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Di W, Yu J, Zong D, Ge Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, He X. Effects of ambient temperature, relative humidity and absolute humidity on risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China. Int J Cancer 2024. [PMID: 38598851 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a unique geographic distribution. It is unknown whether meteorological factors are related to the incidence of NPC. To investigate the effect of ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), and absolute humidity (AH) on the incidence of NPC, we collected the incidence rate of NPC in 2016 and meteorological data from 2006 to 2016 from 484 cities and counties across 31 provinces in China. Generalized additive models with quasi-Poisson regression and generalized linear models with natural cubic splines were employed respectively to elucidate the nonlinear relationships and specify the partial linear relationships. Subgroup and interactive analysis were also conducted. Temperature (R2 = 0.68, p < .001), RH (R2 = 0.47, p < .001), and AH (R2 = 0.70, p < .001) exhibited nonlinear correlations with NPC incidence rate. The risk of NPC incidence increased by 20.3% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: [18.9%, 21.7%]) per 1°C increase in temperature, by 6.3% (95% CI: [5.3%, 7.2%]) per 1% increase in RH, and by 32.2% (95% CI: [30.7%, 33.7%]) per 1 g/m3 increase in AH, between their the 25th and the 99th percentiles. In addition, the combination of low temperature and low RH was also related to increased risk (relative risk: 1.60, 95% CI: [1.18, 2.17]). Males and eastern or rural populations tended to be more vulnerable. In summary, this study suggests that ambient temperature, RH, and particularly AH are associated with the risk of NPC incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Di
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiamin Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zong
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhi Ge
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia He
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang L, Ma C, Duan W, Yuan J, Wu S, Sun Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Wang Q, Liu M. The role of absolute humidity in influenza transmission in Beijing, China: risk assessment and attributable fraction identification. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:767-778. [PMID: 36649482 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2167948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To assess the impact of absolute humidity on influenza transmission in Beijing from 2014 to 2019, we estimated the influenza transmissibility via the instantaneous reproduction number (Rt), and evaluated its nonlinear exposure-response association and delayed effects with absolute humidity by using the distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM). Attributable fraction (AF) of Rt due to absolute humidity was calculated. The result showed a significant M-shaped relationship between Rt and absolute humidity. Compared with the effect of high absolute humidity, the low absolute humidity effect was more immediate with the most significant effect observed at lag 6 days. AFs were relatively high for the group aged 15-24 years, and was the lowest for the group aged 0-4 years with low absolute humidity. Therefore, we concluded that the component attributed to the low absolute humidity effect is greater. Young and middle-aged people are more sensitive to low absolute humidity than children and elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunna Ma
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Duan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangsheng Wu
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Wagatsuma K. Association of Ambient Temperature and Absolute Humidity with the Effective Reproduction Number of COVID-19 in Japan. Pathogens 2023; 12:1307. [PMID: 38003771 PMCID: PMC10675148 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the exposure-lag-response relationship between short-term changes in ambient temperature and absolute humidity and the transmission dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Japan. The prefecture-specific daily time-series of newly confirmed cases, meteorological variables, retail and recreation mobility, and Government Stringency Index were collected for all 47 prefectures of Japan for the study period from 15 February 2020 to 15 October 2022. Generalized conditional Gamma regression models were formulated with distributed lag nonlinear models by adopting the case-time-series design to assess the independent and interactive effects of ambient temperature and absolute humidity on the relative risk (RR) of the time-varying effective reproductive number (Rt). With reference to 17.8 °C, the corresponding cumulative RRs (95% confidence interval) at a mean ambient temperatures of 5.1 °C and 27.9 °C were 1.027 (1.016-1.038) and 0.982 (0.974-0.989), respectively, whereas those at an absolute humidity of 4.2 m/g3 and 20.6 m/g3 were 1.026 (1.017-1.036) and 0.995 (0.985-1.006), respectively, with reference to 10.6 m/g3. Both extremely hot and humid conditions synergistically and slightly reduced the Rt. Our findings provide a better understanding of how meteorological drivers shape the complex heterogeneous dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Wagatsuma
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-25-227-2129
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
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Jenkins EJ, Campbell HA, Lee JKW, Mündel T, Cotter JD. Delineating the impacts of air temperature and humidity for endurance exercise. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:207-220. [PMID: 36537856 PMCID: PMC10103870 DOI: 10.1113/ep090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the independent effects of air temperature and humidity on performance, physiological and perceptual responses during endurance exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? When examined independently, elevated air temperature increased heat strain and impaired aerobic exercise performance, but to a lesser extent than has been reported previously. These findings highlight the importance of absolute humidity relative to temperature when exercising or working under severe heat stress. ABSTRACT Many studies have reported that ambient heat stress increases physiological and perceptual strain and impairs endurance exercise, but effects of air temperature per se remain almost unexamined. Most studies have used matched relative humidity, thereby exponentially increasing absolute humidity (water content in air) concurrently with temperature. Absolute (not relative) humidity governs evaporative rate and is more important at higher work rates and air temperatures. Therefore, we examined the independent effects of air temperature and humidity on performance, thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual measures during endurance exercise. Utilizing a crossover design, 14 trained participants (7 females) completed 45 min fixed-intensity cycling (70%V ̇ O 2 peak ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{peak}}}}$ ) followed by a 20-km time trial in each of four environments: three air temperatures at matched absolute humidity (Cool, 18°C; Moderate, 27°C; and Hot, 36°C; at 1.96 kPa, air velocity ∼4.5 m/s), and one at elevated humidity (Hot Humid, 36°C at 3.92 kPa). Warmer air caused warmer skin (0.5°C/°C; P < 0.001), higher heart rate (1 bpm/°C; P < 0.001), sweat rate (0.04 l/h/°C; P < 0.001) and thermal perceptions during fixed-intensity exercise, but minimally affected core temperature (<0.01°C/°C; P = 0.053). Time-trial performance was comparable between Cool and Moderate (95% CI: -1.4, 5.9%; P = 0.263), but 3.6-6% slower in Hot (95% CI: ±2.4%; P ≤ 0.006). Elevated humidity increased core temperature (P < 0.001), perceived temperature and discomfort but not skin temperature or heart rate, and reduced mean blood pressure (P = 0.046) during fixed-intensity exercise. Elevated humidity impaired time-trial performance by 3.4% (95% CI: ±2.2%; P = 0.006). In conclusion, these findings quantify the importance of absolute humidity alongside air temperature when exercising under severe heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J. Jenkins
- School of Physical EducationSport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Holly A. Campbell
- Department of Surgical SciencesDunedin School of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Jason K. W. Lee
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Heat Resilience and Performance CentreYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgrammeYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of PhysiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)Singapore
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of SportExercise and NutritionMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - James D. Cotter
- School of Physical EducationSport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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He C, Wang H, Zhang L, Guo Q. Impact of humidity and flowrate on the thoron measurement sensitivity of electrostatic radon monitors. J Radiol Prot 2023; 43:011504. [PMID: 36603217 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/acb067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The accurate measurement of thoron activity concentration is an important issue in both thoron exposure evaluation and in reducing its influence on radon measurement. For radon monitors based on electrostatic collection technique and an alpha spectrometry analyser, air humidity and sampling flowrate are key factors influencing the sensitivity of thoron activity concentration measurement. For the purpose of improving thoron measurement sensitivity and stability, theoretical derivation and experimental studies were systemically performed in this study. The results show that thoron measurement sensitivity decreases as a negative exponential function with absolute humidity increasing, and the sensitivity of thoron is much lower than that of radon under the same conditions, which is mainly caused by the small value of the concentration ratio of thoron inside to outside of the chamber. When the air exchange rate of the measurement chamber (sampling flowrate/inner volume) increases, the measurement sensitivity of thoron gas first increases rapidly and then decreases slowly after reaching its maximum at the air exchange rate of 0.24 s-1. In practice, in the normal air exchange rate range (for example <0.05 s-1), increasing the sampling flowrate could greatly improve the thoron measurement sensitivity, which consequently suggests an effective way to update thoron measurement under the present conditions of the monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuju Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Weldeab AO, McElderry JD, Lin Y. The Effect of In-Situ-Generated Moisture on Disproportionation of Pharmaceutical Salt. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:561-571. [PMID: 36524757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical salts are ubiquitously present in the market given their benefits in optimizing the critical properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Achieving these benefits requires careful selection and understanding of the salt form of choice. Stability is especially critical here, as salts are susceptible to disproportionation. Several studies have shown the impact of moisture on disproportionation, with more focus on external humidity (moisture coming from outside the system). This work, on the other hand, is systematically designed to study the impact of moisture generated in situ (moisture produced within the system). To that end, an in-house developed compound 1 was selected as our salt API, and its disproportionation was studied in blends (binary and prototype) with hydrated model excipient─trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate (TSPD). TSPD possesses 12 water molecules, which could get released when triggered with enough energy (confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and humidity studies). As a control for this study, similar blends were prepared with anhydrous trisodium phosphate (TSP), which has comparable properties to TSPD but lacks water. Overall, significant disproportionation was observed in TSPD blends exposed to 40 °C or 70 °C in a closed system; while no disproportionation was observed when the system was left open due to the escape of the moisture generated in situ. The API also remained intact for the blends with anhydrous TSP, as expected. Meanwhile, stressing at 40 °C/75%RH condition resulted in significant disproportionation for both TSPD and TSP blends due to the exposure to external humidity. Hydrated excipients are normally used in drug development, and this work stresses the need for probing the impact from within the system when such excipients are utilized with salt API. This will help fully unravel the overall effect of moisture on the drug, which is relevant downstream when selecting processing conditions, packaging, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmerom O Weldeab
- Small Molecule Drug Product Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts02142, United States
| | - John-David McElderry
- Analytical Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts02142, United States
| | - Yiqing Lin
- Small Molecule Drug Product Development, Biogen, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts02142, United States
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Haga L, Ruuhela R, Auranen K, Lakkala K, Heikkilä A, Gregow H. Impact of Selected Meteorological Factors on COVID-19 Incidence in Southern Finland during 2020-2021. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13398. [PMID: 36293991 PMCID: PMC9603127 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We modelled the impact of selected meteorological factors on the daily number of new cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa in southern Finland from August 2020 until May 2021. We applied a DLNM (distributed lag non-linear model) with and without various environmental and non-environmental confounding factors. The relationship between the daily mean temperature or absolute humidity and COVID-19 morbidity shows a non-linear dependency, with increased incidence of COVID-19 at low temperatures between 0 to -10 °C or at low absolute humidity (AH) values below 6 g/m3. However, the outcomes need to be interpreted with caution, because the associations found may be valid only for the study period in 2020-2021. Longer study periods are needed to investigate whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a seasonal pattern similar such as influenza and other viral respiratory infections. The influence of other non-environmental factors such as various mitigation measures are important to consider in future studies. Knowledge about associations between meteorological factors and COVID-19 can be useful information for policy makers and the education and health sector to predict and prepare for epidemic waves in the coming winters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Haga
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Meteorological and Marine Research Programme, Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reija Ruuhela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Meteorological and Marine Research Programme, Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Auranen
- The Center of Statistics, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lakkala
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, Earth Observation Research, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research Programme, Atmospheric Research Center of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research Programme, Atmospheric Research Center of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilppa Gregow
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Meteorological and Marine Research Programme, Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
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Lellouche F, Simard S, Bouchard PA. Monitoring of Heated Wire Humidifier Hygrometric Performances With Heater Plate Temperature. Respir Care 2022; 67:1147-1153. [PMID: 35672136 PMCID: PMC9994345 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under-humidification and associated complications may occur with heated humidifiers. Hygrometric performances of heated wire humidifiers are reduced by high ambient and high outlet ventilator temperatures. Currently, there is no reliable monitoring tool to evaluate humidification performances of heated wire humidifiers in the daily practice. We sought to demonstrate the relation between humidity delivered by heated wire humidifiers and different parameters that could be used to monitor humidity of gas delivered to subjects. METHODS On a bench test, we measured heater plate temperature, inlet chamber temperature, and delivered humidity with MR850 system. Temperature displayed on the humidifier was also recorded. The measurements were performed at different ambient temperatures and five minute ventilation levels (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 L/min). Inlet chamber temperatures varied from 20-40°C. In each condition, hygrometric measurements with the psychrometric method were performed at steady state. RESULTS We performed 279 measurements at steady state including all conditions. We found a good correlation between heater plate temperature and absolute humidity delivered (R2 = 0.82). This relationship was hardly affected by ambient temperature, but minute ventilation had more effect. For different minute ventilations, the correlation between heater plate temperature and absolute humidity delivered was very good with coefficient of determination R2 from 0.87-0.98. Heater plate temperature > 62°C was a good predictor of absolute humidity delivered > 30 mg H2O/L (area under the curve = 0.96, sensibility 79%, specificity 94%). No correlation existed between humidity delivered and the outlet chamber temperature (displayed on the humidifier). CONCLUSIONS In this bench study, we have shown a good correlation between heater plate temperature and humidity delivered with a heated wire humidifier. This means that a "hidden" hygrometer is built into the heated wire humidifier. Heater plate temperature should be used as a surrogate of humidity to improve the humidification monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lellouche
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Serge Simard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Delorme M, Bouchard PA, Simard S, Lellouche F. Hygrometric Performances of Different High-Flow Nasal Cannula Devices: Bench Evaluation and Clinical Tolerance. Respir Care 2021; 66:1720-1728. [PMID: 34548410 PMCID: PMC9993542 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.09085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is increasingly used for the management of respiratory failure. Settings include [Formula: see text], total gas flow, and temperature target. Resulting absolute humidity (AH) at the nasal cannula may affect clinical tolerance, and optimal settings with respect to hygrometry remain poorly documented. METHODS A bench study was designed to assess AH delivered by 4 HFNC devices (Optiflow, Airvo 2, Precision Flow, and Hydrate) according to flow, ambient temperature, and other available settings. Clinical tolerance of different levels of hygrometry (20, 30, and 40 mg H2O/L) was evaluated in 15 healthy volunteers. RESULTS With [Formula: see text] set at 1.0, normal ambient temperature, and settings made accordingly to the manufacturers' recommendations, mean ± SD AH was 42.2 ± 3.1, 39.5 ± 1.8, 35.7 ± 2.0, and 32.9 ± 2.7 mg H2O/L for the Airvo 2, Optiflow, Hydrate, and Precision Flow, respectively, (P < .001). AH dropped from -3.5 to -10.7 mg H2O/L (P <. 001) with high ambient temperature, except for the Precision Flow. Increasing flow did not significantly affect AH except for the Precision Flow (from 36.4 ± 1.6 to 29.8 ± 0.2 mg H2O/L at 10 and 40 L/min, respectively, [P < .001]). The lowest AH was encountered with the Optiflow set with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) mode, without compensation algorithm, and at high ambient temperature (14.2 ± 1.5 mg H2O/L). In studied subjects, AH significantly affected breathing comfort, reduced from 7.0 ± 1.0 to 3.0 ± 2.0 at 40 and 20 mg H2O/L, respectively, (P < .001). Comfort was similar at 30 and 40 mg H2O/L. CONCLUSIONS When used according to manufacturer's recommendations and at normal ambient temperature, all the HFNC devices evaluated achieved satisfactory hygrometric output with respect to breathing comfort evaluated in healthy subjects (≥ 30 mg H2O/L). Substantial differences exist between devices, and optimal knowledge of their working principles is required as inappropriate usage may dramatically alter efficacy and clinical tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Delorme
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada. Mr Delorme is affiliated with the Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, ERPHAN,Versailles, France
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada. Mr Delorme is affiliated with the Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, ERPHAN,Versailles, France
| | - Serge Simard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada. Mr Delorme is affiliated with the Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, ERPHAN,Versailles, France
| | - François Lellouche
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada. Mr Delorme is affiliated with the Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, ERPHAN,Versailles, France.
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Hofmann GS, Cardoso MF, Alves RJV, Weber EJ, Barbosa AA, de Toledo PM, Pontual FB, Salles LDO, Hasenack H, Cordeiro JLP, Aquino FE, de Oliveira LFB. The Brazilian Cerrado is becoming hotter and drier. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4060-4073. [PMID: 34018296 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado is a global biodiversity hotspot with notoriously high rates of native vegetation suppression and wildfires over the past three decades. As a result, climate change can already be detected at both local and regional scales. In this study, we used three different approaches based on independent datasets to investigate possible changes in the daytime and nighttime temperature and air humidity between the peak of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season in the Brazilian Cerrado. Additionally, we evaluated the tendency of dew point depression, considering it as a proxy to assess impacts on biodiversity. Monthly increases of 2.2-4.0℃ in the maximum temperatures and 2.4-2.8℃ in the minimum temperatures between 1961 and 2019 were recorded, supported by all analyzed datasets which included direct observations, remote sensing, and modeling data. The warming raised the vapor pressure deficit, and although we recorded an upward trend in absolute humidity, relative humidity has reduced by ~15%. If these tendencies are maintained, gradual air warming will make nightly cooling insufficient to reach the dew point in the early hours of the night. Therefore, it will progressively reduce both the amount and duration of nocturnal dewfall, which is the main source of water for numerous plants and animal species of the Brazilian Cerrado during the dry season. Through several examples, we hypothesize that these climate changes can have a high impact on biodiversity and potentially cause ecosystems to collapse. We emphasize that the effects of temperature and humidity on Cerrado ecosystems cannot be neglected and should be further explored from a land use perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Hofmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Manoel F Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruy J V Alves
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliseu J Weber
- Departamento Interdisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Tramandaí, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Barbosa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Peter M de Toledo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco B Pontual
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro de O Salles
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heinrich Hasenack
- Centro de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco E Aquino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz F B de Oliveira
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Liu Z, Zhu L, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Guo Y. The Correlation Between COVID-19 Activities and Climate Factors in Different Climate Types Areas. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:e533-e541. [PMID: 34029299 PMCID: PMC8327769 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of human infection with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Moscow, Lima, Kuwait, and Singapore to analyze the effects of climate factors on the incidence of COVID-19. METHODS Collect the daily incidence of COVID-19 and related climate data in four areas, construct a negative binomial regression model, and analyze the correlation between the incidence of COVID-19 and meteorological factors. RESULTS AH was the climate factor affecting the incidence of COVID-19 in Moscow, Lima, and Singapore; Ta and RH were the climate factors affecting the incidence of COVID-19 in Kuwait. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of COVID-19 in four areas were all associated with the humidity, and climate factors should be taken into consideration when epidemic prevention measures are taken, and environment humidification may be a feasible approach to decrease COVID-19 virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Liu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong 266003, PR China (Mr Liu, Dr Zhu, Ms Wang, Mr Zhou, and Dr Guo)
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12
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Dolečková I, Čápová A, Machková L, Moravčíková S, Marešová M, Velebný V. Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:358-369. [PMID: 33084174 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human skin is greatly affected by external factors such as UV radiation (UVR), ambient temperature (T), and air humidity. These factors oscillate during the year giving rise to the seasonal variations in the skin properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasons, environmental T, relative and absolute humidity on the skin parameters of Caucasian women, perform a literature review and discuss the possible factors lying behind the found changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured stratum corneum (SC) hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level, erythema index, and elasticity parameters R2 and R7 on the forehead and the cheek of Caucasian women from the Czech Republic throughout the year. We also performed a non-systematic literature review focused on the seasonal variations in these skin parameters. RESULTS We confirmed a well-documented low SC hydration and sebum production in winter. In spring, we found the lowest TEWL (on the forehead) and the highest SC hydration but also the highest erythema index and the lowest elasticity presumably indicating skin photodamage. For most of the skin parameters, the seasonal variations probably arise due to a complex action of different factors as we extensively discussed. CONCLUSION The data about the seasonal variations in the skin parameters are still highly inconsistent and further studies are needed for better understanding of the normal skin changes throughout the year.
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Kodera S, Rashed EA, Hirata A. Correlation between COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality Rates in Japan and Local Population Density, Temperature, and Absolute Humidity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17155477. [PMID: 32751311 PMCID: PMC7432122 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the morbidity and mortality rates of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in different prefectures of Japan. Under the constraint that daily maximum confirmed deaths and daily maximum cases should exceed 4 and 10, respectively, 14 prefectures were included, and cofactors affecting the morbidity and mortality rates were evaluated. In particular, the number of confirmed deaths was assessed, excluding cases of nosocomial infections and nursing home patients. The correlations between the morbidity and mortality rates and population density were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). In addition, the percentage of elderly population was also found to be non-negligible. Among weather parameters, the maximum temperature and absolute humidity averaged over the duration were found to be in modest correlation with the morbidity and mortality rates. Lower morbidity and mortality rates were observed for higher temperature and absolute humidity. Multivariate linear regression considering these factors showed that the adjusted determination coefficient for the confirmed cases was 0.693 in terms of population density, elderly percentage, and maximum absolute humidity (p-value < 0.01). These findings could be useful for intervention planning during future pandemics, including a potential second COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kodera
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (S.K.); (E.A.R.)
| | - Essam A. Rashed
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (S.K.); (E.A.R.)
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (S.K.); (E.A.R.)
- Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-735-7916
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14
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Rashed EA, Kodera S, Gomez-Tames J, Hirata A. Influence of Absolute Humidity, Temperature and Population Density on COVID-19 Spread and Decay Durations: Multi-Prefecture Study in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17155354. [PMID: 32722294 PMCID: PMC7432865 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the spread and decay durations of the COVID-19 pandemic in different prefectures of Japan. During the pandemic, affordable healthcare was widely available in Japan and the medical system did not suffer a collapse, making accurate comparisons between prefectures possible. For the 16 prefectures included in this study that had daily maximum confirmed cases exceeding ten, the number of daily confirmed cases follow bell-shape or log-normal distribution in most prefectures. A good correlation was observed between the spread and decay durations. However, some exceptions were observed in areas where travelers returned from foreign countries, which were defined as the origins of infection clusters. Excluding these prefectures, the population density was shown to be a major factor, affecting the spread and decay patterns, with R2 = 0.39 (p < 0.05) and 0.42 (p < 0.05), respectively, approximately corresponding to social distancing. The maximum absolute humidity was found to affect the decay duration normalized by the population density (R2 > 0.36, p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that the estimated pandemic spread duration, based on the multivariate analysis of maximum absolute humidity, ambient temperature, and population density (adjusted R2 = 0.53, p-value < 0.05), could prove useful for intervention planning during potential future pandemics, including a second COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam A. Rashed
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (E.A.R.); (S.K.); (J.G.-T.)
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Sachiko Kodera
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (E.A.R.); (S.K.); (J.G.-T.)
| | - Jose Gomez-Tames
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (E.A.R.); (S.K.); (J.G.-T.)
- Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (E.A.R.); (S.K.); (J.G.-T.)
- Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-735-7916
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15
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Iikura H, Uchida K, Ogawa-Fuse C, Bito K, Naitou S, Hosokawa M, Uchida T, Sano T, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Skin Permeation of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:264. [PMID: 31342293 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The humidity was a well-known method to hydrate the skin; however, the published data were varied, and systemic experiments in the previous papers were few. Therefore, the in vitro permeation of excised porcine ear skin by drugs with different polarities [aminopyrine (AMP), antipyrine (ANP), methylparaben (MP), and ibuprofen (IP)] was analyzed under a constant skin surface temperature with different temperatures and humidities to reveal the effects of temperature and humidity on the skin permeation enhancement effects. Applied formulations were prepared by mixing the drug and a hydrophilic vehicle containing glycerin. The disposition-distance profiles of water and the humectant glycerin in the stratum corneum were also investigated using confocal Raman microscopy. High absolute humidity (AH) significantly contributed to the high skin penetration of the hydrophilic penetrants AMP, ANP, and MP but not the hydrophobic penetrant IP. An increase in the partition parameter and a decrease in the diffusivity parameter occurred with an increase in AH, independent of drug polarity. Moreover, we found that dew condensation induced by high AH on temperature-controlled skin surface may effectively increase water content and may provide higher glycerin distribution in the skin barrier, the stratum corneum. Increasing the amount of water and hydrophilic vehicles such as glycerin in the stratum corneum may enhance the permeation of hydrophilic penetrants AMP, ANP, and MP. These data suggested a dew condensation on the skin surface induced by high AH at a constant skin surface temperature would be important to enhance hydrophilic penetrants.
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Peci A, Winter AL, Li Y, Gnaneshan S, Liu J, Mubareka S, Gubbay JB. Effects of Absolute Humidity, Relative Humidity, Temperature, and Wind Speed on Influenza Activity in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02426-18. [PMID: 30610079 PMCID: PMC6414376 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02426-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of influenza in different climates has been shown to be associated with multiple meteorological factors. The incidence of influenza has been reported to increase during rainy seasons in tropical climates and during the dry, cold months of winter in temperate climates. This study was designed to explore the role of absolute humidity (AH), relative humidity (RH), temperature, and wind speed (WS) on influenza activity in the Toronto, ON, Canada, area. Environmental data obtained from four meteorological stations in the Toronto area over the period from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2015 were linked to patient influenza data obtained for the same locality and period. Data were analyzed using correlation, negative binomial regressions with linear predictors, and splines to capture the nonlinear relationship between exposure and outcomes. Our study found a negative association of both AH and temperature with influenza A and B virus infections. The effect of RH on influenza A and B viruses was controversial. Temperature fluctuation was associated with increased numbers of influenza B virus infections. Influenza virus was less likely to be detected from community patients than from patients tested as part of an institutional outbreak investigation. This could be more indicative of nosocomial transmission rather than climactic factors. The nonlinear nature of the relationship of influenza A virus with temperature and of influenza B virus with AH, RH, and temperature could explain the complexity and variation between influenza A and B virus infections. Predicting influenza activity is important for the timing of implementation of disease prevention and control measures as well as for resource allocation.IMPORTANCE This study examined the relationship between environmental factors and the occurrence of influenza in general. Since the seasonality of influenza A and B viruses is different in most temperate climates, we also examined each influenza virus separately. This study reports a negative association of both absolute humidity and temperature with influenza A and B viruses and tries to understand the controversial effect of RH on influenza A and B viruses. This study reports a nonlinear relation between influenza A and B viruses with temperature and influenza B virus with absolute and relative humidity. The nonlinear nature of these relations could explain the complexity and difference in seasonality between influenza A and B viruses, with the latter predominating later in the season. Separating community-based specimens from those obtained during outbreaks was also a novel approach in this research. These findings provide a further understanding of influenza virus transmission in temperate climates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ye Li
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Juan Liu
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Moro B, Baboi L, Yonis H, Subtil F, Louis B, Guérin C. Accuracy of Delivery and Effects on Absolute Humidity of Low Tidal Volume by ICU Ventilators. Respir Care 2018; 63:1253-1263. [PMID: 29945908 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.06132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for ARDS, a range of 1-4 mL/kg predicted body weight tidal volume (VT) is commonly used. We explored whether such a low VT could be adequately delivered by ICU ventilators, and whether such low VTs prevent the heated humidifier (HH) from reaching the recommended target of 33 mg/L absolute humidity (AH). METHODS We attached a lung model to 5 ICU ventilators set in volume controlled mode and body temperature and pressure saturated. We ran 2 protocols over a 100-280 mL VT range used with adult or neonatal breathing circuit at a breathing frequency (f) of 15 (f15) or 30 (f30) breaths/min. In the first protocol, with the HH off, VT was measured with a dedicated data logger and expressed in body temperature and pressure saturated. The relationships of measured VT to set VT were studied, and the relative error in VT was analyzed within its 10% boundaries. In the second protocol, the HH was on, and we measured AH using a psychrometric method. The relationship of AH to set VT was analyzed with linear regression. RESULTS For the 5 ventilators used, the slope (95% CI) between measured VT versus set VT averaged 0.93 (0.92-0.93), 0.93 (0.93-0.94), 0.91 (0.90-0.91), and 0.91 (0.90-0.91) mL/mL for adult and neonatal circuits at f15 and f30, respectively (P < .05 vs 1 in each instance), indicating a systematic under-delivery of VT. The VT relative error fell within the ±10% accuracy range for only 2 ventilators with adult circuits at f15 and f30. AH increased linearly with VT. The recommended target of 33 mg/L AH was reached with all of the ventilators for the adult circuit at f30 only. The minimum volume that met the recommended threshold for AH was 100, 150, 190, 160, and 100 mL for the G5, Carestation, PB980, Servo-U, and V500 ventilators, respectively, at f30. CONCLUSION Low VT was systematically under-delivered by modern ICU ventilators by roughly 7-9%. To meet the recommended target of 33 mg/L AH, adult circuit at f30 should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Moro
- Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Loredana Baboi
- Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hodane Yonis
- Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Subtil
- Service de Biostatistique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale INSERM 955, Créteil, France
| | - Claude Guérin
- Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France. .,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale INSERM 955, Créteil, France
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18
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Gomez-Barroso D, León-Gómez I, Delgado-Sanz C, Larrauri A. Climatic Factors and Influenza Transmission, Spain, 2010-2015. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14121469. [PMID: 29182525 PMCID: PMC5750888 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The spatio-temporal distribution of influenza is linked to variations in meteorological factors, like temperature, absolute humidity, or the amount of rainfall. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between influenza activity, and meteorological variables in Spain, across five influenza seasons: 2010–2011 through to 2014–2015 using generalized linear negative binomial mixed models that we calculated the weekly influenza proxies, defined as the weekly influenza-like illness rates, multiplied by the weekly proportion of respiratory specimens that tested positive for influenza. The results showed an association between influenza transmission and dew point and cumulative precipitation. In increase in the dew point temperature of 5 degrees produces a 7% decrease in the Weekly Influenza Proxy (RR 0.928, IC: 0.891–0.966), and while an increase of 10 mm in weekly rainfall equates to a 17% increase in the Weekly Influenza Proxy (RR 1.172, IC: 1.097–1.251). Influenza transmission in Spain is influenced by variations in meteorological variables as temperature, absolute humidity, or the amount of rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gomez-Barroso
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada León-Gómez
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Concepción Delgado-Sanz
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amparo Larrauri
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Chamba Pardo FO, Alba-Casals A, Nerem J, Morrison RB, Puig P, Torremorell M. Influenza Herd-Level Prevalence and Seasonality in Breed-to-Wean Pig Farms in the Midwestern United States. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:167. [PMID: 29075636 PMCID: PMC5641542 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a costly disease for pig producers and understanding its epidemiology is critical to control it. In this study, we aimed to estimate the herd-level prevalence and seasonality of influenza in breed-to-wean pig farms, evaluate the correlation between influenza herd-level prevalence and meteorological conditions, and characterize influenza genetic diversity over time. A cohort of 34 breed-to-wean farms with monthly influenza status obtained over a 5-year period in piglets prior to wean was selected. A farm was considered positive in a given month if at least one oral fluid tested influenza positive by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Influenza seasonality was assessed combining autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models with trigonometric functions as covariates. Meteorological conditions were gathered from local land-based weather stations, monthly aggregated and correlated with influenza herd-level prevalence. Influenza herd-level prevalence had a median of 28% with a range from 7 to 57% and followed a cyclical pattern with levels increasing during fall, peaking in both early winter (December) and late spring (May), and decreasing in summer. Influenza herd-level prevalence was correlated with mean outdoor air absolute humidity (AH) and temperature. Influenza genetic diversity was substantial over time with influenza isolates belonging to 10 distinct clades from which H1 delta 1 and H1 gamma 1 were the most common. Twenty-one percent of farms had three different clades co-circulating over time, 18% of farms had two clades, and 41% of farms had one clade. In summary, our study showed that influenza had a cyclical pattern explained in part by air AH and temperature changes over time, and highlighted the importance of active surveillance to identify high-risk periods when strategic control measures for influenza could be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Alba-Casals
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Joel Nerem
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, United States
| | - Robert B Morrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Pedro Puig
- Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Choi YJ, Min SH, Park JJ, Cho JE, Yoon SZ, Yoon SM. Comparison of the temperature and humidity in the anesthetic breathing circuit among different anesthetic workstations: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7239. [PMID: 28640124 PMCID: PMC5484232 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients undergoing general anesthesia, adequate warming and humidification of the inspired gases is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the heat and moisture content of the inspired gases with low-flow anesthesia using 4 different anesthesia machines. METHODS The patients were divided into 11 groups according to the anesthesia machine used (Ohmeda, Excel; Avance; Dräger, Cato; and Primus) and the fresh gas flow (FGF) rate (0.5, 1, and 4 L/min). The temperature and absolute humidity of the inspired gas in the inspiratory limbs were measured at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes in 9 patients scheduled for total thyroidectomy or cervical spine operation in each group. RESULTS The anesthesia machines of Excel, Avance, Cato, and Primus did not show statistically significant changes in the inspired gas temperatures over time within each group with various FGFs. They, however, showed statistically significant changes in the absolute humidity of the inspired gas over time within each group with low FGF anesthesia (P < .05). The anesthesia machines of Cato and Primus showed statistically significant changes in the absolute humidity of the inspired gas over time within each group with an FGF of 4 L/min (P < .05). However, even with low-flow anesthesia, the temperatures and absolute humidities of the inspired gas for all anesthesia machines were lower than the recommended values. CONCLUSION There were statistical differences in the provision of humidity among different anesthesia workstations. The Cato and Primus workstations were superior to Excel and Avance. However, even these were unsatisfactory in humans. Therefore, additional devices that provide inspired gases with adequate heat and humidity are needed for those undergoing general anesthetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ji Choi
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do
| | | | - Jeong Jun Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Eun Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Zhoo Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Min Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Yaari R, Katriel G, Stone L, Mendelson E, Mandelboim M, Huppert A. Model-based reconstruction of an epidemic using multiple datasets: understanding influenza A/H1N1 pandemic dynamics in Israel. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:rsif.2016.0099. [PMID: 27030041 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensified surveillance during the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Israel resulted in large virological and serological datasets, presenting a unique opportunity for investigating the pandemic dynamics. We employ a conditional likelihood approach for fitting a disease transmission model to virological and serological data, conditional on clinical data. The model is used to reconstruct the temporal pattern of the pandemic in Israel in five age-groups and evaluate the factors that shaped it. We estimate the reproductive number at the beginning of the pandemic to beR= 1.4. We find that the combined effect of varying absolute humidity conditions and school vacations (SVs) is responsible for the infection pattern, characterized by three epidemic waves. Overall attack rate is estimated at 32% (28-35%) with a large variation among the age-groups: the highest attack rates within school children and the lowest within the elderly. This pattern of infection is explained by a combination of the age-group contact structure and increasing immunity with age. We assess that SVs increased the overall attack rates by prolonging the pandemic into the winter. Vaccinating school children would have been the optimal strategy for minimizing infection rates in all age-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yaari
- Bio-statistical Unit, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel Zoology Department, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69778, Israel
| | - G Katriel
- Department of Mathematics, ORT Braude College, Karmiel 21610, Israel
| | - L Stone
- Zoology Department, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69778, Israel School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - E Mendelson
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - M Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - A Huppert
- Bio-statistical Unit, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69778, Israel
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22
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Ikäheimo TM, Jaakkola K, Jokelainen J, Saukkoriipi A, Roivainen M, Juvonen R, Vainio O, Jaakkola JJK. A Decrease in Temperature and Humidity Precedes Human Rhinovirus Infections in a Cold Climate. Viruses 2016; 8:v8090244. [PMID: 27598190 PMCID: PMC5035958 DOI: 10.3390/v8090244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both temperature and humidity may independently or jointly contribute to the risk of human rhinovirus (HRV) infections, either through altered survival and spread of viruses in the environment or due to changes in host susceptibility. This study examined the relationship between short-term variations in temperature and humidity and the risk of HRV infections in a subarctic climate. We conducted a case-crossover study among conscripts (n = 892) seeking medical attention due to respiratory symptoms during their military training and identified 147 HRV cases by real-time PCR. An average temperature, a decline in daily ambient temperature and absolute humidity (AH) during the three preceding days of the onset (hazard period) and two reference periods (a week prior and after the onset) were obtained. The average daily temperature preceding HRV infections was −9.9 ± 4.9 °C and the average AH was 2.2 ± 0.9 g/m3. An average (odds ratios (OR) 1.07 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.15)) and maximal (OR 1.08 (1.01–1.17)) change in temperature increased the risk of HRV infections by 8% per 1 °C decrease. An average (OR 1.20 (CI 1.03–1.40)) and maximal decrease (OR 1.13 (CI 0.96–1.34)) in AH increased the risk of HRV infection by 13% and 20% per 0.5 g/m3 decrease. A higher average temperature during the three preceding days was positively associated with HRV infections (OR 1.07 (CI 1.00–1.15)). A decrease rather than low temperature and humidity per se during the preceding few days increases the risk of HRV infections in a cold climate. The information is applicable to populations residing in cold climates for appropriate personal protection and prevention of adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina M Ikäheimo
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Kari Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Centre for Military Medicine, the Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 5, FI-11311 Riihimäki, Finland.
| | - Jari Jokelainen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Annika Saukkoriipi
- Impact Assessment Unit, Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Merja Roivainen
- Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Raija Juvonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Kainuu Central Hospital, Sotkamontie 13, FI-87140 Kajaani, Finland.
| | - Olli Vainio
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Northern Finland Laboratory Centre (NordLab), FI-90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Jouni J K Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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23
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Guan J, Chan M, VanderZaag A. Inactivation of Avian Influenza Viruses on Porous and Non-porous Surfaces is Enhanced by Elevating Absolute Humidity. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1254-1261. [PMID: 27059695 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the effect of absolute humidity (AH), a combined factor of temperature and relative humidity (RH), on inactivation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) on surfaces. Suspensions of the H9N2 or H6N2 AIV were deposited onto carrier surfaces that were either porous (pine wood) or non-porous (stainless steel, synthetic rubber and glass). The inoculated carriers were incubated at 23, 35 or 45°C with 25% or 55% RH for up to 28 days. After incubation, virus was recovered and quantified by chicken embryo assays. The time required to obtain a log10 reduction in virus infectivity (D-value) was estimated using a linear regression model. At AH of 5.2 g/m3 (23°C & 25% RH), both viruses survived up to 14 days on the porous surface and for at least 28 days on the non-porous surfaces. The corresponding D-values for H9N2 and H6N2 were 1.49 and 6.90 days on the porous surface and 7.81 and 12.5 days on the non-porous surfaces, respectively. In comparison, at AH of 9.9 g/m3 (35°C & 25% RH) or 11.3 g/m3 (23°C & 55% RH), the D-values for H9N2 and H6N2 dropped to ≤0.76 day on the porous surface and to ≤1.81 days on the non-porous surfaces. As the AH continued to rise from 11.3 to 36.0 g/m3 , the D-value for both viruses decreased further. The relationship between D-value and AH followed a form of y = ax-b for both viruses. The D-values for H9N2 virus were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those for H6N2 virus. Exposure to ammonia gas at concentrations of 86 and 173 ppm did not significantly alter test results. The findings give evidence that increasing the AH in poultry buildings following an outbreak of disease could greatly reduce the length of time required for their decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guan
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Chan
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A VanderZaag
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy provides better humidification than conventional oxygen therapy. To allay loss of vapor as condensation, a servo-controlled heating wire is incorporated in the inspiratory tube, but condensation is not completely avoidable. We investigated factors that might affect condensation: thermal characteristics of the inspiratory tube, HFNC flow, and ambient temperature. METHODS We evaluated 2 types of HFNC tubes, SLH Flex 22-mm single tube and RT202. Both tubes were connected to a heated humidifier with water reservoir. HFNC flow was set at 20, 40, and 60 L/min, and FIO2 was set at 0.21. Air conditioning was used maintain ambient temperature at close to either 20 or 25°C. We weighed the tubes on a digital scale before (0 h) and at 3, 6, and 24 h after, turning on the heated humidifier, and calculated the amount of condensation by simple subtraction. The amount of distilled water used during 24 h was also recorded. RESULTS At 25°C, there was little condensation, but at 20°C and HFNC flow of 20, 40, and 60 L/min for 24 h, the amount of condensation with the SLH was 50.2 ± 10.7, 44.3 ± 17.7, and 56.6 ± 13.9 mg, and the amount with the RT202 was 96.0 ± 35.1, 72.8 ± 8.2, and 64.9 ± 0.8 mg. When ambient temperature was set to 20°C, condensation with the RT202 was statistically significantly greater than with the SLH at all flow settings (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Ambient temperature statistically significantly influenced the amount of condensation in the tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Chikata
- Medical Equipment Center, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Unai
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masayo Izawa
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Nao Okuda
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Jun Oto
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaji Nishimura
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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25
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Jaakkola K, Saukkoriipi A, Jokelainen J, Juvonen R, Kauppila J, Vainio O, Ziegler T, Rönkkö E, Jaakkola JJK, Ikäheimo TM. Decline in temperature and humidity increases the occurrence of influenza in cold climate. Environ Health 2014; 13:22. [PMID: 24678699 PMCID: PMC3978084 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both temperature and humidity may independently or jointly contribute to the risk of influenza infections. We examined the relations between the level and decrease of temperature, humidity and the risk of influenza A and B virus infections in a subarctic climate. METHODS We conducted a case-crossover study among military conscripts (n = 892) seeking medical attention due to respiratory symptoms during their military training period and identified 66 influenza A and B cases by PCR or serology. Meteorological data such as measures of average and decline in ambient temperature and absolute humidity (AH) during the three preceding days of the onset (hazard period) and two reference periods, prior and after the onset were obtained. RESULTS The average temperature preceding the influenza onset was -6.8 ± 5.6°C and AH 3.1 ± 1.3 g/m3. A decrease in both temperature and AH during the hazard period increased the occurrence of influenza so that a 1°C decrease in temperature and 0.5 g decrease per m3 in AH increased the estimated risk by 11% [OR 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20)] and 58% [OR 1.58 (1.28 to 1.96)], respectively. The occurrence of influenza infections was positively associated with both the average temperature [OR 1.10 per 1°C (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.19)] and AH [OR 1.25 per g/m3 (1.05 to 1.49)] during the hazard period prior to onset. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that a decrease rather than low temperature and humidity per se during the preceding three days increase the risk of influenza episodes in a cold climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Jaakkola
- Centre for Military Medicine, the Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 2, FI-17701 Lahti, Finland
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Annika Saukkoriipi
- Department of Vaccinations and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Jokelainen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Juvonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kainuu Central Hospital, Sotkamontie 13, FI-87140 Kajaani, Finland
| | - Jaana Kauppila
- Northern Finland Laboratory Centre (NordLab), Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Vainio
- Northern Finland Laboratory Centre (NordLab), Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Thedi Ziegler
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Influenza Center, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Rönkkö
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Influenza Center, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni JK Jaakkola
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, P.O.Box 20, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina M Ikäheimo
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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26
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Oto J, Nakataki E, Okuda N, Onodera M, Imanaka H, Nishimura M. Hygrometric properties of inspired gas and oral dryness in patients with acute respiratory failure during noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care 2013; 59:39-45. [PMID: 23764857 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because noninvasive ventilation (NIV) delivers medical gas at high flow, inadequate humidification may cause oral dryness and patient discomfort. Heated humidification can be used during NIV, but little has been reported about the effects on the hygrometric conditions inside an oronasal mask and oral dryness during 24 hours on NIV. METHODS We measured absolute humidity (AH) inside oronasal masks on subjects with acute respiratory failure during 24 hours on NIV. A single-limb turbine ventilator and oronasal mask with an exhalation port were used for NIV. Oral moistness was evaluated using an oral moisture-checking device, and 3 times during the 24 hours the subjects subjectively scored the feeling of dryness on a 0-10 scale in which 10 was the most severe dryness. RESULTS Sixteen subjects were enrolled. The mean ± SD AH inside the mask was 30.0 ± 2.6 mg H2O/L (range 23.1-33.3 mg H2O/L). The median oral moistness was 19.2% (IQR 4.4-24.0%), and the median oral dryness score was 5.5 (IQR 4-7). AH and inspired gas leak correlated inversely, both within the subjects (r = -0.56, P < .001) and between the subjects (r = -0.58, P = .02). AH and oral moistness correlated within the subjects (r = 0.39, P = .04). Oral breathing was associated with reduced oral moistness (P = .001) and increased oral dryness score (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS AH varied among the subjects, and some complained of oral dryness even with heated humidifier. Oral breathing decreased oral moistness and worsened the feeling of dryness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Oto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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27
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Brusasco C, Corradi F, Vargas M, Bona M, Bruno F, Marsili M, Simonassi F, Santori G, Severgnini P, Kacmarek RM, Pelosi P. In vitro evaluation of heat and moisture exchangers designed for spontaneously breathing tracheostomized patients. Respir Care 2013; 58:1878-85. [PMID: 23674812 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) are commonly used in chronically tracheostomized spontaneously breathing patients, to condition inhaled air, maintain lower airway function, and minimize the viscosity of secretions. Supplemental oxygen (O2) can be added to most HMEs designed for spontaneously breathing tracheostomized patients. We tested the efficiency of 7 HMEs designed for spontaneously breathing tracheostomized patients, in a normothermic model, at different minute ventilations (VE) and supplemental O2 flows. METHODS HME efficiency was evaluated using an in vitro lung model at 2 VE (5 and 15 L/min) and 4 supplemental O2 flows (0, 3, 6, and 12 L/min). Wet and dry temperatures of the inspiratory flow were measured, and absolute humidity was calculated. In addition, HME efficiency at 0, 12, and 24 h use was evaluated, as well as resistance to flow at 0 and 24 h. RESULTS The progressive increase in O2 flow from 0 to 12 L/min was associated with a reduction in temperature and absolute humidity. Under the same conditions, this effect was greater at lower VE. The HME with the best performance provided an absolute humidity of 26 mg H2O/L and a temperature of 27.8 °C. No significant changes in efficiency or resistance were detected during the 24 h evaluation. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of HMEs in terms of temperature and absolute humidity is significantly affected by O2 supplementation and V(E).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Brusasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate, Sezione Anestesia e Rianimazione
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28
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Hu M, Pan X, Shi J, Chen F, He K, Koutrakis P, Christiani DC. Acute health impacts of airborne particles estimated from satellite remote sensing. Environ Int 2013; 51:150-159. [PMID: 23220016 PMCID: PMC3711510 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Satellite-based remote sensing provides a unique opportunity to monitor air quality from space at global, continental, national and regional scales. Most current research focused on developing empirical models using ground measurements of the ambient particulate. However, the application of satellite-based exposure assessment in environmental health is still limited, especially for acute effects, because the development of satellite PM(2.5) model depends on the availability of ground measurements. We tested the hypothesis that MODIS AOD (aerosol optical depth) exposure estimates, obtained from NASA satellites, are directly associated with daily health outcomes. Three independent healthcare databases were used: unscheduled outpatient visits, hospital admissions, and mortality collected in Beijing metropolitan area, China during 2006. We use generalized linear models to compare the short-term effects of air pollution assessed by ground monitoring (PM(10)) with adjustment of absolute humidity (AH) and AH-calibrated AOD. Across all databases we found that both AH-calibrated AOD and PM(10) (adjusted by AH) were consistently associated with elevated daily events on the current day and/or lag days for cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart diseases, and COPD. The relative risks estimated by AH-calibrated AOD and PM(10) (adjusted by AH) were similar. Additionally, compared to ground PM(10), we found that AH-calibrated AOD had narrower confidence intervals for all models and was more robust in estimating the current day and lag day effects. Our preliminary findings suggested that, with proper adjustment of meteorological factors, satellite AOD can be used directly to estimate the acute health impacts of ambient particles without prior calibrating to the sparse ground monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Wang
- Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Xiao H, Tian H, Lin X, Gao L, Dai X, Zhang X, Chen B, Zhao J, Xu J. Influence of extreme weather and meteorological anomalies on outbreaks of influenza A (H1N1). Chin Sci Bull 2012; 58:741-749. [PMID: 32214743 PMCID: PMC7088951 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological experiments and epidemiological evidence indicate that variations in environment have important effect on the occurrence and transmission of epidemic influenza. It is therefore important to understand the characteristic patterns of transmission for prevention of disease and reduction of disease burden. Based on case records, we analyzed the environmental characteristics including climate variables in Changsha, and then constructed a meteorological anomaly susceptive-infective-removal (SIR) model on the basis of the results of influenza A (H1N1) transmission. The results showed that the outbreak of influenza A (H1N1) in Changsha showed significant correlation with meteorological conditions; the spread of influenza was sensitive to meteorological anomalies, and that the outbreak of influenza A (H1N1) in Changsha was influenced by a combination of absolute humidity anomalous weather conditions, contact rates of the influenza patients and changes in population movements. These findings will provide helpful information regarding prevention strategies under different conditions, a fresh understanding of the emergence and re-emergence of influenza outbreaks, and a new perspective on the transmission dynamics of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
| | - HuaiYu Tian
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
| | - XiaoLing Lin
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
| | - LiDong Gao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410002 China
| | - XiangYu Dai
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
| | - XiXing Zhang
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410001 China
| | - BiYun Chen
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410001 China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - JingZhe Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
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30
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Abstract
Influenza recurs seasonally in temperate regions of the world; however, our ability to predict the timing, duration, and magnitude of local seasonal outbreaks of influenza remains limited. Here we develop a framework for initializing real-time forecasts of seasonal influenza outbreaks, using a data assimilation technique commonly applied in numerical weather prediction. The availability of real-time, web-based estimates of local influenza infection rates makes this type of quantitative forecasting possible. Retrospective ensemble forecasts are generated on a weekly basis following assimilation of these web-based estimates for the 2003-2008 influenza seasons in New York City. The findings indicate that real-time skillful predictions of peak timing can be made more than 7 wk in advance of the actual peak. In addition, confidence in those predictions can be inferred from the spread of the forecast ensemble. This work represents an initial step in the development of a statistically rigorous system for real-time forecast of seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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