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Abstract
Eggplant is one of the most important vegetable crops known for its nutritive benefits due to the abundance of various bioactive compounds, which include proteins, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, phenolics, and dry matter content. In addition, eggplant has significant pharmaceutical properties that have been recently recognized. Eggplant produces secondary metabolites, including glycoalkaloids, antioxidant compounds, and vitamins, which appear to be the major source of its health benefits. It has been reported that there is a considerable correlation between the regular use of phytochemicals and the defense against diseases. Therefore, researchers must analyze the biochemical composition of eggplants to obtain more information about their nutritional quality and health benefits. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the qualitative and quantitative aspects of different biochemicals present in eggplant, in addition to their beneficial health effects.
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Martínez-Ispizua E, Calatayud Á, Marsal JI, Mateos-Fernández R, Díez MJ, Soler S, Valcárcel JV, Martínez-Cuenca MR. Phenotyping Local Eggplant Varieties: Commitment to Biodiversity and Nutritional Quality Preservation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696272. [PMID: 34276746 PMCID: PMC8281111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Given the little variability among commercialised eggplants mainly in developed countries, exploring, and structuring of traditional varieties germplasm collections have become a key element for extending ecotypes and promoting biodiversity preservation and consumption. Thirty-one eggplant landraces from Spain were characterised with 22 quantitative and 14 qualitative conventional morphological descriptors. Landraces were grouped based on their fruit skin colour (black-purple, striped, white, and reddish). Landraces B7, B20, and B24 were left out for their distinctive fruit characteristics. Wide variation for plant, leaf, flower, and fruit phenology traits was observed across the local landraces, and fruit descriptors were considered the most important ones. In a second experiment, landraces, B14, B16, and B17 were selected to determine fruit quality. By contemplating the benefits provided by antioxidants and sugars for human health, pulp antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, ascorbic acid, carotenoid, flavonoid, and total sugar content were determined. Significant differences were observed across these three landraces, and B14 was highlighted for its antioxidant properties, while B17 stood out for its high sugar content. B16 did not stand out for any traits. The results indicate the wide variability in eggplants for their phenotypic and nutritional characteristics, which emphasises the importance of traditional varieties as the main source of agricultural biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martínez-Ispizua
- Horticulture Department, Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Calatayud
- Horticulture Department, Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Marsal
- Horticulture Department, Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Mateos-Fernández
- Plants Genomics and Biotechnology Department, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Díez
- Biotechnology Department, Valencian Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Agrobiodiversity (COMAV), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Soler
- Biotechnology Department, Valencian Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Agrobiodiversity (COMAV), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Vicente Valcárcel
- Biotechnology Department, Valencian Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Agrobiodiversity (COMAV), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Rosa-Martínez E, García-Martínez MD, Adalid-Martínez AM, Pereira-Dias L, Casanova C, Soler E, Figàs MR, Raigón MD, Plazas M, Soler S, Prohens J. Fruit composition profile of pepper, tomato and eggplant varieties grown under uniform conditions. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110531. [PMID: 34399509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of the diversity within and between major Solanaceae crops (pepper, tomato, eggplant) is of interest for the selection and development of balanced diets. We have measured thirty-six major fruit composition traits, encompassing sugars, organic acids, antioxidants and minerals, in a set of 10 accessions per crop for pepper, tomato and eggplant, grown under the same cultivation conditions. The aim was to evaluate the diversity within species and to provide an accurate comparison of fruit composition among species by reducing to a minimum the environmental effect. Pepper, tomato and eggplant had a clearly distinct composition profile. Pepper showed the highest average content in total sugars and organic acids. Fructose and glucose were the major sugar compounds in the three species, although in pepper and tomato sucrose was present only in trace amounts. Citric acid was the major organic acid in pepper and tomato, while in eggplant it was malic acid. Pepper and eggplant had the highest total antioxidant activity. Vitamin C content was much higher in pepper than in tomato and eggplant, while eggplant accumulated high concentrations of chlorogenic acid. Furthermore, eggplant was the species with higher content in most minerals, particularly for K, Mg and Cu, while pepper was the richest in Fe. Due to their complementary nutritional profiles, a combined regular consumption of the three vegetables would supply more than 20% of the Dietary Reference Intake of several of the analysed phytochemicals. The large diversity within each species is of interest for selecting varieties with better nutritional and organoleptic profiles, as well as for breeding new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosa-Martínez
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María Dolores García-Martínez
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana María Adalid-Martínez
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Leandro Pereira-Dias
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Casanova
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Soler
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Rosario Figàs
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Raigón
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariola Plazas
- Meridiem Seeds S.L., Paraje Lo Soler 2, 30700, Torre-Pacheco, Spain
| | - Salvador Soler
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Prohens
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Rodriguez-Jimenez JR, Amaya-Guerra CA, Baez-Gonzalez JG, Aguilera-Gonzalez C, Urias-Orona V, Nino-Medina G. Physicochemical, Functional, and Nutraceutical Properties of Eggplant Flours Obtained by Different Drying Methods. Molecules 2018; 23:E3210. [PMID: 30563127 PMCID: PMC6321115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of consuming functional foods has led the food industry to look for alternative sources of ingredients of natural origin. Eggplants are a type of vegetable that is valued for its content in phytochemical compounds and it is due to the fact that this research is conducted towards the development of eggplant flour as a proposal to be used as a functional ingredient in the food industry. In this study, the eggplant fruits were divided into four groups, based on the drying method and the equipment used: Minced, drying oven (T1); sliced, drying oven (T2); sliced and frozen, drying tunnel (T3); and sliced, drying tunnel (T4). All the eggplant flours showed the same trend regarding their antioxidant capacity and phenolic content in the order T2 > T4 > T1 > T3. The freezing of eggplant was found to have a negative effect on functional and antioxidant properties. With respect to their nutritional composition, the flours did not change in their crude fiber, protein, and fat contents. In general terms, the T2 flour is a potential ingredient for the preparation of foods with functional properties since it is rich in phenolic compounds and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny R Rodriguez-Jimenez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Ave. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450 San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A Amaya-Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Ave. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450 San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico.
| | - Juan G Baez-Gonzalez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Ave. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450 San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Aguilera-Gonzalez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Ave. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66450 San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico.
| | - Vania Urias-Orona
- Laboratorio de Quimica y de Alimentos, Facultad de Salud Publica y Nutricion, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Col. Mitras Centro, C.P. 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Guillermo Nino-Medina
- Laboratorio de Quimica y Bioquimica, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco Villa S/N, Col. Ex-Hacienda El Canada, C.P. 66050 General Escobedo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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Xi-ou X, Wenqiu L, Wei L, Xiaoming G, Lingling L, Feiyue M, Yuge L. The Analysis of Physiological Variations in M 2 Generation of Solanum melongena L. Mutagenized by Ethyl Methane Sulfonate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:17. [PMID: 28154575 PMCID: PMC5243811 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The eggplant was mutagenized with ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) to enhance its genetic variability in our previous paper. In this article, we further analyzed the phenotype of M2 generation of mutant eggplants. A total of 325 independent M2 families were investigated for phenotypic variation. In addition to the visible phenotypic variation, chlorogenic acid (CGA) concentrations were analyzed in 26 fruits of mutants with High Performance Liquid Chromatography assay. Seventeen fruits exhibited significantly higher concentrations of CGAs than those in wild-type. The anthocyanin concentration of S9-1, the purple black mutant, was higher than WT, meanwhile, the anthocyanin concentration of L6-4 and U36-1 was lower than WT. Furthermore, our RT-PCR result demonstrated that the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, except for SmPAL, were increased in S9-1, and the regulator SmMYB1 was decreased in L6-4 and U36-1 mutants. Together, our data indicated that, M2 generation showed abundant phenotypic variations and the strong potential usage for next step of breeding and molecular genetic mechanisms in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xi-ou
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS)Zhanjiang, China
- Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic ImprovementZhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Xi-ou,
| | - Lin Wenqiu
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS)Zhanjiang, China
- Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic ImprovementZhanjiang, China
| | - Li Wei
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS)Zhanjiang, China
- Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic ImprovementZhanjiang, China
| | - Gao Xiaoming
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS)Zhanjiang, China
- Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic ImprovementZhanjiang, China
| | - Lv Lingling
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS)Zhanjiang, China
- Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic ImprovementZhanjiang, China
| | - Ma Feiyue
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS)Zhanjiang, China
- Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic ImprovementZhanjiang, China
| | - Liu Yuge
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS)Zhanjiang, China
- Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic ImprovementZhanjiang, China
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Diversity in composition of scarlet (S. aethiopicum) and gboma (S. macrocarpon) eggplants and of interspecific hybrids between S. aethiopicum and common eggplant (S. melongena). J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kadivec M, Kopjar M, Žnidarčič D, Požrl T. Potential of eggplant peel as by-product. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.44.2015.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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San José R, Sánchez-Mata MC, Cámara M, Prohens J. Eggplant fruit composition as affected by the cultivation environment and genetic constitution. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2774-2784. [PMID: 25328929 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No comprehensive reports exist on the combined effects of season, cultivation environment and genotype on eggplant (Solanum melongena) composition. We studied proximate composition, carbohydrates, total phenolics and vitamin C of eggplant fruits of three Spanish landraces, three commercial hybrids and three hybrids between landraces cultivated across two environmental conditions (open field, OF; and, greenhouse, GH) for up to four seasons. RESULTS Season (S) had a larger effect than the genotype (G) for composition traits, except for total phenolics. G × S interaction was generally of low relative magnitude. Orthogonal decomposition of the season effect showed that differences within OF or GH environments were in many instances greater than those between OF and GH. Spanish landraces presented, on average, lower contents of total carbohydrates and starch and higher contents of total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, and total phenolics than commercial hybrids. Hybrids among landraces presented variable levels of heterosis for composition traits. Genotypes grown in the same season cluster together on the graph of multivariate principal components analysis. CONCLUSION The cultivation environment has a major role in determining the composition of eggplant fruits. Environmental and genotypic differences can be exploited to obtain high quality eggplant fruits.
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