, we designed six types of microtubes with different sizes. By using the method of centrifugation and incubation, a standard infected model mimicking dentinal tubules was established. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is the most popular irrigant applied in root canal treatment. We used three different concentrations with four distinct irrigation duration to observe the antibacterial process of E. faecalis colonies within microtubes dynamically. We concluded that the role of NaClO in the microtubes is concentration dependent and duration dependent. And the interpretation of the results has a certain reference value for clinicians.
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Xu K, Wang J, Wang K, Gen N, Li J. Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of the effect of the final apical size prepared by rotary nickel-titanium files on the removal efficacy of hard-tissue debris. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:2219-2229. [PMID: 29584511 PMCID: PMC6023043 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518757607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to compare the removal efficacy of hard-tissue debris in mandibular first molars prepared to various apical sizes. Methods The mesial root canals of 40 extracted mandibular first molars were prepared by rotary nickel-titanium files to an apical size of #25/0.04 (Group #2504), #30/0.04 (Group #3004), #35/0.04 (Group #3504), and #40/0.04 (Group #4004). Irrigation was performed with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Micro-computed tomography was used to scan the samples before and after root canal preparation. Remnant hard-tissue debris was identified, quantified, and visualized three-dimensionally using shape recognition and image superimposition analysis, and the debris was mapped to its location. Results After preparation, 11.67%±2.99% of the root canals contained hard-tissue debris in Group #2504, 8.00%±2.71% in Group #3004, 7.17%±2.88% in Group #3504, and 4.51%±1.61% in Group #4004. The amount of accumulated hard-tissue debris was significantly less in Group #4004 than in the other groups. However, there were no significant differences between Groups #3004 and #3504. Conclusions An increased final apical size resulted in significantly lower debris accumulation. However, no root canal in any group was completely free from hard-tissue debris, and debris was mostly found in the isthmus of the mesial root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou Stomatological Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Gen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jin Li, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Alves AMH, Pozzobon MH, Bortoluzzi EA, da Silveira Teixeira C, Souza BDM, da Fonseca Roberti Garcia L, Felippe WT. Bacterial penetration into filled root canals exposed to different pressures and to the oral environment—in vivo analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1157-1165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Souza MA, Lima G, Pazinatto B, Bischoff KF, Palhano HS, Cecchin D. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of association of chlorhexidine to photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy in root canals infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:170-174. [PMID: 28619615 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, the influence of the addition of chlorhexidine to photosensitiser in the antimicrobial activity of photodynamic therapy in root canals infected by Enterococcus faecalis. METHODS The root canals of 50 single-rooted human extracted teeth were enlarged up to a file F3 of Pro-Taper system, autoclaved, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for 14days. The samples were divided into five groups (n=10) according to the protocol of decontamination: G1 (control group) - no procedure was performed; G2-photosensitiser (0.01% methylene blue); G3-2% chlorhexidine gel; G4-photodynamic therapy; and G5-photodynamic therapy with photosensitiser modified by chlorhexidine. Microbiological test (CFU counting) was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed treatments. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey test (α=0.05). RESULTS Group 3 (CHX) showed the lowest mean contamination (2.03 log10 CFU/mL), being statistically different from all other all groups (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between groups 4 (PDT) and 5 (PDT+CHX) (p<0.05), being more effectives against E. faecalis when compared to groups 1 (NT) and 2 (MB), and less effective when compared to group 2 (CHX). CONCLUSIONS The addition of chlorhexidine to photosensitiser did not result in a better decontamination potential of photodynamic therapy alone over root canals infected by E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Lima
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Pazinatto
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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LISBÔA EI, SILVA NETO UXD, CARNEIRO E, FARINIUK LF, WESTPHALEN VPD. Capacidade de selamento e penetração intratubular do MTA Fillapex e do AH Plus em dentes humanos. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.25915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Introdução O MTA é um importante material de uso na odontologia, com boas propriedades biológicas. As respostas experimentais aos cimentos endodônticos que utilizam este composto no selamento e preenchimento do sistema de canais radiculares, aliados a uma boa instrumentação e limpeza, podem ser importantes no processo de reparo periapical. Objetivo Avaliar in vitro a profundidade de penetração de dois diferentes cimentos endodônticos nos túbulos dentinários e a infiltração bacteriana em obturações com os cimentos AH Plus e MTA Fillapex. Material e método 34 pré-molares monorradiculados humanos foram selecionados, suas coroas removidas e suas raízes padronizadas em 16 mm, a seguir foram, então, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 15 espécimes e instrumentados com o sistema rotatório Pro Taper. Um grupo foi obturado com o cimento AH Plus (Grupo AH) e outro com MTA Fillapex (Grupo FI). Nestes grupos, avaliaram-se a infiltração coronária de bactérias para Enterococcus Faecalis e a profundidade de penetração nos túbulos dentinários. Para a aferição da infiltração bacteriana, usou-se o teste exato de Fisher; para a penetração intratubular, usou-se o teste-t. Resultado Para a infiltração bacteriana, considerando o número de amostras infiltradas para AH e MTA Fillapex, houve diferença estatística significativa (p=0,0341). Na avaliação da penetração intratubular, a diferença entre os dois grupos de cimentos foi considerada estatisticamente significativa (p=0,0006). Conclusão Ambos os cimentos apresentaram infiltração bacteriana, sendo que o MTA Fillapex teve pior desempenho. A capacidade de penetração nos túbulos dentinários do AH Plus foi significativamente maior que a do MTA Fillapex.
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Lei L, Shao M, Yang Y, Mao M, Yang Y, Hu T. Exopolysaccharide dispelled by calcium hydroxide with volatile vehicles related to bactericidal effect for root canal medication. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 24:487-495. [PMID: 27812619 PMCID: PMC5083026 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720160014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Enterococcus faecalis is the dominant microbial species responsible for persistent apical periodontitis with ability to deeply penetrate into the dentin. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) contribute to the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis. Our aim was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide (CH), camphorated parachlorophenol (CMCP), and chlorhexidine (CHX) against E. faecalis in dentinal tubules. Material and Methods: Decoronated single-canal human teeth and semicylindrical dentin blocks were incubated with E. faecalis for 3 weeks. Samples were randomly assigned to six medication groups for 1 week (n=10 per group): CH + 40% glycerin-water solution (1:1, wt/vol); CMCP; 2% CHX; CH + CMCP (1:1, wt/vol); CH + CMCP (2:3, wt/vol); and saline. Bacterial samples were collected and assayed for colony-forming units. After dentin blocks were split longitudinally, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to assess the proportion of viable bacteria and EPS production in dentin. Results: CMCP exhibited the best antimicrobial activity, while CH was the least sensitive against E. faecalis (p<0.05). CHX showed similar antimicrobial properties to CH + CMCP (1:1, wt/vol) (p>0.05). CH combined with CMCP inhibited EPS synthesis by E. faecalis, which sensitized biofilms to antibacterial substances. Moreover, increasing concentrations of CMCP decreased EPS matrix formation, which effectively sensitized biofilms to disinfection agents. Conclusion: The EPS matrix dispelled by CH paste with CMCP may be related to its bactericidal effect; the visualization and analysis of EPS formation and microbial colonization in dentin may be a useful approach to verify medicaments for antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China.,The Forsyth Institute, Department of Microbiology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Meiying Shao
- Sichuan University, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengying Mao
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Sichuan, China
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Komiyama EY, Lepesqueur LSS, Yassuda CG, Samaranayake LP, Parahitiyawa NB, Balducci I, Koga-Ito CY. Enterococcus Species in the Oral Cavity: Prevalence, Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163001. [PMID: 27631785 PMCID: PMC5025163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are considered as transient constituent components of the oral microbiome that may cause a variety of oral and systemic infections. As there is sparse data on the oral enterococcal prevalence, we evaluated the Enterococcus spp. and their virulence attributes including antimicrobial resistance in a healthy Brazilian cohort. A total of 240 individuals in different age groups were studied (children 4–11 yrs, adolescents 12–17 yrs, young adults 18–29 yrs, adults 30–59 yrs, elderly over 60 yrs). Oral rinses were collected and isolates were identified by API 20 Strep and confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing. E. faecalis isolates, in particular, were evaluated for virulence attributes such as their biofilm formation potential, and susceptibility to antimicrobials and an antiseptic, chlorhexidine gluconate. A total of 40 individuals (16.6%) and 10% children, 4% adolescents, 14% young adults, 30% adults, and 25% elderly carried oral enterococci. The oral enterococcal burden in adolescents was significantly lower than in the adults (p = 0.000) and elderly (p = 0.004). The proportion of carriers was higher among females (p = 0.001). E. faecalis was the most frequent isolate in all the age groups (p = 0.000), followed by E. durans and E. faecium. Whilst all the clinical isolates were able to form biofilms, only a proportion of them were able to produce lipase (92%), hemolysin (38%), and gelatinase (39%). Of all the isolates 53.8% were resistant to tetracycline, 12.3% to amoxicillin, 16.0% to ampicillin, 20.8% to chloramphenicol and 43.4% to erythromycin. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Our data suggest that in this Brazilian cohort the oral cavity may act as a significant reservoir of rather virulent and antibiotic resistant enterococci, with an increasing degree of carriage in the adults and elderly. Hence clinicians should be cognizant of this silent reservoir of virulent enterococci that may pose a particular threat of nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Yukio Komiyama
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Soares Souto Lepesqueur
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Gomes Yassuda
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lakshman P. Samaranayake
- UQ Oral Health Centre, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nipuna B. Parahitiyawa
- Department of Oral Bio-Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ivan Balducci
- Department of Social Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Berditsch M, Lux H, Babii O, Afonin S, Ulrich AS. Therapeutic Potential of Gramicidin S in the Treatment of Root Canal Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9030056. [PMID: 27618065 PMCID: PMC5039509 DOI: 10.3390/ph9030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An intrinsic clindamycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, the most common single species present in teeth after failed root canal therapy, often possesses acquired tetracycline resistance. In these cases, root canal infections are commonly treated with Ledermix(®) paste, which contains demeclocycline, or the new alternative endodontic paste Odontopaste, which contains clindamycin; however, these treatments are often ineffective. We studied the killing activity of the cyclic antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S (GS) against planktonic and biofilm cells of tetracycline-resistant clinical isolates of E. faecalis. The high therapeutic potential of GS for the topical treatment of problematic teeth is based on the rapid bactericidal effect toward the biofilm-forming, tetracycline-resistant E. faecalis. GS reduces the cell number of planktonic cells within 20-40 min at a concentration of 40-80 μg/mL. It kills the cells of pre-grown biofilms at concentrations of 100-200 μg/mL, such that no re-growth is possible. The translocation of the peptide into the cell interior and its complexation with intracellular nucleotides, including the alarmon ppGpp, can explain its anti-biofilm effect. The successful treatment of persistently infected root canals of two volunteers confirms the high effectiveness of GS. The broad GS activity towards resistant, biofilm-forming E. faecalis suggests its applications for approval in root canal medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Berditsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
| | - Hannah Lux
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
| | - Oleg Babii
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
| | - Sergii Afonin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, P. O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, P. O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
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Flach N, Böttcher DE, Parolo CCF, Firmino LB, Malt M, Lammers ML, Grecca FS. Confocal microscopy evaluation of the effect of irrigants on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: An in vitro study. SCANNING 2016; 38:57-62. [PMID: 26153228 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effectiveness of two endodontic irrigants and their association against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Twenty-four bovine incisors were inoculated in a monoculture of E. faecalis for 21 days. After this period, the teeth were divided into three test groups (n = 5) according to the chemical used. Group 1: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), group 2: 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), group 3: 2.5% NaOCl + 2% CHX gel, and two control groups (n = 3): negative control group (NCG)-sterile and without root canals preparation and positive control group (PCG)-saline. Then, the samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide and subjected to analysis by CLSM. Bacterial viability was quantitatively analyzed by the proportions of dead and live bacteria in the biofilm remnants. Statistical analysis was performed by the One-way ANOVA test (p = 0.05). No statistical differences were observed to bacterial viability. According to CLSM analysis, none of the tested substances could completely eliminate E. faecalis from the root canal space. Until now, there are no irrigant solutions able to completely eliminate E. faecalis from the root canal. In this regard, the search for irrigants able to intensify the antimicrobial action is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Flach
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daiana Elisabeth Böttcher
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Bitello Firmino
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marisa Malt
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lazzaron Lammers
- Morphological Sciences Department, Basic Health Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Soares Grecca
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Ran S, Gu S, Wang J, Zhu C, Liang J. Dentin tubule invasion by Enterococcus faecalis under stress conditions ex vivo. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:362-368. [PMID: 26296719 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the species most frequently isolated from failed endodontic treatments because it can survive under stress conditions imposed by root canal treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of E. faecalis to invade dentine tubules under alkaline and energy-starvation stress and to explore the potential mechanisms. Roots from single-rooted human teeth were infected with E. faecalis under alkaline and energy-starvation stress conditions. After 4 wk of culture, samples were processed to establish the tubule-penetration distance. In addition, the hydrophobicity of E. faecalis cells under these conditions was analysed and the expression of genes involved in adhesion was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. Culture of E. faecalis under alkaline and energy-starvation stress conditions resulted in a marked reduction of tubule-penetration distance, a significant increase in hydrophobicity of the bacterial surface, and marked down-regulation of most adhesin genes compared with E. faecalis cultured in tryptic soy broth. The results indicate that the dentine tubule invasion ability of E. faecalis was markedly decreased under alkaline and glucose-starvation stress conditions, possibly because of the increase of hydrophobicity and down-regulation of some adhesion genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shensheng Gu
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cailian Zhu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Liang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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