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Eskandari Z, Hosseini SF, Yaghmur A. Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Concentrates from Common Kilka Oil: Optimization of the Urea Complexation Process. Molecules 2024; 29:2430. [PMID: 38893305 PMCID: PMC11173876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in interest in the application of ω-3 PUFAs, especially EPA and DHA, in the development of various food products owing to their myriad health benefits. However, most fish oils do not contain more than 30% combined levels of EPA and DHA. In this study, through the urea complexation procedure, the production of EPA and DHA concentrate in their free fatty acids (FFAs) form was achieved from an enzymatic oil extracted from common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia). To gain the maximum value of EPA and DHA, the response surface methodology (RSM), which is an effective tool to categorize the level of independent variables onto the responses of an experimental process, was also used. Different variables including the urea-fatty acids (FAs) ratio (in the range of 2-6, w/w), the temperature of crystallization (in the range of -24-8 °C), and the time of crystallization (in the range of 8-40 h) were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM) for maximizing the EPA and DHA contents. Following the model validation, the levels of the variables at which the maximum desirability function (0.907 score) was obtained for response variables were 5:1 (urea-FAs ratio), -9 °C (the temperature of crystallization), and 24 h (the time of crystallization). Under these optimal conditions, increases of 2.2 and 4.4 times in the EPA and DHA concentrations were observed, respectively, and an increase in the concentrations of EPA and DHA from 5.39 and 13.32% in the crude oil to 12.07 and 58.36% in the ω-3 PUFA concentrates were observed, respectively. These findings indicate that the urea complexation process is efficient at optimizated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Eskandari
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 46414-356, Iran;
| | - Seyed Fakhreddin Hosseini
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 46414-356, Iran;
| | - Anan Yaghmur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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Enzymatic Synthesis Process of EPA- and DHA-Enriched Structured Acylglycerols at the sn-2 Position Starting from Commercial Salmon Oil and Concentrated by Response Surface Methodology under Supercritical Conditions. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) has shown to be greatly influenced by their location in the triacylglycerol backbone. Therefore, the synthesis of structured acylglycerols (SAcyl), which include eicosapentaenoic acids (EPAs) or docosahexaenoic acids (DHAs) at the sn-2 position, has attracted a great interest. The objective of this study was to optimize the synthesis process of a SAcyl from commercial refined salmon oil and an EPA/DHA concentrate in order to enhance the positioning of EPA and DHA in the sn-2 location of the glycerol moiety. For this purpose, immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (nonspecific) was used for the acidolysis process under the CO2 supercritical condition. As a result of carrying out a Draper-Lin composite design through the response surface methodology of 18 experiments, an optimized extraction including SAcyl compounds was obtained. Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis was employed to identify the EPA/DHA location at the sn-2 position in the resulting glycerol moiety. In the fraction obtained, an increase in the EPA and DHA content at the sn-2 position was detected. Remarkably, the optimized SAcyl obtained after 6 h, 82 bar, and 60 °C led to the highest EPA/DHA yield at the sn-2 position in the resulting molecule.
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Rodríguez A, Trigo M, Aubourg SP, Medina I. Optimisation of Healthy-Lipid Content and Oxidative Stability during Oil Extraction from Squid ( Illex argentinus) Viscera by Green Processing. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110616. [PMID: 34822487 PMCID: PMC8618224 DOI: 10.3390/md19110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Green extraction was applied to Argentinean shortfin squid (Illex argentinus) viscera, consisting of a wet pressing method including a drying step, mechanic pressing, centrifugation of the resulting slurry, and oil collection. To maximise the oil yield and ω3 fatty acid content and to minimise the oil damage degree, a response surface methodology (RSM) design was developed focused on the drying temperature (45-85 °C) and time (30-90 min). In general, an increase of the drying time and temperature provided an increase in the lipid yield recovery from the viscera. The strongest drying conditions showed a higher recovery than 50% when compared with the traditional chemical method. The docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid contents in the extracted oil revealed scarce dependence on drying conditions, showing valuable ranges (149.2-166.5 and 88.7-102.4 g·kg-1 oil, respectively). Furthermore, the values of free fatty acids, peroxides, conjugated dienes, and ω3/ω6 ratio did not show extensive differences by comparing oils obtained from the different drying conditions. Contrary, a polyene index (PI) decrease was detected with increasing drying time and temperature. The RSM analysis indicated that optimised drying time (41.3 min) and temperature (85 °C) conditions would lead to 74.73 g·kg-1 (oil yield), 1.87 (PI), and 6.72 (peroxide value) scores, with a 0.67 desirability value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, C/Santos Dumont, 964, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Santiago P. Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.T.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986231930
| | - Isabel Medina
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.T.); (I.M.)
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Synthesis of EPA- and DHA-Enriched Structured Acylglycerols at the sn-2 Position Starting from Commercial Salmon Oil by Enzymatic Lipase Catalysis under Supercritical Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113094. [PMID: 34067234 PMCID: PMC8196811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is consistent evidence that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) belonging to the n-3 series, i.e., eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3, DHA) acids, decrease the risk of heart, circulatory and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the bioavailability of such fatty acids has been shown to depend on their location in triacylglycerol (TG) molecules at the sn-2 position. Consequently, great attention has been accorded to the synthesis of structured acylglycerols (sAG), which include EPA or DHA at the sn-2 position. The aim of this work was to synthesize sAG starting from deodorized refined commercial salmon oil. For this, immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (nonspecific) was used as a catalyst for the intra–interesterification process under CO2 supercritical conditions (CO2SC). According to the CO2SC reaction time, three different fractions including sAG compounds were obtained. The location of EPA and DHA at the sn-2 position in the resulting glycerol backbone was identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis. In all fractions obtained, a marked decrease in the starting TG content was observed, while an increase in the DHA content at the sn-2 position was detected. The fraction obtained after the longest reaction time period (2 h) led to the highest yield of sn-2 position DHA in the resulting sAG molecule.
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Acylglycerol synthesis including EPA and DHA from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) belly flap oil and caprylic acid catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase under supercritical carbon dioxide. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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EPA/DHA Concentrate by Urea Complexation Decreases Hyperinsulinemia and Increases Plin5 in the Liver of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143289. [PMID: 32698439 PMCID: PMC7397222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) reduces insulin resistance and hepatic manifestations through the regulation of metabolism in the liver. Obese mice present insulin resistance and lipid accumulation in intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). LD-associated proteins perilipin (Plin) have an essential role in both adipogenesis and lipolysis; Plin5 regulates lipolysis and thus contributes to fat oxidation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of deodorized refined salmon oil (DSO) and its polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrate (CPUFA) containing EPA and DHA, obtained by complexing with urea, on obesity-induced metabolic alteration. CPUFA maximum content was determined using the Box-Behnken experimental design based on Surface Response Methodology. The optimized CPUFA was administered to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice (200 mg/kg/day of EPA + DHA) for 8 weeks. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in cholesterol, glycemia, LDs or transaminase content were found. Fasting insulin and hepatic Plin5 protein level increased in the group supplemented with the EPA + DHA optimized product (38.35 g/100 g total fatty acids) compared to obese mice without fish oil supplementation. The results suggest that processing salmon oil by urea concentration can generate an EPA+DHA dose useful to prevent the increase of fasting insulin and the decrease of Plin5 in the liver of insulin-resistant mice.
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Dovale-Rosabal G, Rodríguez A, Contreras E, Ortiz-Viedma J, Muñoz M, Trigo M, Aubourg SP, Espinosa A. Concentration of EPA and DHA from Refined Salmon Oil by Optimizing the Urea⁻Fatty Acid Adduction Reaction Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091642. [PMID: 31027319 PMCID: PMC6539647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This research focused on obtaining eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) (EPA+DHA) concentrates from refined commercial salmon oil (RCSO). Independent variables of the complexation process were optimized by means of the application of response surface methodology (RSM) in order to obtain the maximum content of such fatty acids (FAs). As a result of employing the optimized conditions for all the variables (6.0, urea:FA content ratio; -18.0 °C, crystallization temperature; 14.80 h, crystallization time; 500 rpm, stirring speed), high contents of EPA and DHA could be obtained from RCSO, achieving increases of 4.1 and 7.9 times in the concentrate, with values of 31.20 and 49.31 g/100 g total FA, respectively. Furthermore, a 5.8-time increase was observed for the EPA + DHA content, which increased from 13.78 to 80.51 g/100 g total FA. It is concluded that RCSO can be transformed into a profitable source of EPA and DHA (EPA+DHA), thus leading to a product with higher commercial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Dovale-Rosabal
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Elyzabeth Contreras
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Jaime Ortiz-Viedma
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Marlys Muñoz
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Santiago P Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
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Desai AS, Beibeia T, Brennan MA, Guo X, Zeng XA, Brennan CS. Protein, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid Composition, and in Vitro Digestibility of Bread Fortified with Oncorhynchus tschawytscha Powder. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121923. [PMID: 30563069 PMCID: PMC6315913 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated protein, amino acid, fatty acid composition, in vitro starch and protein digestibility, and phenolic and antioxidant composition of bread fortified with salmon fish (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) powder (SFP). The proximate composition in control and SFP breads ranged between (34.00 ± 0.55–31.42 ± 0.73%) moisture, (13.91 ± 0.19–20.04 ± 0.10%) protein, (3.86 ± 0.02–9.13 ± 0.02%) fat, (2.13 ± 0.02–2.42 ± 0.09%) ash, (80.10 ± 0.018–68.42 ± 0.11%) carbohydrate, and (410.8 ± 0.18–435.96 ± 0.36 kcal) energy. The essential amino acids of the control and SFP breads ranged between 261.75 ± 9.23 and 306.96 ± 6.76 mg/g protein, which satisfies the score recommended by FAO/WHO/UNU (2007). Protein digestibility of the products was assessed using an in vitro assay. The protein digestibility, comma, amino acid score, essential amino acid index, biological value, and nutritional index ranged between 79.96 ± 0.65–80.80 ± 0.99%, 0.15 ± 0.06–0.42 ± 0.06%, 62.51 ± 1.15–76.68 ± 1.40%, 56.44 ± 1.05–71.68 ± 1.10%, 8.69 ± 0.10–15.36 ± 0.21%, respectively. Control and SFP breads contained 60.31 ± 0.21–43.60 ± 0.35 g/100 g total fatty acids (saturated fatty acids) and 13.51 ± 0.10–17.00 ± 0.09 g/100 g total fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids), and SFP breads fulfil the ω-6/ω-3 score recommended by food authority. There was a significant effect of SFP on bread-specific volume, crumb color, and textural properties. The in vitro starch digestibility results illustrate that the incorporation of SFP into wheat bread decreased the potential glycemic response of bread and increased the antioxidant capacity of bread. In conclusion, this nutrient-rich SFP bread has the potential to be a technological alternative for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S Desai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand.
- Riddet Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Tang Beibeia
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Margaret A Brennan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Charles S Brennan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand.
- Riddet Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Maximization of the docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids content in concentrates obtained from a by-product of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) processing. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-3013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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