Phenolic profile and changes in the antioxidant activity of crabapple (Malus domesticacv Royalty) fruit during maturation on the tree

Flavored Food Additives on the Leaves of Piper betle L.: A Human Health Perspective

Natural products and traditional ethnomedicines are of great effect in therapeutics. Such types of medicine have been practiced in certain areas of the world to treat different health conditions. This pilot investigation aims to review the cumulative health effect of addendums used in betel quid such as areca nut, lime, and tobacco-associated betel quid chewing and without tobacco-associated chewing. This review shows that betel leaf extract and its essential oil could inhibit growth of microbes and damage different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as various fungus species. Some studies concluded that the combination of Piper leaves essential oil with antibiotics have potential effect on oral microorganisms. Long-term consumption of betel quid with tobacco is known to cause cancer, chromosomal aberrations, and pharynx tumors. However, consumption of betel leaf without tobacco has health benefits because of ethnomedicinal properties. Its essential is oil utilized as raw material for perfumes and mouth fresheners manufacturing. Scientific researches on this plant revealed that it possesses many beneficial activities to be used for developing novel drugs. However, compounds of betel leaves have beneficial natural antioxidant. Chewing and intake of leaves have effect on moving parts of salivary gland which is the main step of digestion. Its components also act as heartbeat regulators in relaxing the blood vessels to reduce hypertension. So this review discussed the natural compounds of betel leaves which is used as traditional medicine to further develop drug discovery.

Phytochemical compositions, health-promoting properties and food applications of crabapples: A review

Crabapples belong to the genus Malus (Rosaceae), which are small sized edible fruits with unique aroma and taste. According to previous studies, crabapples are rich in bioactive compounds and possess a series of health-promoting properties. Various crabapple-based food products and additives have also been developed by different research groups in recent years. In this paper, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the phytochemical compositions, health-promoting properties and food applications of crabapples for the first time. It is shown that crabapples are good sources of polyphenols, terpenoids, vitamins, lipids, fibers, soluble sugars, microelements, organic acids and amino acids, which exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and/or in vivo. Nowadays, the crabapple fruits have been successfully utilized to produce vinegar, jam, mixed beverage, fruit bar/gelatinized layers and lipophilic antioxidant. In a word, crabapples may have great potential in the development of new functional food and drinks.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activity of Extracts from Some Commercial Apple Cultivars in Two Colorectal and Glioblastoma Human Cell Lines

Cancer initiation and development are closely related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate apple extracts and individual tritepenes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. Dry extracts of apple were analyzed by HPLC-PDA. A hyaluronidase inhibition assay was selected to determine the anti-inflammatory effect. Cytotoxic activities against human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) and human glioblastoma cell line (U-87) were determined using MTT, cell colony formation, and spheroid growth assays. Radical scavenging and reducing activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays, respectively. The apple extracts inhibited hyaluronidase from 26.38 ± 4.4% to 35.05 ± 3.8%. The AAW extract possessed the strongest cytotoxic activity (EC₅₀ varied from 113.3 ± 11.11 µg/mL to 119.7 ± 4.0 µg/mL). The AEW extract had four and five times stronger antiradical activity when determined by ABTS and DPPH, and two and eight times stronger reducing activity when evaluated by CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively. Understanding the mechanisms of apple extracts and individual triterpenes as hyaluronidase inhibitors and antioxidants related in cancer development may be a benefit to future study in vivo, as well as cancer prognosis or the development of new, innovative food supplements, which could be used for chronic disease prevention.

Characterization of phenolics, amino acids, fatty acids and antioxidant activity in pulp and seeds of high altitude Himalayan crab apple fruits (Malus baccata)

Phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables have achieved immense significance owing to the increasing evidence which signifying their activity for antioxidant and prevention of chronic diseases. The amount of phloretin (88.39 µg mg^-1) and phloridzin (83.03 µg mg^-1) were found to be higher among other phenolics determined using UPLC. DPPH, ABTS⁺, metal chelating and ·OH radical assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Malus baccata pulp portion showed higher antioxidant activity than seed portion. HPLC analysis for free amino acids showed that serine (9.06 µg mg^-1), alanine (8.03 µg mg^-1), tyrosine (10.33 µg mg^-1), and cysteine (76.86 µg mg^-1) were only detected in pulp portion while seed comprised of histidine (3.96 µg mg^-1) only. Seed portion was also determined for their fatty acid composition including palmitic acid (0.89%), ethyl palmitate (0.56%), methyl petroselinate (0.90%) and linolein (3.93%) using GC-MS analysis. HPAEC technique detected fructose and sucrose in a fair amount of 21 and 17.3 mg g^-1 in pulp, while 9.4 and 4.24 mg g^-1 in seed portion, respectively. The present study suggested that M. baccata fruit is a rich source of phenolic and other chemical components which can be used in food products and nutraceutical formulations.

Dihydrochalcone Compounds Isolated from Crabapple Leaves Showed Anticancer Effects on Human Cancer Cell Lines

Seven dihydrochalcone compounds were isolated from the leaves of Malus crabapples, cv. "Radiant", and their chemical structures were elucidated by UV, IR, ESI-MS, ¹H-NMR and (13)C-NMR analyses. These compounds, which include trilobatin (A1), phloretin (A2), 3-hydroxyphloretin (A3), phloretin rutinoside (A4), phlorizin (A5), 6''-O-coumaroyl-4'-O-glucopyranosylphloretin (A6), and 3'''-methoxy-6''-O-feruloy-4'-O-glucopyranosyl-phloretin (A7), all belong to the phloretin class and its derivatives. Compounds A6 and A7 are two new rare dihydrochalcone compounds. The results of a MTT cancer cell growth inhibition assay demonstrated that phloretin and these derivatives showed significant positive anticancer activities against several human cancer cell lines, including the A549 human lung cancer cell line, Bel 7402 liver cancer cell line, HepG2 human ileocecal cancer cell line, and HT-29 human colon cancer cell line. A7 had significant effects on all cancer cell lines, suggesting potential applications for phloretin and its derivatives. Adding a methoxyl group to phloretin dramatically increases phloretin's anticancer activity.