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Liu G, Luo J, Xiong W, Meng T, Zhang X, Liu Y, Liu C, Che H. Chlorogenic acid alleviates crayfish allergy by altering the structure of crayfish tropomyosin and upregulating TLR8. Food Chem 2024; 443:138614. [PMID: 38301561 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Studies have shown that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing and chlorogenic acid (CA) treatment can effectively reduce food allergenicity. We hypothesize that these novel processing techniques can help tackle crayfish allergy and examined the impact and mechanism of HHP (300 MPa, 15 min) and CA (CA:tropomyosin = 1:4000, 15 min) on the allergenicity of crayfish tropomyosin. Our results revealed that CA, rather than HHP, effectively reduced tropomyosin's allergenicity, as evident in the alleviation of allergic symptoms in a food allergy mouse model. Spectroscopy and molecular docking analyses demonstrated that CA could reduce the allergenicity of tropomyosin by covalent or non-covalent binding, altering its secondary structure (2.1 % decrease in α-helix; 1.9 % increase in β-fold) and masking tropomyosin's linear epitopes. Moreover, CA-treated tropomyosin potentially induced milder allergic reactions by up-regulating TLR8. While our results supported the efficacy of CA in alleviating crayfish allergy, further exploration is needed to determine clinical effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jiangzuo Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wenwen Xiong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Tingyun Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yali Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Huilian Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Th2 Cytokines Affect the Innate Immune Barrier without Impairing the Physical Barrier in a 3D Model of Normal Human Skin. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051941. [PMID: 36902728 PMCID: PMC10003590 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases characterized by T helper (Th) 2 and Th22 cells producing interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 and IL-22, respectively. The specific contribution of each cytokine to the impairment of the physical and the immune barrier via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is poorly addressed concerning the epidermal compartment of the skin. (2) Methods: The effect of IL-4, IL-13, IL-22, and the master cytokine IL-23 is evaluated in a 3D model of normal human skin biopsies (n = 7) at the air-liquid interface for 24 and 48 h. We investigated by immunofluorescence the expressions of (i) claudin-1, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 filaggrin, involucrin for the physical barrier and (ii) TLR2, 4, 7, 9, human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) for the immune barrier. (3) Results: Th2 cytokines induce spongiosis and fail in impairing tight junction composition, while IL-22 reduces and IL-23 induces claudin-1 expression. IL-4 and IL-13 affect the TLR-mediated barrier largely than IL-22 and IL-23. IL-4 early inhibits hBD-2 expression, while IL-22 and IL-23 induce its distribution. (4) Conclusions: This experimental approach looks to the pathogenesis of AD through molecular epidermal proteins rather than cytokines only and paves the way for tailored patient therapy.
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Oral Janus kinase inhibitors for atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 130:577-592. [PMID: 36736457 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin conditions. The pathogenesis of AD involves skin barrier disruption and immune activation of T-helper (TH)2 and TH22 and varying degrees of TH1 and TH17 activation in various patient subtypes. Although AD is mainly driven by TH2, the molecular and clinical heterogeneity of AD underscores the need for more efficacious treatments that target multiple immune axes. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are novel therapeutics that broadly block many AD-related proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interferon gamma, IL-12, IL-23, IL-17) across different immune pathways. Oral JAK inhibitors have been found to be efficacious in AD, with 2 (abrocitinib and upadacitinib) recently gaining US Food and Drug Administration approval and several others under investigation in clinical trials with promising results. These systemic agents have surpassed conventional thresholds of treatment response, with many patients achieving complete or almost complete skin clearance, and provide a fast-acting alternative therapy for patients who are not responsive to biologics or other conventional therapies. However, systemic JAK inhibitors come with health concerns, requiring additional long-term clinical trials to characterize their safety profile in patients with AD. This review summarizes the current literature on the safety and efficacy of oral JAK inhibitors in AD and discusses future directions for research.
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Transcriptomic Profiling of Tape-Strips From Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis Patients Treated With Dupilumab. Dermatitis 2021; 32:S71-S80. [PMID: 34405829 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tape-strips are a minimally invasive approach to characterize skin biomarkers in atopic dermatitis (AD). However, they have not yet been used for tracking gene expression changes with systemic treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate gene expression changes and therapeutic response biomarkers in AD patients before and after dupilumab (interleukin 4Rα antibody) treatment using tape-strips to obtain epidermal tissue for analysis. METHODS Lesional and nonlesional tape-stripped skin was sampled from 18 AD patients before and after dupilumab treatment and from 17 healthy subjects and analyzed by RNA-seq. RESULTS At baseline, we detected 6745 and 4859 differentially expressed genes between lesional and nonlesional skin versus normal, respectively, whereas 841 and 977 genes were differentially expressed after treatment, respectively (fold change >1.5 and false discovery rate <0.05). Tape-strips captured significant modulation with dupilumab in key AD immune (eg, C-C motif chemokine ligand 13 [CCL13], CCL17, CCL18) and barrier (eg, periplakin, FA2H) biomarkers. Changes in biomarkers (CCL20, interleukin 34, FABP7) were also significantly correlated with clinical disease improvements (Eczema Area and Severity Index; R > 0.5 or R < -0.4, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This real-life study represents the first comprehensive RNA-seq molecular profiling of tape-strips from moderate to severe AD patients after dupilumab therapy. Analysis of tape strip specimens detected significant gene expression changes in key AD biomarkers with dupilumab treatment, suggesting that this approach may be useful to monitor therapeutic responses in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Cytokines and apoptosis in atopic dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:1-13. [PMID: 34408560 PMCID: PMC8362769 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2019.88394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. AD affects 10-20% of children worldwide and persists into adulthood in a minority of cases, affecting approximately 2-3% of the adult population, with an increased prevalence over the past decades in developed countries. Atopy is a genetic tendency to overproduce IgE class antibodies in response to common antigens found in the environment. Concurrence of different atopy such as allergic rhinitis or asthma in children with AD is estimated at 80%. AD is characterized by a vicious cycle of an allergic immune response. The emerging picture of the AD is a complex disorder with barrier dysfunction, immunological, genetic and environmental factors all playing key roles. Patients with severe or persistent disease and their families experience significant impairment in their quality of life, and in addition, AD places a heavy economic burden on society as a whole. Pathogenesis, the role of the epidermal barrier, mechanisms of cells apoptosis, the role of T cells and cytokines in AD are discussed in this article.
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Bacterially Delivered miRNA-Mediated Toll-like Receptor 8 Gene Silencing for Combined Therapy in a Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis: Therapeutic Effect of miRTLR8 in AD. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081715. [PMID: 34442794 PMCID: PMC8401271 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In atopic dermatitis (AD), skin inflammation is caused by complex interactions between genetic disposition and aberrant innate/adaptive immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key molecules in the innate/adaptive immune response as they recognize various molecular motifs associated with pathogens. Among them, TLR8 is implicated in eczematous skin reactions. We investigated the combined therapeutic effects of TLR8 gene silencing by the bacterial delivery of miRNA. We used Salmonella as a vector to deliver TLR8 miRNA. The recombinant strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) expressing TLR8 miRNA (ST-miRTLR8) was prepared for knockdown of TLR8. After oral administration of ST-miRTLR8 into mice, we observed the cytokine levels, skin pathology and scratching behaviors in an AD-like mouse model. TLR8 down-regulation decreased macrophage-derived chemokine concentrations in activated human mast cells. Serum IgE and interleukin-4 production were suppressed whereas IFN-γ was induced after oral administration of ST-miRTLR8. Scratching behaviors and skin inflammation were also improved. In addition, attenuated S. typhimurium safely accumulated in mouse macrophages and showed adjuvant effects. This study shows that the recombinant miRNA that expresses the TLR8 miRNA has therapeutic effects by suppressing Th2 inflammation. TLR gene modulation using miRNA via Salmonella vectors will thus have a double-protective effect in the treatment of AD.
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Enhancement of Chemokine mRNA Expression by Toll-Like Receptor 2 Stimulation in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1497175. [PMID: 32280674 PMCID: PMC7115052 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1497175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which is often associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization. S. aureus ingredients are potential ligands to activate the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and drive inflammatory cytokine or chemokine production. However, the role of TLR2-mediated chemokine expression in AD development has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we sought to determine the mode of TLR2-mediated chemokine expression in AD patients. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from AD patients and healthy controls. Upon incubation with TLR2 ligands Pam3CSK4 and PGN, mRNA expression of chemokines, including CCL1, CCL5, CCL8, CCL13, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, and CCL27, were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The results showed that basal mRNA expression of CCL17 in PBMCs from AD patients was upregulated compared with healthy controls, while those of CCL8 and CCL13 were downregulated. When stimulated with TLR2 ligands, the mRNA expression of CCL5, CCL8, CCL13, CCL18, and CCL22 in PBMCs from AD patients was significantly higher than those from healthy controls. The different basal chemokine mRNA expression profiles indicate the different immune status in patients with AD compared with healthy controls. Excessive chemokine mRNA expression induced by TLR2 activation is associated with the development of AD.
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Tsepkolenko A, Tsepkolenko V, Dash S, Mishra A, Bader A, Melerzanov A, Giri S. The regenerative potential of skin and the immune system. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:519-532. [PMID: 31410045 PMCID: PMC6643261 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s196364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin has the natural ability to heal and replace dead cells regulated by a network of complex immune processes. This ability is conferred by the population of resident immune cells that act in coordination with other players to provide a homeostatic environment under constant challenge. Other than providing structure and integrity, the epidermis and dermis also house distinct immune properties. The dermal part is represented by fibroblasts and endothelial cells followed by an array of immune cells which includes dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, mast cells, NK-cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, αβ T lymphocytes, B-cells and platelets. On the other hand, the functionally active immune cells in the epidermis comprise keratinocytes, DCs, NKT-cells, γδ T cells and αβ T cells (CD4+ and CD8+). Keratinocytes create a unique microenvironment for the cells of the immune system by promoting immune recognition and cellular differentiation. T lymphocytes exhibit tissue-specific tropism toward the epidermis and the lymphatic drainage system important for their function in immune regulation. This diversity in immune regulators makes the skin a unique organ to overcome pathogenic or foreign invasion. In addition, the highly coordinated molecular events make the skin an attractive model to understand and explore its regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabyasachi Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10044, USA
| | - Apoorva Mishra
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region141700, Russia
| | - Augustinus Bader
- Applied Stem Cell Biology and Cell Technology, Biomedical and Biotechnological Center (BBZ), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| | - Alexander Melerzanov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region141700, Russia
| | - Shibashish Giri
- Applied Stem Cell Biology and Cell Technology, Biomedical and Biotechnological Center (BBZ), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany
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Seiti Yamada Yoshikawa F, Feitosa de Lima J, Notomi Sato M, Álefe Leuzzi Ramos Y, Aoki V, Leao Orfali R. Exploring the Role of Staphylococcus Aureus Toxins in Atopic Dermatitis. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E321. [PMID: 31195639 PMCID: PMC6628437 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease with intense pruritus and xerosis. AD pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors, including the participation of Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium colonizes up to 30-100% of AD skin and its virulence factors are responsible for its pathogenicity and antimicrobial survival. This is a concise review of S. aureus superantigen-activated signaling pathways, highlighting their involvement in AD pathogenesis, with an emphasis on skin barrier disruption, innate and adaptive immunity dysfunction, and microbiome alterations. A better understanding of the combined mechanisms of AD pathogenesis may enhance the development of future targeted therapies for this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Seiti Yamada Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo-SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Josenilson Feitosa de Lima
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo-SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo-SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Yasmin Álefe Leuzzi Ramos
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo-SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Valeria Aoki
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo-SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Leao Orfali
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies (LIM-56), Department of Dermatology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo-SP 01246-903, Brazil.
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Schlitzer A, Zhang W, Song M, Ma X. Recent advances in understanding dendritic cell development, classification, and phenotype. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30345015 PMCID: PMC6173131 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14793.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the induction of adaptive immune responses against infectious agents and in the generation of tolerance to self-antigens. In this mini-review, we summarize new evidence suggesting that the tissue of residence significantly shapes the last developmental steps of DCs into locally adapted cellular entities, enabling them to perform tissue-specific tasks while maintaining the core DC properties. We also discuss recent advances that have highlighted DCs’ rather complex phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment, based on their physical characteristics, such as activation status, maturity, and polarization, illustrating a key role for DCs in the induction of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cancer Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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