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Santos YS, de Souza Ferreira D, de Oliveira Silva ABM, da Silva Nunes CF, de Souza Oliveira SA, da Silva DT. Global overview of pharmacist and community pharmacy actions to address COVID-19: A scoping review. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 10:100261. [PMID: 37096140 PMCID: PMC10091784 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacists and community pharmacies play an important role in managing, identifying and preventing the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak. Objectives To characterize the global panorama of action by pharmacists and community pharmacies in facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The scoping review was based on the search for scientific articles in the databases: PubMed; Scopus; ScienceDirect and Web of Science. The search was carried out on August 31, 2021. The selection process was divided into 3 phases: i) title analysis; ii) analysis of study abstracts; iii) analysis of the full texts of the studies selected in the previous step. Studies were independently selected by two investigators and discrepancies resolved by consensus during focus group discussions led by a third reviewer. Results The final search yielded 36 articles for the review. The main strategies for coping with COVID-19 were grouped into 4 categories defined by consensus between the authors: (1) services for providing care to the patient; (2) product management; (3) infection prevention and control practices in community pharmacy; (4) preparation, sources of information used and training offered/received. Through these, the aim was to involve technical managerial, technical assistance and pedagogical technical actions adopted, as well as structure and process indicators that allowed the continuity of the offer of services. Conclusion During the pandemic, pharmacists and community pharmacies have been providing essential health services to communities. The results of this review may help to identify the changes adopted to face the COVID-19 pandemic and may contribute to improving the quality of practices in these establishments during the pandemic and after it, in similar situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yane Silva Santos
- Member of the Geriatrics and Gerontology Study Group (GREGG) at the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina (PE), Brazil
| | - Denise de Souza Ferreira
- Pharmacy students and Members of the Geriatrics and Gerontology Study Group (GREGG) at the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina (PE), Brazil
| | - Any Beatriz Matos de Oliveira Silva
- Pharmacy students and Members of the Geriatrics and Gerontology Study Group (GREGG) at the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina (PE), Brazil
| | - Clara Freire da Silva Nunes
- Pharmacy students and Members of the Geriatrics and Gerontology Study Group (GREGG) at the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina (PE), Brazil
| | - Sueza Abadia de Souza Oliveira
- Master in Collective Health by Federal University of Goias. President of Brazilian Society of Pharmacists and Community Pharmacies, Brasília (DF), Brazil
| | - Daniel Tenório da Silva
- Coordinator of the Study Group on Geriatrics and Gerontology (GREGG) at the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina (PE), Brazil
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Itani R, Karout S, Khojah HMJ, Rabah M, Kassab MB, Welty FK, AlBaghdadi M, Khraishah H, El-Dahiyat F, Alzayani S, Khader YS, Alyahya MS, Alsane D, Abu-Farha R, Mukattash TL, Soukarieh T, Awad MF, Awad R, Wehbi A, Abbas F, El Mais H, El Mais H, Karout L. Diverging levels of COVID-19 governmental response satisfaction across middle eastern Arab countries: a multinational study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:893. [PMID: 35513805 PMCID: PMC9069218 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public acceptance of governmental measures are key to controlling the spread of infectious diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed a significant burden on healthcare systems for high-income countries as well as low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The ability of LMICs to respond to the challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic has been limited and may have affected the impact of governmental strategies to control the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate and compare public opinion on the governmental COVID-19 response of high and LMICs in the Middle East and benchmark it to international countries. METHODS An online, self-administered questionnaire was distributed among different Middle Eastern Arab countries. Participants' demographics and level of satisfaction with governmental responses to COVID-19 were analyzed and reported. Scores were benchmarked against 19 international values. RESULTS A total of 7395 responses were included. Bahrain scored highest for satisfaction with the governmental response with 38.29 ± 2.93 on a scale of 40, followed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (37.13 ± 3.27), United Arab Emirates (36.56 ± 3.44), Kuwait (35.74 ± 4.85), Jordan (23.08 ± 6.41), and Lebanon (15.39 ± 5.28). Participants' country of residence was a significant predictor of the satisfaction score (P < 0.001), and participants who suffered income reduction due to the pandemic, had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and held higher educational degrees had significantly lower satisfaction scores (P < 0.001). When benchmarked with other international publics, countries from the Gulf Cooperation Council had the highest satisfaction level, Jordan had an average score, and Lebanon had one of the lowest satisfaction scores. CONCLUSION The political crisis in Lebanon merged with the existing corruption were associated with the lowest public satisfaction score whereas the economical instability of Jordan placed the country just before the lowest position. On the other hand, the solid economy plus good planning and public trust in the government placed the other countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council on top of the scale. Further investigation is necessary to find out how the governments of other low-income countries may have handled the situation wisely and gained the trust of their publics. This may help convey a clearer picture to Arab governments that have suffered during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Itani
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Karout
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani M. J. Khojah
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Makram Rabah
- Department of History and Archeology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad B. Kassab
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Francine K. Welty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mazen AlBaghdadi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Haitham Khraishah
- Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Faris El-Dahiyat
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salman Alzayani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Yousef S. Khader
- Epidemiology, Medical Education and Biostatistics, Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad S. Alyahya
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Danah Alsane
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Rana Abu-Farha
- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tareq L. Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tarek Soukarieh
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Reem Awad
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abir Wehbi
- Health Department, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Abbas
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hadi El Mais
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Huda El Mais
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Karout
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Karout S, Khojah HM, Karout L, Itani R. A nationwide assessment of community pharmacists’ attitudes towards dispensing errors: A cross-sectional study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 17:889-896. [PMID: 36050942 PMCID: PMC9396061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dispensing errors (DEs) are common causes of preventable harm to patients. Interestingly, very little is known about their prevalence and types in the community pharmacy setting in Lebanon due to the lack of an effective reporting system. Therefore, this study aims to explore the perceptions of community pharmacists about the types of these errors in Lebanon, the factors behind their occurrence, the reasons for underreporting, and the current practices for reducing them. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire, using a scale of 0–4, distributed among a sample of community pharmacists in Lebanon. Results A total of 171 pharmacists responded to the survey, of whom 68% reported that DEs were common, and 52% believed that they were increasing. The main reported contributing factors to DEs were unreadable and incomplete prescriptions (≈3.0 ± 1.0 out of 5), workload, multitasking, interruptions, similarity in names of medications, and fatigue (≈2.5 ± 1.0). Moreover, the perceived strategies to limit the risks of DEs were collaboration with physicians, improving handwriting, double-checking, proper patient counselling, encouraging reporting, and issuance of guidelines (≈3.2 ± 1.0). Finally, the main reasons for underreporting DEs were the lack of obligation to report and the lack of reporting systems (59% and 56%, respectively). Conclusions DEs may be very prevalent in Lebanon because they are unmonitored by the authorities. Electronic prescription and fair reporting systems are highly recommended, along with follow-up studies.
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Mukattash TL, Alkhalidy H, Alzu'bi B, Abu-Farha R, Itani R, Karout S, Khojah HMJ, Khdour M, El-Dahiyat F, Jarab A. Dietary supplements intake during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic: A multinational Middle Eastern study. Eur J Integr Med 2022; 49:102102. [PMID: 35039757 PMCID: PMC8754456 DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Despite the controversy about the benefits of dietary supplements in treating or preventing COVID-19, their use has increased worldwide even with the introduction of relevant vaccines. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the perception of the Middle Eastern Arab public of dietary supplements as prophylactic or therapeutic agents against COVID-19, and their consumption during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A validated, pilot tested online survey was distributed through social networking platforms in Lebanon, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates. Responses underwent various statistical analyses. Results A total of 2,100 responses were included. Around 44% of participants reported changes in their dietary behavior during COVID-19, and 70% believed that healthy habits may prevent the infection. Moreover, 21% believed that dietary supplements surely protect against COVID-19 and 45% thought they aid in treating it. Users of supplements during the second wave of the pandemic counted for 47%, who declared they were influenced by the media, healthcare providers, or close contacts. Most used supplements included Vitamins C and D and zinc. Only 34% of participants read supplement leaflets. The use of supplements was significantly correlated with being female and exercising, as revealed by the odds ratio and logistic regression analysis. Conclusions In line with other areas of the world, the use of dietary supplements in the Middle East against COVID-19 is not evidence-based. Competent health authorities should play their role in spreading sound awareness among the public regarding this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq L Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hana Alkhalidy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Buthaina Alzu'bi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rana Abu-Farha
- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rania Itani
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Riad El Solh, 1107 2809, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Karout
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Riad El Solh, 1107 2809, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani M J Khojah
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, P.O. Box: 30051, 41477, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Khdour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Faris El-Dahiyat
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University, P. O. Box 64141, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anan Jarab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
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Mukattash TL, Jarab AS, Al-Qerem W, Abu Farha RK, Itani R, Karout S, Mukattash IL. Coronavirus disease patients' views and experiences of pharmaceutical care services in Lebanon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2022; 30:82-85. [PMID: 34791258 PMCID: PMC8767875 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the experiences and views of domiciliary coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients towards pharmaceutical care services provided during their infection. METHODS This was a single-centred observational study conducted among home-treated COVID-19 patients (n = 500), who were tested positive for COVID-19 in a medical centre in Lebanon. KEY FINDINGS Out of the 500 home-treated COVID-19 patients invited to participate in the study, 279 patients completed the questionnaire. Although the participants had a good view of pharmacists caring for COVID-19 patients (mean view score: 17.79/25), their treatment experiences were unsatisfactory (mean experience score: 1.51/4). CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 patients reported minimal involvement of pharmacists in their treatment. Therefore, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare authorities should intervene in restructuring, guiding and reviewing unrealized new pharmaceutical services to COVID-19 outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq L Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Anan S Jarab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Walid Al-Qerem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rana K Abu Farha
- Department of Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rania Itani
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Karout
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim L Mukattash
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Peat G, Olaniyan J, Fylan B, Breen L, Grindey C, Hague I, Alldred DP. Mapping the resilience performance of community pharmacy to maintain patient safety during the Covid-19 pandemic. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:3534-3541. [PMID: 35082103 PMCID: PMC8762922 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The first UK wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 placed unprecedented stress on community pharmacy. Various policies and initiatives were announced during this period to support community pharmacy to continue to perform in a manner that prioritised patient safety. However, little is understood about how these policies and initiatives were implemented by staff working in community pharmacy, and the system adaptions and responses that were initiated to maintain patient safety. Objective The study aimed to investigate how staff working in UK community pharmacy during the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 responded and adapted to system stressors to maintain patient safety. Methods We adopted a qualitative interview approach, underpinned by Resilient Healthcare theory, with interview data collected between July 2020 and January 2021. Data were synthesised and analysed using Framework Analysis. Results 23 community pharmacy staff from England and Scotland were interviewed. We identified five themes supported by between two and six sub-themes: 1. Covid-19, an impending threat to system; 2. Patient safety stressors during the first waves of Covid-19; 3. Altering the system, responding to system stressors; 4. Monitoring and adjusting and 5. Learning for the future. Conclusion Privileging the accounts of community pharmacy staff working on the frontline during the pandemic illuminated how responses and adaptions were developed and deployed, how continual monitoring occurred, and the factors that supported or hindered system resilience. The key learning derived from this study can serve to shorten the gap between ‘work as imagined’ and ‘work as done’, and in doing so, support the future resilience performance of community pharmacy during future outbreaks of Covid-19 or similar events.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Peat
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; NIHR Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (YH PSTRC), Bradford, UK.
| | - Janice Olaniyan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; NIHR Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (YH PSTRC), Bradford, UK
| | - Beth Fylan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; NIHR Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (YH PSTRC), Bradford, UK; Yorkshire Quality and Safety Research Group, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Liz Breen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; NIHR Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (YH PSTRC), Bradford, UK
| | - Chloe Grindey
- NIHR Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (YH PSTRC), Bradford, UK; Yorkshire Quality and Safety Research Group, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Isabel Hague
- NIHR Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (YH PSTRC), Bradford, UK
| | - David P Alldred
- NIHR Yorkshire and Humber Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (YH PSTRC), Bradford, UK; School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Itani R, Khojah HMJ, Jaffal F, Rahme D, Karout L, Karout S. Provision of pharmaceutical care to suspected high-risk COVID-19 patients through telehealth: a nationwide simulated patient study. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:997. [PMID: 34548092 PMCID: PMC8454989 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has overburdened the healthcare facilities, which demanded the use of alternative and effective methods for delivering healthcare services. The use of telehealth has become a necessity to provide initial health services. OBJECTIVE To identify the pharmaceutical care provided by community pharmacists to suspected high-risk COVID-19 patients using telehealth. METHODS A simulated patient (SP) phoned 100 randomly-selected community pharmacies throughout Lebanon using a standard scenario of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus with typical symptoms of COVID-19. Pharmacists' responses were compared with pre-defined ideal recommendations using a special form. RESULTS The mean of the retrieved medical information score obtained by the pharmacists was 2.48 ± 2.79 (out of 21), with 34 % of the participants not retrieving any relevant medical data from the SP. The relative patient information, the exposure to COVID-19, and the possible COVID-19 symptoms were not retrieved by 61 %, 70 %, and 41 % of the pharmacists, respectively. Two percent of the pharmacists assured that the SP's symptoms were related to common cold, while 5 % confirmed that the SP is infected with COVID-19. Notably, 35 % of the pharmacists did not offer any recommendation. Among them, 14 % claimed that they were too busy to respond. Only 39 % of the pharmacists provided an appropriate recommendation by referring the SP to her physician to seek medical attention within 24 h since the SP is a high-risk patient, and 41 % recommended doing a PCR test. Antipyretics, antibiotics, and dietary supplements were recommended by 27 %, 7 %, and 16 % of the pharmacists, respectively. Less than 16 % of the pharmacists recommended using protective measures against COVID-19. In addition, the overall communication skills of the pharmacists were generally below expectations. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to assess the quality of pharmaceutical care provided by community pharmacists in the Middle East via Telehealth. An unsatisfactory level of preparedness through means of telehealth technology was evident. This resulted in the quality of pharmaceutical-care services provided to high-risk patients via telehealth to be below expectations. Therefore, health authorities should encourage community pharmacists to effectively adopt telehealth, by providing appropriate training, as well as recognizing their extra efforts with financial compensations, aiming to optimize patients' health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Itani
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box: 11- 5020, 1107 2809, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani M J Khojah
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30051, 41477, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Jaffal
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box: 11- 5020, 1107 2809, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deema Rahme
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box: 11- 5020, 1107 2809, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Karout
- Department of Radiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, P.O. Box: 11-0236, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Karout
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box: 11- 5020, 1107 2809, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Khojah HMJ, Itani R, Mukattash TL, Karout S, Jaffal F, Abu-Farha R. Exposure of community pharmacists to COVID-19: A multinational cross-sectional study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:920-928. [PMID: 34305508 PMCID: PMC8282887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Community pharmacists (CPs) are among the frontline healthcare providers who have been exposed to a high risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic. Unfortunately, there have been limited studies in the Middle East that provide an occupational risk analysis among CPs. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the risk of COVID-19 exposure among Middle Eastern CPs and to identify the infection predictors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online, self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to CPs across KSA, Lebanon, and Jordan between November and December 2020. The bivariate logistic regression test was used to analyse the predictors associated with COVID-19. Results CPs were more susceptible to acquiring SARS-CoV-2 than the general public (12.9% vs. 1.5%). The significant predictors of infection included a family member with confirmed COVID-19 infection, age <40 years, encountering patients in pharmacy without a protective glass-barrier, and contact with confirmed COVID-19 patients or colleagues with confirmed COVID-19 during practice. Additionally, the mean level of the respondents’ expected rate of infection was 3.27 ± 1.04 (out of 5). This level was significantly higher among female pharmacists and Lebanese pharmacists. Conclusions This study demonstrates that CPs are at a higher risk of acquiring COVID-19 compared with the general public. This is attributed to several occupational factors that increase the risk of exposure to COVID-19. Therefore, healthcare authorities are advised to enforce strict occupational guidelines for CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani M J Khojah
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, KSA
| | - Rania Itani
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tareq L Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Samar Karout
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Jaffal
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Abu-Farha
- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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