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Discepolo DR, Gaare E, Handlos G, Perry EB. Fluctuations in equine cutaneous pH and transepidermal water loss with time of day and ambient conditions. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 140:105140. [PMID: 38950715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous pH and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) are commonly utilized measures in dermatological research as they provide information concerning barrier function. The importance of dermal health has become more evident in recent years. Accordingly, the aim of this work was to identify natural fluctuations in the biophysical parameters of healthy equine skin. Cutaneous pH and TEWL was collected on nine mares at 6:00 AM, 12:00 PM, and 6:00 PM daily for five days on the nose, withers, girth area, mid-back, and base of tail. Ambient temperature and humidity were measured at each collection. Statistical analysis was completed using SAS On Demand. Tests included repeated measures, ANOVA, and regression analysis. Mean cutaneous pH significantly differed by day (P = 0.0052) and time (P = 0.0073) but was unaffected by anatomical location (P = 0.2841). Interestingly, cutaneous pH had a significant interaction of day and location (P = 0.0004). Mean TEWL measures significantly differed by day (P < 0.0001), time (P < 0.0001), and anatomical location (P = 0.0231). Interaction of day and time had a significant effect on TEWL (P < 0.0001) and also resulted in a three-way interaction of day, time, and location (P = 0.0167). There were no significant associations of pH with temperature and humidity. All measures of TEWL across all locations were significantly correlated with temperature and humidity (P < 0.0001). Cutaneous pH and TEWL measures are affected by environmental conditions which should be considered in future models and work using dermal characteristics of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Discepolo
- Department of Animals Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Dr. Carbondale IL, 62901.
| | - E Gaare
- Department of Animals Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Dr. Carbondale IL, 62901
| | - G Handlos
- Department of Animals Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Dr. Carbondale IL, 62901
| | - E B Perry
- Department of Animals Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Dr. Carbondale IL, 62901
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2
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Goh CF. Diversity of Asian skin: A review on skin biophysical properties. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14959. [PMID: 37864434 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Asian is home to dozens of different ethnic groups that are characterised by fascinating social and cultural variations. Unfortunately, existing literature on the skin properties of Asians tends to group this diverse population solely based on skin colour, perpetuating the misconception and stereotype that all Asian skin is the same. While Asia is one of the largest continents in the world, the difference in the geographical location and climate have long shaped the population into various ethnic groups with significant differences in the collective and diverse customs, traditions, cultures and living habits. The diverse ethnic groups in this region hint us that their skin biophysical characteristics can be very different from each other. This review features the profiling of the distinctive skin biophysical properties of Asians. We learn more about the different ethnic groups in Asia and acknowledge the unique skin biophysical properties even from the same country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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3
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Vanderwolf K, Kyle C, Davy C. A review of sebum in mammals in relation to skin diseases, skin function, and the skin microbiome. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16680. [PMID: 38144187 PMCID: PMC10740688 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases vary among and within species but the causes of this variation can be unclear. Immune responses are an important driver of disease variation, but mechanisms on how the body resists pathogen establishment before activation of immune responses are understudied. Skin surfaces of mammals are the first line of defense against abiotic stressors and pathogens, and skin attributes such as pH, microbiomes, and lipids influence disease outcomes. Sebaceous glands produce sebum composed of multiple types of lipids with species-specific compositions. Sebum affects skin barrier function by contributing to minimizing water loss, supporting thermoregulation, protecting against pathogens, and preventing UV-induced damage. Sebum also affects skin microbiome composition both via its antimicrobial properties, and by providing potential nutrient sources. Intra- and interspecific variation in sebum composition influences skin disease outcomes in humans and domestic mammal species but is not well-characterized in wildlife. We synthesized knowledge on sebum function in mammals in relation to skin diseases and the skin microbiome. We found that sebum composition was described for only 29 live, wild mammalian species. Sebum is important in dermatophilosis, various forms of dermatitis, demodicosis, and potentially white-nose syndrome. Sebum composition likely affects disease susceptibility, as lipid components can have antimicrobial functions against specific pathogens. It is unclear why sebum composition is species-specific, but both phylogeny and environmental effects may drive differences. Our review illustrates the role of mammal sebum function and influence on skin microbes in the context of skin diseases, providing a baseline for future studies to elucidate mechanisms of disease resistance beyond immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanderwolf
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Kyle
- Forensic Science Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Center, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Davy
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Hui-Beckman JW, Goleva E, Leung DYM, Kim BE. The impact of temperature on the skin barrier and atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 131:713-719. [PMID: 37595740 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a global threat to public health and causes or worsens various diseases including atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic, infectious, cardiovascular diseases, physical injuries, and mental disorders. The incidence of allergy, such as AD, has increased over the past several decades, and environmental factors such as climate change have been implicated as a potential mechanism. A substantial amount of literature has been published on the impact of climate factors, including cold and hot temperatures, on the skin barrier and AD. Studies in several countries have found a greater incidence of AD in children born in the colder seasons of fall and winter. The effect of cold and warm temperatures on itch, skin flares, increased outpatient visits, skin barrier dysfunction, development of AD, and asthma exacerbations have been reported. Understanding mechanisms by which changes in temperature influence allergies is critical to the development of measures for the prevention and treatment of allergic disorders, such as AD and asthma. Low and high temperatures induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators such as interleukin-1β, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and prostaglandin E2, and cause itch and flares by activation of TRPVs such as TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4. TRPV antagonists may attenuate temperature-mediated itch, skin barrier dysfunction, and exacerbation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Goleva
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.
| | - Byung Eui Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Niu G, Wang Z, Xue Y, Yan J, Dutta A, Chen X, Wang Y, Liu C, Du S, Guo L, Zhou P, Cheng H, Yang L. Pencil-on-Paper Humidity Sensor Treated with NaCl Solution for Health Monitoring and Skin Characterization. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1252-1260. [PMID: 36584409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although flexible humidity sensors are essential for human health monitoring, it is still challenging to achieve high sensitivity and easy disposal with simple, low-cost fabrication processes. This study presents the design and fabrication of highly reliable hand-drawn interdigital electrodes from pencil-on-paper treated with NaCl solution for highly sensitive hydration sensors working over a wide range of relative humidity (RH) levels from 5.6% to 90%. The applications of the resulting flexible humidity sensor go beyond the monitoring of respiratory rate and proximity to characterizations of human skin types and evaluations of skin barrier functions through insensible sweat measurements. The sensor array can also be integrated with a diaper to result in smart diapers to alert for an early diaper change. The design and fabrication strategies presented in this work could also be leveraged for the development of wearable, self-powered, and recyclable sensors and actuators in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Niu
- Department of Architecture and Art, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Ye Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jiayi Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Chaosai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Shuaijie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Langang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Tianjin Tianzhong Yimai Technology Development Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Tianjin Tianzhong Yimai Technology Development Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300384, China
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Seno SI, Shimazu H, Kobayashi H, Kogure E, Watanabe A, Isoyama T. Quantitative evaluation of skin barrier function using water evaporation time related to transepidermal water loss. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13242. [PMID: 36426825 PMCID: PMC9838770 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is often used as an index for skin barrier function. The skin barrier tester, SBT-100 (Rousette Strategy Inc), measures the TEWL, water evaporation time, and time constant by contacting the skin and diffusing water into the closing measurement chamber. However, the relationship between the TEWL and time constant has not been sufficiently investigated. This study involved analyzing the underlying measurement principle and obtaining data through two experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS The TEWL and time constant were measured using SBT-100. Experiment 1 produced a simple simulation model for continuous water evaporation from the skin using a moisture-permeable film. In experiment 2, four skin sites of 43 healthy volunteers were examined from May to September 2018. RESULTS In experiment 1, the TEWL increased and time constant decreased, following an increase in humidity in the external environment. Both parameters demonstrated significant negative correlation (drying: ρ = -0.832, p < 0.001). For the 43 healthy volunteers who participated in experiment 2, their TEWL increased and time constant decreased in summer. For all skin measurement sites, both data demonstrated significant negative correlation (forehead: ρ = -0.909, p < 0.001; back of the left hand: ρ = -0.829, p < 0.001; left lateral elbow: ρ = -0.896, p < 0.001; left lateral malleolus: ρ = -0.865, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Results indicated that the time constant is significantly correlated with TEWL. Furthermore, the time constant can be used as a parameter for evaluating skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Seno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimazu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kobayashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiki Kogure
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Isoyama
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Green M, Kashetsky N, Feschuk A, Maibach HI. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL): Environment and pollution-A systematic review. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2022; 2:e104. [PMID: 35677917 PMCID: PMC9168018 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an objective measurement of skin integrity measured as the amount of water lost across the stratum corneum. TEWL varies greatly across variables such as age and anatomic location, and disruptions in the skin barrier have been linked to inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Impact of environmental conditions and pollution on TEWL has yet to be determined. Accordingly, this review summarizes effects of environmental conditions and pollution on TEWL. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science to find human studies that provided data on environmental conditions and/or pollution and TEWL. Results In total, 15 studies were included, with 11 studies examining environmental and seasonal conditions on TEWL and four examining pollution. All studies examining pollution showed increased TEWL in people exposed to particulate matter or NO2. Contradictory results were found on the effects of season and climate across the 11 studies, with no consensus reached. Conclusion Exposure to pollution is reported to cause increases in TEWL, likely through free radical damage. Significant discrepancies exist among current literature as to the effects of season and climate on TEWL. There is a need to continue examining environmental variables other than temperature and relative humidity, such as atmospheric and steam pressure, that may impact TEWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Green
- Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Nadia Kashetsky
- Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's Newfoundland & Labrador Canada
| | - Aileen Feschuk
- Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's Newfoundland & Labrador Canada
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA
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8
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Majima Y, Kobayashi Y. Comparison of perianal skin barrier function with moisturizer application in Japanese full-term newborns. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:394-399. [PMID: 35412654 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Some full-term newborns present with erythema and irritation of the buttocks and perianal area as early as the first 4 days of their lives. The effect of moisturizers in protecting this vulnerable skin has not been rigorously studied. This study aimed to clarify whether there is a difference in perianal skin barrier function with and without moisturizer application in the first month of life. METHODS Comparative investigation of 118 full-term newborns was performed, and they were allocated to intervention (n = 63) and control groups (n = 55). The intervention group received moisturizer application to the perianal area, and the control group received care without application of moisturizer to the perianal area from the first day of life until the 1-month visit. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), and skin surface pH in the perianal area were measured as the indicators of skin barrier function on days 1 and 5 after birth and at the 1-month visit. RESULTS At the 1-month visit, TEWL was significantly decreased (intervention, 19.4 g/m2 /h; control, 25.8 g/m2 /h; p = .00) and SCH was significantly increased (intervention, 58.8 arbitrary units (a.u.); control, 46.5 a.u.; p = .00) in newborns using perianal moisturizer. The skin surface pH was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The use of moisturizer was effective in protecting the skin barrier function of the perianal skin. Further investigations are needed to determine the effect on the frequency and extent of rashes in the perianal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Majima
- Maternal Nursing and Midwifery, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yasue Kobayashi
- Maternal Nursing and Midwifery, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
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Vanderwolf KJ, Kyle CJ, Faure PA, McAlpine DF, Davy CM. Skin pH varies among bat species and seasons and between wild and captive bats. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab088. [PMID: 34925845 PMCID: PMC8672241 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Skin is a key aspect of the immune system in the defence against pathogens. Skin pH regulates the activity of enzymes produced both by hosts and by microbes on host skin, thus implicating pH in disease susceptibility. Skin pH varies inter- and intra-specifically and is influenced by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic variables. Increased skin alkalinity is associated with a predisposition to cutaneous infections in humans and dogs, and inter-specific and inter-individual variation in skin pH is implicated in differential susceptibility to some skin diseases. The cutaneous pH of bats has not been characterized but is postulated to play a role in susceptibility to white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fungal infection that has decimated several Nearctic bat species. We used non-invasive probes to measure the pH of bat flight membranes in five species with differing susceptibility to WNS. Skin pH ranged from 4.67 to 8.59 and varied among bat species, geographic locations, body parts, age classes, sexes and seasons. Wild Eptesicus fuscus were consistently more acidic than wild Myotis lucifugus, Myotis leibii and Perimyotis subflavus. Juvenile bats had more acidic skin than adults during maternity season but did not differ during swarming. Male M. lucifugus were more acidic than females during maternity season, yet this trend reversed during swarming. Bat skin was more acidic in summer compared to winter, a pattern also reported in humans. Skin pH was more acidic in captive than wild E. fuscus, suggesting environmental impacts on skin pH. The pH of roosting substrates affects skin pH in captive bats and may partially explain seasonal patterns in wild bats that use different roost types across seasons. Future research on the influence of pH on microbial pathogenic factors and skin barrier function may provide valuable insights on new therapeutic targets for treating bat skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Vanderwolf
- Corresponding author: Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Kyle
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
- Forensic Science Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Center, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald F McAlpine
- Department of Natural History, New Brunswick Museum, 277 Douglas Ave, Saint John, E2K 1E5, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Christina M Davy
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
- Current affiliation: Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Shirshakova M, Morozova E, Sokolova D, Pervykh S, Smirnova L. The effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in the treatment of facial skin oily seborrhea, enlarged pores, and symptom complex of post-acne. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:1232-1241. [PMID: 33937981 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in the treatment of acne. METHODS The study was conducted in 2018 on 12 patients, 10 females and two males, aged 35 years on average. The injections with BTX-A were given during 2 weeks into the face skin in a dosage of 0.125-0.250 units. RESULTS Skin moisture indexes increased during the therapy by 4% (P ≤ 0.05), and porosity decreased by 7% (P ≤ 0.01). Maximal changes were recorded for the sulci and pigmentation of the skin, namely, its values decreased by 10 and 9%, respectively (P ≤ 0.01). BTX-A is recommended for an application not only in plastic surgeries but also for local correction of acne on the patient's skin. CONCLUSION A positive correlation was revealed between the duration of treatment and reduction of skin oiliness (0.87), pigmentation (0.78), skin sulci (0.84), and skin porosity (0.88), and negative correlation was established with increased skin moisture (-0.64). The obtained dependencies apply for the therapy period of up to 2 weeks. Pharmacological properties of BTX-A allow recommending it as a drug used in post-acne therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Morozova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Daria Sokolova
- Clinic: Centre of Medical Practice, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Lyudmila Smirnova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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11
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Goh CF, Mohamed Faisal N, Ismail FN. Facial Skin Biophysical Profile of Women in Malaysia: Significance of Facial Skincare Product Use. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:351-362. [PMID: 33853085 DOI: 10.1159/000514995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At present, there is a lack of baseline data on the facial skin biophysical profile of women in Malaysia. The implications related to the daily habits and facial skincare product use on the skin biophysical condition are, thus, unknown. In this study, we aim to evaluate facial skin biophysical parameters of Malaysian women and examine the influence of demographic characteristics, daily habits, and facial skincare product use on these parameters. METHODS Four skin biophysical parameters - transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin content, elasticity, and collagen intensity - were assessed on the cheek of the subjects (20-60 years). Demographic background, daily habits, and skincare product use were gauged through a survey. Only 197 from the 213 subjects recruited initially were used for analysis after the data were screened for normality. RESULTS The biophysical parameters were similar in different races, except a higher melanin content in Indian female individuals. Elasticity and collagen intensity reduced with age, while melanin content increased in the older age-groups. But no difference was observed in TEWL at different ages. Evaluating the influence of daily habits, we observed that exercise significantly lowered TEWL and increased melanin content, which may be associated with UV radiation exposure. Facial skincare products are popular among the female subjects (>85% users). Products with moisturizing, sunscreening, and other skincare functions (astringent, antiaging, and anti-wrinkle) were preferred by subjects of all ages. These product functions significantly improve skin elasticity and reduce melanin content in the young adults. While aged women recognized the importance of having an additional skin-lightening function in their skincare routine. Although the influence of individual skincare function on skin biophysical parameters was mostly positive, the alteration of these parameters varied at different ages. CONCLUSION This is the first report of facial skin biophysical profile of Malaysian women. There is no difference among 3 major races saved for melanin content. This work demonstrated age-dependent influences on the biophysical parameters, except TEWL. The significance of skincare product use is well reflected in the improvement of these parameters at different age-groups based on individual skincare functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Mohamed Faisal
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fatin Najiha Ismail
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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12
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Zhao H, Wu J, Wang N, Grether-Beck S, Krutmann J, Wei L. Oral Pycnogenol® Intake Benefits the Skin in Urban Chinese Outdoor Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, and Crossover Intervention Study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:135-145. [PMID: 33789311 DOI: 10.1159/000514323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral supplementation with a standardized extract from the bark of the French pine (Pycnogenol®) has been reported to benefit the skin. It might thus represent an easy-to-use strategy to improve the skin health of individuals who are exposed to considerable environmental stress in large urban areas. OBJECTIVE We investigated if oral intake of Pycnogenol® can benefit the skin of Han Chinese working outdoors in Beijing, China. METHODS In a monocentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and crossover study, the effects of Pycnogenol® intake (2 × 50 mg/day for a total of 12 weeks) on a variety of skin physiological parameters was studied in Chinese subjects (n = 76), from spring to autumn, who were working outdoors in Beijing, China. RESULTS During the intervention period, study subjects were constantly exposed to increased levels of particulate matter (PM)2.5 as well as seasonal changes in humidity and temperature. Despite this environmental stress, Pycnogenol® intake prevented (i) a decrease in the skin hydration, (ii) transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and (iii) skin darkening during the dry autumn season. In addition, Pycnogenol® intake improved (iv) viscoelastic skin properties such as gross elasticity and elastic recovery irrespective of the season. These beneficial effects were not observed if the same subjects were supplemented with placebo. CONCLUSION Oral intake of Pycnogenol® benefits the skin in Han Chinese, who are working outdoors under considerable environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Cosmetics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhao Wu
- Beijing EWISH Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Beijing EWISH Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Susanne Grether-Beck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Liu Wei
- Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Dolečková I, Čápová A, Machková L, Moravčíková S, Marešová M, Velebný V. Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:358-369. [PMID: 33084174 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human skin is greatly affected by external factors such as UV radiation (UVR), ambient temperature (T), and air humidity. These factors oscillate during the year giving rise to the seasonal variations in the skin properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasons, environmental T, relative and absolute humidity on the skin parameters of Caucasian women, perform a literature review and discuss the possible factors lying behind the found changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured stratum corneum (SC) hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level, erythema index, and elasticity parameters R2 and R7 on the forehead and the cheek of Caucasian women from the Czech Republic throughout the year. We also performed a non-systematic literature review focused on the seasonal variations in these skin parameters. RESULTS We confirmed a well-documented low SC hydration and sebum production in winter. In spring, we found the lowest TEWL (on the forehead) and the highest SC hydration but also the highest erythema index and the lowest elasticity presumably indicating skin photodamage. For most of the skin parameters, the seasonal variations probably arise due to a complex action of different factors as we extensively discussed. CONCLUSION The data about the seasonal variations in the skin parameters are still highly inconsistent and further studies are needed for better understanding of the normal skin changes throughout the year.
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Zhang Y, Ma L, Gao Y, Yuan C. Seasonal variation of skin photoreaction and biophysical properties in Chinese. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 37:63-65. [PMID: 33016474 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Zhang
- Skin & Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Skin & Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanrui Gao
- Skin & Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Skin & Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
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15
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Yang J, Tu Y, Man MQ, Zhang Y, Cha Y, Fan X, Wang Z, Zeng Z, He L. Seasonal variations of epidermal biophysical properties in Kunming, China: A self-controlled cohort study. Skin Res Technol 2020; 26:702-707. [PMID: 32196767 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal biophysical properties can be affected by many factors, including body site, age, gender, ethnicity, disease, temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Information about variation of epidermal biophysical properties with seasons is still limited. In the present study, we determined seasonal variation of epidermal biophysical properties of women in Kunming, China. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 women, aged 22.96 ± 2.11 years, were enrolled in this study. Transepidermal water loss rates (TEWL), stratum corneum (SC) hydration, sebum content, melanin index (MI), erythema index (EI), and L*a* values were measured on the right cheek and the right forearm, using a non-invasive skin physiological instrument in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Kunming, China. RESULTS On the cheek, TEWL, SC hydration, sebum, MI, and L*a* values varied greatly with seasons (P < .05). SC hydration, sebum, MI, and a*value peaked in the summer, but went lowest in winter. In contrast, TEWL and L*value went lowest in summer but peaked in winter. Similarly, SC hydration, MI, and L*value also varied with seasons on the forearm (P < .05). In addition, SC hydration, sebum, MI, EI, and a*value of the cheek were higher than that of the forearm (P < .001), but L*values of the cheek were lower than that of the forearm (P < .001). There were no correlations among TEWL and MI, EI, and L*a*values in any season (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Both epidermal permeability barrier function, sebum, and skin pigment in healthy women vary seasons in Kunming, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yusi Cha
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoqing Fan
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zixun Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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16
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Žmitek K, Žmitek J, Rogl Butina M, Pogačnik T. Effects of a Combination of Water-Soluble CoenzymeQ10 and Collagen on Skin Parameters and Condition:Results of a Randomised, Placebo-Controlled,Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030618. [PMID: 32120787 PMCID: PMC7146335 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is a complex and dynamic organ that provides a protective interface between the external environment and the body; changes in skin appearance are often the first visible signs of aging. It is well established that nutrients and other bioactive substances have important roles in the structure and functions of human skin; however, the effects of dietary supplementation of such bioactives are much less investigated. The objective of this randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study was to investigate the effects of liquid food supplement, characterised by a combination of water-soluble coenzyme Q10 (Q10Vital®) and collagen, on dermal density and other skin parameters in comparison to placebo. The trial was performed on 34 healthy women aged 40–65 that received either the test product (n = 17) or the placebo (n = 17) for twelve weeks. Measurements and assessments of skin parameters were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. We observed improved dermis density, reduced periorbital wrinkle area and the total wrinkle score, and improved skin smoothness. On the other hand, changes in skin hydration, dermis thickness, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and viscoelasticity were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Žmitek
- Institute of Cosmetics, VIST—Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbičeva ulica 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.Ž.); (M.R.B.); (T.P.)
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Janko Žmitek
- Institute of Cosmetics, VIST—Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbičeva ulica 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.Ž.); (M.R.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Mirjam Rogl Butina
- Institute of Cosmetics, VIST—Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbičeva ulica 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.Ž.); (M.R.B.); (T.P.)
- Dermatologija Rogl Fabjan, Derčeva ulica 35, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Pogačnik
- Institute of Cosmetics, VIST—Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbičeva ulica 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.Ž.); (M.R.B.); (T.P.)
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17
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Lee JS, Ha J, Shin K, Kim H, Cho S. Different Cosmetic Habits Can Affect the Biophysical Profile of Facial Skin: A Study of Korean and Chinese Women. Ann Dermatol 2019; 31:175-185. [PMID: 33911566 PMCID: PMC7992690 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2019.31.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies on the age-, climate, and skin care habit-related changes of biophysical parameters have mainly focused on Caucasians, and studies on Asians are in paucity. Objective This study was aimed to investigate the variations of cutaneous biophysical parameters in Chinese and Korean women (northeast Asians) and to assess the association between those parameters and age, climate, and cosmetic habits. Methods A cross-sectional study included 361 healthy Chinese and Korean women between 18 and 49 years of age in 4 cities (Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Shijiazhuang in China, and Suwon in Korea). We measured skin surface temperature, hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum, elasticity, skin pore, wrinkle, and skin tone (brightness) using non-invasive instruments. Demographic profiles and cosmetic habits were assessed using a questionnaire. Results Skin elasticity and tone decreased, and pore size and wrinkle increased with age. Subjects in Suwon (Korean) showed higher hydration level, lower TEWL and lower sebum, less severe wrinkle and brighter skin than those in the 3 cities in China. After adjusting for age and region, using sunscreen everyday, wearing base makeup daily, and using moisturizers improved hydration, TEWL, and elasticity significantly. Conclusion Women in Suwon (Korea) were found to have a better profile of biophysical parameters than women in the 3 Chinese cities, which might be attributed to cosmetic habits, besides age and climatic factors. The fact that appropriate cosmetic habits are associated with favorable skin biophysical parameters underscores the importance of daily skin care routine in preserving skin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Su Lee
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehyoun Ha
- Skin Research Institute, IEC Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyeho Shin
- Department of Beauty Coordination, Suwon Science College, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyojung Kim
- Smart Beauty Life Lab, SKIN79, Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Xie X, Wang Y, Zeng Q, Lv Y, Hu R, Zhu K, Liu C, Lai W, Guan L. Characteristic features of neck skin aging in Chinese women. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 17:935-944. [PMID: 30160008 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neck skin aging is of particular interest to skin scientists and dermatologists because of the increasing demand for neck wrinkle improvement. This study aimed to determine the neck aging features of Chinese women and to investigate the clinical alterations and mechanical, topographical, and biophysical properties of neck skin. METHODS A total of 450 Chinese women (age range: 16-66 years) were clinically examined and graded by the same dermatologist using standardized photographs. The skin properties were assessed by noninvasive skin measuring devices. RESULTS The results showed that different neck aging signs, including the horizontal neck fold, neck sagging, hollowing of emaciated neck, platysmal bands, and neck texture, appeared in different ages, and all of them worsened age-dependently since they manifested. The skin elasticity markedly changed before the onset of most of the aging signs and showed a negative correlation with both age and the severity of these signs. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was positively correlated with age, whereas hydration and pH were not significantly correlated with age. We also found that wrinkles (SEw) and average roughness (Ra) were significantly correlated with age. SEw, smoothness, the average depth of roughness (Rz), TEWL, and erythema index were significantly and positively correlated with the severity of the horizontal neck fold, neck sagging, hollowing of emaciated neck, and platysmal bands. CONCLUSION This is the first study to emphasize that age causes diverse changes in Chinese women's neck skin. The changes in skin elasticity may effectively predict neck aging before the onset of most of the neck aging signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Xie
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaning Wang
- Skin Research Center, Landproof Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingting Zeng
- Skin Research Center, Landproof Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Cosmetics Testing Center, Guangzhou Products Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Skin Research Center, Landproof Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Guan
- Skin Research Center, Landproof Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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Garrett DC, Rae N, Fletcher JR, Zarnke S, Thorson S, Hogan DB, Fear EC. Engineering Approaches to Assessing Hydration Status. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 11:233-248. [PMID: 29990109 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2776041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dehydration is a common condition characterized by a decrease in total body water. Acute dehydration can cause physical and cognitive impairment, heat stroke and exhaustion, and, if severe and uncorrected, even death. The health effects of chronic mild dehydration are less well studied with urolithiasis (kidney stones) the only condition consistently associated with it. Aside from infants and those with particular medical conditions, athletes, military personnel, manual workers, and older adults are at particular risk of dehydration due to their physical activity, environmental exposure, and/or challenges in maintaining fluid homeostasis. This review describes the different approaches that have been explored for hydration assessment in adults. These include clinical indicators perceived by the patient or detected by a practitioner and routine laboratory analyses of blood and urine. These techniques have variable accuracy and practicality outside of controlled environments, creating a need for simple, portable, and rapid hydration monitoring devices. We review the wide array of devices proposed for hydration assessment based on optical, electromagnetic, chemical, and acoustical properties of tissue and bodily fluids. However, none of these approaches has yet emerged as a reliable indicator in diverse populations across various settings, motivating efforts to develop new methods of hydration assessment.
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20
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Liu X, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Wang X. Variation in skin biology to climate in Shanghai, China. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2017; 36:231-236. [PMID: 27825268 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2016.1258708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Mycology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China and
| | - Yanrui Gao
- Department of Skin & Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Department of Skin & Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Skin & Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
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21
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In vivo confirmation of hydration-induced changes in human-skin thickness, roughness and interaction with the environment. Biointerphases 2016; 11:031015. [PMID: 27634368 DOI: 10.1116/1.4962547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin properties, structure, and performance can be influenced by many internal and external factors, such as age, gender, lifestyle, skin diseases, and a hydration level that can vary in relation to the environment. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the multifaceted influence of water on human skin through a combination of in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy and images of volar-forearm skin captured with the laser scanning confocal microscopy. By means of this pilot study, the authors have both qualitatively and quantitatively studied the influence of changing the depth-dependent hydration level of the stratum corneum (SC) on the real contact area, surface roughness, and the dimensions of the primary lines and presented a new method for characterizing the contact area for different states of the skin. The hydration level of the skin and the thickness of the SC increased significantly due to uptake of moisture derived from liquid water or, to a much lesser extent, from humidity present in the environment. Hydrated skin was smoother and exhibited higher real contact area values. The highest rates of water uptake were observed for the upper few micrometers of skin and for short exposure times.
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