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Mai XL, Pham TV, Le TAT, Nguyen BT, Nguyen NVT, Kang JS, Mar W, Kim KH. A capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of the linagliptin enantiomeric impurity. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4480-4487. [PMID: 33058501 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Linagliptin is a highly specific, long-acting inhibitor that is used as an orally administrable agent for type-2 diabetes treatment. Because only the R-enantiomer is of clinical use, we developed a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of the enantiomeric impurity of this compound. Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin was selected as the chiral selector for the separation of linagliptin enantiomers. Design of experiments and desirability functions were used for the analytical optimization, which was focused on understanding and improving the electrophoretic process. The effects of significant parameters (background electrolyte concentration and pH, cyclodextrin concentration, temperature, and voltage) were thoroughly investigated. The complete separation of linagliptin and its enantiomeric impurity with baseline resolution was achieved within 10 min on an uncoated fused-silica capillary (50 μm inner diameter, 365 μm outer diameter, 64.5/56 cm in total/ effective length) maintained at 25°C, under an applied voltage of 28.0 kV. The background electrolyte contained 70 mM sodium acetate and 4.7 mM carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, and the pH was adjusted to 6.10. The method was validated, and a limit of quantitation of 0.05% for the impurity was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Lan Mai
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Thuy-Vy Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Thi-Anh-Tuyet Le
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Bao-Tan Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | | | - Jong-Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Woongchon Mar
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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Dovale-Rosabal G, Rodríguez A, Contreras E, Ortiz-Viedma J, Muñoz M, Trigo M, Aubourg SP, Espinosa A. Concentration of EPA and DHA from Refined Salmon Oil by Optimizing the Urea⁻Fatty Acid Adduction Reaction Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091642. [PMID: 31027319 PMCID: PMC6539647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This research focused on obtaining eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) (EPA+DHA) concentrates from refined commercial salmon oil (RCSO). Independent variables of the complexation process were optimized by means of the application of response surface methodology (RSM) in order to obtain the maximum content of such fatty acids (FAs). As a result of employing the optimized conditions for all the variables (6.0, urea:FA content ratio; -18.0 °C, crystallization temperature; 14.80 h, crystallization time; 500 rpm, stirring speed), high contents of EPA and DHA could be obtained from RCSO, achieving increases of 4.1 and 7.9 times in the concentrate, with values of 31.20 and 49.31 g/100 g total FA, respectively. Furthermore, a 5.8-time increase was observed for the EPA + DHA content, which increased from 13.78 to 80.51 g/100 g total FA. It is concluded that RCSO can be transformed into a profitable source of EPA and DHA (EPA+DHA), thus leading to a product with higher commercial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Dovale-Rosabal
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Elyzabeth Contreras
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Jaime Ortiz-Viedma
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Marlys Muñoz
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Santos Dumont 964, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Santiago P Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
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Brito JQA, Dias FDS, Cunha S, Ramos LP, Teixeira LSG. Multiple response optimization of alkaline pretreatment of sisal fiber (Agave sisalana) assisted by ultrasound. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2802. [PMID: 30843373 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the alkaline pretreatment of sisal fiber assisted by ultrasound was optimized to obtain a higher solubilization of hemicellulose and the removal of lignin with cellulose fraction maintenance. A full factorial design 23 was used for the evaluation of the effects of the variables (sonication time, NaOH concentration, and sonication amplitude) on the pretreatment. The optimal values for the variables using the Doehlert matrix for the sonication time, NaOH concentration, and sonication amplitude were 27 min, 4.1% (m/v), and 50%, respectively. The X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy analyses, after pretreatment, showed changes in chemical structure and morphology due to the removal of 82% of hemicellulose and 86% of lignin from sisal fiber. The soft reaction conditions and relatively short times demonstrated the effectiveness of the combined action of ultrasound with alkaline pretreatment to improve the accessibility to cellulose in this important step of the ethanol production process from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane Q A Brito
- Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fábio De S Dias
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Campus Universitário de Cruz das Almas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Silvio Cunha
- Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,INCT de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz P Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Puerto Rico, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S G Teixeira
- Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,INCT de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Hanif M, Atsuta Y, Fujie K, Daimon H. Supercritical fluid extraction of bacterial and archaeal lipid biomarkers from anaerobically digested sludge. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3022-3037. [PMID: 22489140 PMCID: PMC3317701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used in the analysis of bacterial respiratory quinone (RQ), bacterial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and archaeal phospholipid ether lipid (PLEL) from anaerobically digested sludge. Bacterial RQ were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Determination of bacterial PLFA and archaeal PLEL was simultaneously performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of pressure, temperature, and modifier concentration on the total amounts of RQ, PLFA, and PLEL were investigated by 23 experiments with five settings chosen for each variable. The optimal extraction conditions that were obtained through a multiple-response optimization included a pressure of 23.6 MPa, temperature of 77.6 °C, and 10.6% (v/v) of methanol as the modifier. Thirty nine components of microbial lipid biomarkers were identified in the anaerobically digested sludge. Overall, the SFE method proved to be more effective, rapid, and quantitative for simultaneously extracting bacterial and archaeal lipid biomarkers, compared to conventional organic solvent extraction. This work shows the potential application of SFE as a routine method for the comprehensive analysis of microbial community structures in environmental assessments using the lipid biomarkers profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (M.H.); (Y.A.)
- Center for Energy Resources Development, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Yoichi Atsuta
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (M.H.); (Y.A.)
| | - Koichi Fujie
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Daimon
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (M.H.); (Y.A.)
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