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Li K, Jiang C, Han SI, Kang S, Chen J, Won D, Kang Y, Bae B, Choi YE, Kim HS, Lee J. Green and efficient method to acquire high-value phycobiliprotein from microalgal biomass involving deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction. Food Chem 2024; 449:139196. [PMID: 38581787 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Phycoerythrin (PE) is a phycobiliprotein holding great potential as a high-value food colorant and medicine. Deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extract B-PE by disrupting the resistant polysaccharide cell wall of Porphyridium purpureum. The solubility of cell wall monomers in 31 DESs was predicted using COSMO-RS. Five glycerol-based DESs were tested for extraction, all of which showed significantly higher B-PE yields by up to 13.5 folds than water. The DES-dependent B-PE extraction efficiencies were proposedly associated with different cell disrupting capabilities and protein stabilizing effects of DESs. The DES-based UAE method could be considered green according to a metric assessment tool, AGREEprep. The crude extract containing DES was further subjected to aqueous two-phase system, two-step ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ultrafiltration processes. The final purified B-PE had a PE purity ratio of 3.60 and a PC purity ratio of 0.08, comparable to the purity of commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea; Gansu Pharmaceutical Industry Innovation Research Institute, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Chunxue Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Il Han
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Won
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yua Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou D, Fei Z, Liu G, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Lin CSK, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. The bioproduction of astaxanthin: A comprehensive review on the microbial synthesis and downstream extraction. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108392. [PMID: 38825214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a valuable orange-red carotenoid with wide applications in agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals areas. At present, the biological synthesis of astaxanthin mainly relies on Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. With the rapid development of synthetic biology, more recombinant microbial hosts have been genetically constructed for astaxanthin production including Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica. As multiple genes (15) were involved in the astaxanthin synthesis, it is particularly important to adopt different strategies to balance the metabolic flow towards the astaxanthin synthesis. Furthermore, astaxanthin is a fat-soluble compound stored intracellularly, hence efficient extraction methods are also essential for the economical production of astaxanthin. Several efficient and green extraction methods of astaxanthin have been reported in recent years, including the superfluid extraction, ionic liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively introduce the advances on the astaxanthin production and extraction by using different microbial hosts and strategies to improve the astaxanthin synthesis and extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Zhengyue Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Guannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
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Nemani N, Dehnavi SM, Pazuki G. Extraction and separation of astaxanthin with the help of pre-treatment of Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae biomass using aqueous two-phase systems based on deep eutectic solvents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5420. [PMID: 38443435 PMCID: PMC10914728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis are the main source of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin. However, the effective extraction of astaxanthin from these microalgae remains a significant challenge due to the rigid, non-hydrolyzable cell walls. Energy savings and high-efficiency cell disruption are essential steps in the recovery of the antioxidant astaxanthin from the cysts of H. pluvialis. In the present study, H. pluvialis microalgae were first cultured in Bold's Basal medium under certain conditions to reach the maximum biomass concentration, and then light shock was applied for astaxanthin accumulation. The cells were initially green and oval, with two flagella. As the induction time increases, the motile cells lose their flagellum and become red cysts with thick cell walls. Pre-treatment of aqueous two-phase systems based on deep eutectic solvents was used to decompose the cell wall. These systems included dipotassium hydrogen phosphate salt, water, and two types of deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride-urea and choline chloride-glucose). The results of pre-treatment of Haematococcus cells by the studied systems showed that intact, healthy cysts were significantly ruptured, disrupted, and facilitated the release of cytoplasmic components, thus facilitating the subsequent separation of astaxanthin by liquid-liquid extraction. The system containing the deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride-urea was the most effective system for cell wall degradation, which resulted in the highest ability to extract astaxanthin. More than 99% of astaxanthin was extracted from Haematococcus under mild conditions (35% deep eutectic solvent, 30% dipotassium hydrogen phosphate at 50 °C, pH = 7.5, followed by liquid-liquid extraction at 25 °C). The present study shows that the pre-treatment of two-phase systems based on deep eutectic solvent and, thus, liquid-liquid extraction is an efficient and environmentally friendly process to improve astaxanthin from the microalgae H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Nemani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Dehnavi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 1983969411, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Pazuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
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Wilawan B, Chan SS, Ling TC, Show PL, Ng EP, Jonglertjunya W, Phadungbut P, Khoo KS. Advancement of Carotenogenesis of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis: Recent Insight and Way Forward. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:402-423. [PMID: 37270443 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The demand for astaxanthin has been increasing for many health applications ranging from pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and aquaculture due to its bioactive properties. Haematococcus pluvialis is widely recognized as the microalgae species with the highest natural accumulation of astaxanthin, which has made it a valuable source for industrial production. Astaxanthin produced by other sources such as chemical synthesis or fermentation are often produced in the cis configuration, which has been shown to have lower bioactivity. Additionally, some sources of astaxanthin, such as shrimp, may denature or degrade when exposed to high temperatures, which can result in a loss of bioactivity. Producing natural astaxanthin through the cultivation of H. pluvialis is presently a demanding and time-consuming task, which incurs high expenses and restricts the cost-effective industrial production of this valuable substance. The production of astaxanthin occurs through two distinct pathways, namely the cytosolic mevalonate pathway and the chloroplast methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. The latest advancements in enhancing product quality and extracting techniques at a reasonable cost are emphasized in this review. The comparative of specific extraction processes of H. pluvialis biological astaxanthin production that may be applied to large-scale industries were assessed. The article covers a contemporary approach to optimizing microalgae culture for increased astaxanthin content, as well as obtaining preliminary data on the sustainability of astaxanthin production and astaxanthin marketing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busakorn Wilawan
- Institut Biologi Sains, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sook Sin Chan
- Institut Biologi Sains, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institut Biologi Sains, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Poh Ng
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Woranart Jonglertjunya
- Fermentation Technology Laboratory (FerTechLab), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Poomiwat Phadungbut
- Nanocomposite Engineering Laboratory (NanoCEN), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India.
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5
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Zhang L, Li Y, Gao J. Selectively extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis by aqueous biphasic systems composed of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solutions. Food Chem 2024; 434:137399. [PMID: 37699312 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is rich in astaxanthin ester (Ast1) and free astaxanthin (Ast2). The astaxanthin is natural antioxidant, and shows higher biodegradability and eco-friendly characteristics than commercial astaxanthin. However, the existing extraction technology is difficult to achieve selectively separation of Ast1 and Ast2. Novel aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) composed of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were developed to selectively extract Ast1 and Ast2. The results showed that the ABS composed of tributyloctylphosphine chloride ([P4448]Cl) and choline chloride:d-fructose ([ChCl][Fru]) performed best. The yield and partition coefficient of astaxanthin was 2.35 mg·g-1 and 103.59, respectively. Moreover, Ast1 and Ast2 could be selectively separately with the highest coefficient of specificity of 48.31. Furthermore, the ABS maintained an excellent extraction capacity after three cycles of recycling. As compared with organic solvent extraction and prior methods, the IL-DES ABS is more efficient, recyclable, and environmentally friendly for selectively extraction of astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China; College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
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6
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Extraction of Valuable Biomolecules from the Microalga Haematococcus pluvialis Assisted by Electrotechnologies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052089. [PMID: 36903334 PMCID: PMC10004699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The freshwater microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is well known as the cell factory for natural astaxanthin, which composes up to 4-7% of its total dry weight. The bioaccumulation of astaxanthin in H. pluvialis cysts seems to be a very complex process that depends on different stress conditions during its cultivation. The red cysts of H. pluvialis develop thick and rigid cell walls under stress growing conditions. Thus, the biomolecule extraction requires general cell disruption technologies to reach a high recovery rate. This short review provides an analysis of the different steps in H. pluvialis's up and downstream processing including cultivation and harvesting of biomass, cell disruption, extraction and purification techniques. Useful information on the structure of H. pluvialis's cells, biomolecular composition and properties and the bioactivity of astaxanthin is collected. Special emphasis is given to the recent progress in application of different electrotechnologies during the growth stages and for assistance of the recovery of different biomolecules from H. pluvialis.
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7
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Yu F, Chen J, Wei Z, Zhu P, Qing Q, Li B, Chen H, Lin W, Yang H, Qi Z, Hong X, Chen XD. Preparation of carrier-free astaxanthin nanoparticles with improved antioxidant capacity. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1022323. [PMID: 36245512 PMCID: PMC9554632 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1022323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST), a red pigment of the carotenoids, has various advantageous biological activities. Nevertheless, the wide application of AST is restricted due to its poor water solubility and highly unsaturated structure. To overcome these limitations, carrier-free astaxanthin nanoparticles (AST-NPs) were fabricated through the anti-solvent precipitation method. The AST-NPs had a small particle size, negative zeta potential and high loading capacity. Analysis of DSC and XRD demonstrated that amorphous AST existed in AST-NPs. In comparison with free AST, AST-NPs displayed enhanced stability during storage. Besides, it also showed outstanding stability when exposed to UV light. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of AST-NPs was significantly increased. In vitro release study showed that AST-NPs significantly delayed the release of AST in the releasing medium. These findings indicated that AST-NPs would be an ideal formulation for AST, which could contribute to the development of novel functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zizhan Wei
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Pingchuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Qing
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bangda Li
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhongquan Qi
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
- Zhongquan Qi
| | - Xuehui Hong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xuehui Hong
| | - Xiao Dong Chen
- Suzhou Key Lab of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Dong Chen
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Pitacco W, Samorì C, Pezzolesi L, Gori V, Grillo A, Tiecco M, Vagnoni M, Galletti P. Extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents based on oleic acid. Food Chem 2022; 379:132156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Room-Temperature Cell Disruption and Astaxanthin Recovery from Haematococcus lacustris Cysts Using Ultrathin α-Quartz Nanoplates and Ionic Liquids. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are new green solvents, which are widely used in lignocellulosic and microalgal biorefineries. However, high-temperature operating conditions limit their application in the extraction of heat-labile algal products, such as bioactive astaxanthin. In this study, we report the technical feasibility of room-temperature astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus lacustris cysts with a thick and complex cell wall structure, by combining ultrathin α-quartz nanoplates (NPLs) with ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Emim])-based ILs. When four different [Emim]-based ILs with thiocyanate (SCN), diethylphosphate (DEP), HSO4, and Cl anions were applied to 90-day-old H. lacustris cysts at room temperature (~28 °C), the astaxanthin extraction efficiency was as low as 9.6–14.2%. Under sonication, α-quartz NPLs disrupted the cyst cell wall for a short duration (5 min). The astaxanthin extraction efficacies of a subsequent IL treatment improved significantly to 49.8% for [Emim] SCN, 60.0% for [Emim] DEP, 80.7% for [Emim] HSO4, and 74.3% for [Emim] Cl ions, which were 4.4, 6.1, 8.4, and 5.2 times higher than the extraction efficacy of only ILs, respectively. This finding suggests that α-quartz NPLs can serve as powerful cell-wall-disrupting agents for the room-temperature IL-mediated extraction of astaxanthin from robust algal cyst cells.
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Kim B, Youn Lee S, Lakshmi Narasimhan A, Kim S, Oh YK. Cell disruption and astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis: Recent advances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126124. [PMID: 34653624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is an excellent source of astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant widely used in cosmetics, aquaculture, health foods, and pharmaceuticals. This review explores recent developments in cell disruption and astaxanthin extraction techniques applied using H. pluvialis as a model species for large-scale algal biorefinery. Notably, this alga develops a unique cyst-like cell with a rigid three-layered cell wall during astaxanthin accumulation (∼4% of dry weight) under stress. The thick (∼2 µm), acetolysis-resistant cell wall forms the strongest barrier to astaxanthin extraction. Various physical, chemical, and biological cell disruption methods were discussed and compared based on theoretical mechanisms, biomass status (wet, dry, and live), cell-disruption efficacy, astaxanthin extractability, cost, scalability, synergistic combinations, and impact on the stress-sensitive astaxanthin content. The challenges and future prospects of the downstream processes for the sustainable and economic development of advanced H. pluvialis biorefineries are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolam Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Environment & Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Youn Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Aditya Lakshmi Narasimhan
- School of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Environment & Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangui Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Environment & Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Kwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, and Institute for Environment & Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Zhu Y, Li X, Wang Y, Ren L, Zhao Q. Lutein extraction by imidazolium-based ionic liquid-water mixture from dried and fresh Chlorella sp. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Bauer A, Minceva M. Techno-economic analysis of a new downstream process for the production of astaxanthin from the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:111. [PMID: 38650201 PMCID: PMC10992946 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotechnological production of the carotenoid astaxanthin is done with the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis). Under nutrient deficiency and light stress, H. pluvialis accumulates astaxanthin intracellularly and forms a resistant cyst cell wall that impedes direct astaxanthin extraction. Therefore, a complex downstream process is required, including centrifugation, mechanical cell wall disruption, drying, and supercritical extraction of astaxanthin with CO2. In this work, an alternative downstream process based on the direct extraction of astaxanthin from the algal broth into ethyl acetate using a centrifugal partition extractor (CPE) was developed. A mechanical cell wall disruption or germination of the cysts was carried out to make astaxanthin accessible to the solvent. Zoospores containing astaxanthin are released when growth conditions are applied to cyst cells, from which astaxanthin can directly be extracted into ethyl acetate. Energy-intensive unit operations such as spray-drying and extraction with supercritical CO2 can be replaced by directly extracting astaxanthin into ethyl acetate. Extraction yields of 85% were reached, and 3.5 g of oleoresin could be extracted from 7.85 g homogenised H. pluvialis biomass using a CPE unit with 244 mL column volume. A techno-economic analysis was done for a hypothetical H. pluvialis production facility with an annual biomass output of 8910 kg. Four downstream scenarios were examined, comparing the novel process of astaxanthin extraction from homogenised cyst cells and germinated zoospores via CPE extraction with the conventional industrial process using in-house or supercritical CO2 extraction via an external service provider. After 10 years of operation, the highest net present value (NPV) was determined for the CPE extraction from germinated zoospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bauer
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Mirjana Minceva
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Tri-tert-butyl(n-alkyl)phosphonium Ionic Liquids: Structure, Properties and Application as Hybrid Catalyst Nanomaterials. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13179862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of sterically hindered tri-tert-butyl(n-alkyl)phosphonium salts (n-CnH2n+1 with n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17) was synthesized and systematically studied by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and melting point measurement. Formation and stabilization palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were used to characterize the phosphonium ionic liquid (PIL) nanoscale interaction ability. The colloidal Pd in the PIL systems was described with TEM and DLS analyses and applied in the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The PILs were proven to be suitable stabilizers of PdNPs possessing high catalytic activity. The tri-tert-butyl(n-alkyl)phosphonium salts showed a complex nonlinear correlation of the structure–property relationship. The synthesized family of PILs has a broad variety of structural features, including hydrophobic and hydrophilic structures that are entirely expressed in the diversity of their properties
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14
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Comparison of Different Methods for Extracting the Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis: Chemical Composition and Biological Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123569. [PMID: 34208026 PMCID: PMC8230668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the impact of different cell disruption techniques (high-pressure micro fluidization (HPMF), ionic liquids (ILs), multi-enzyme (ME), and hydrochloric acid (HCl)) on the chemical composition and biological activity of astaxanthin (AST) obtained from Haematococcus pluvialis was investigated. Results indicated that all cell disruption techniques had a significant effect on AST composition, which were confirmed by TLC and UPC2 analysis. AST recovery from HCl (HCl-AST) and ILs (ILs-AST) cell disruption techniques was dominant by free and monoesters AST, while AST recovery from HPMF (HPMF-AST) and ME (ME-AST) cell disruption techniques was composed of monoesters, diesters, and free AST. Further biological activity analysis displayed that HCl-AST showed the highest ABTS and DPPH activity, while ILs-AST showed better results against the ORAC assay. Additionally, ILs-AST exhibits a stronger anti-proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was ascribed to AST-induced ROS in to inhibit the proliferative of cancer cells.
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Khoo KS, Chong YM, Chang WS, Yap JM, Foo SC, Khoiroh I, Lau PL, Chew KW, Ooi CW, Show PL. Permeabilization of Chlorella sorokiniana and extraction of lutein by distillable CO2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Khoo KS, Ooi CW, Chew KW, Foo SC, Show PL. Bioprocessing of Chaetoceros calcitrans for the recovery of fucoxanthin using CO 2-based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 322:124520. [PMID: 33348114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as an alternative solvent used in the bioprocessing of microalgae for recovery of valuable biomolecules. The aim of this work is to extract fucoxanthin from Chaetoceros calcitrants (C. calcitrans) by using the readily distillable CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs. The degree of cell permeabilization was analysed by the quantification of extracted fucoxanthin and the analyses of cell surface morphology. Among the tested CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs, diallylammonium diallylcarbamate (DACARB) extraction system gave the maximal yield of fucoxanthin at 17.51 mg/g under the optimal extraction conditions [90% (v/v), 3 min and 25 °C]. Moreover, the extracted fucoxanthin fraction exhibited the satisfactory antioxidant activities. The recyclability of DACARB was demonstrated in the multiple batches of fucoxanthin extraction. Hence, CO2-based alkyl carbamate ILs can prospectively substitute conventional organic solvents in the downstream processing of bioactive compounds from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering Discipline and Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Su Chern Foo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Rodríguez-Sifuentes L, Marszalek JE, Hernández-Carbajal G, Chuck-Hernández C. Importance of Downstream Processing of Natural Astaxanthin for Pharmaceutical Application. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2020.601483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX) is a xanthophyll pigment considered as a nutraceutical with high antioxidant activity. Several clinical trials have shown the multiple health benefits of this molecule; therefore, it has various pharmaceutical industry applications. Commercial astaxanthin can be produced by chemical synthesis or through biosynthesis within different microorganisms. The molecule produced by the microorganisms is highly preferred due to its zero toxicity and superior therapeutic properties. However, the biotechnological production of the xanthophyll is not competitive against the chemical synthesis, since the downstream process may represent 70–80% of the process production cost. These operations denote then an opportunity to optimize the process and make this alternative more competitive. Since ASX is produced intracellularly by the microorganisms, high investment and high operational costs, like centrifugation and bead milling or high-pressure homogenization, are mainly used. In cell recovery, flocculation and flotation may represent low energy demanding techniques, whereas, after cell disruption, an efficient extraction technique is necessary to extract the highest percentage of ASX produced by the cell. Solvent extraction is the traditional method, but large-scale ASX production has adopted supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2), an efficient and environmentally friendly technology. On the other hand, assisted technologies are extensively reported since the cell disruption, and ASX extraction can be carried out in a single step. Because a high-purity product is required in pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical applications, the use of chromatography is necessary for the downstream process. Traditionally liquid-solid chromatography techniques are applied; however, the recent emergence of liquid-liquid chromatography like high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) coupled with liquid-solid chromatography allows high productivity and purity up to 99% of ASX. Additionally, the use of SC-CO2, coupled with two-dimensional chromatography, is very promising. Finally, the purified ASX needs to be formulated to ensure its stability and bioavailability; thus, encapsulation is widely employed. In this review, we focus on the processes of cell recovery, cell disruption, drying, extraction, purification, and formulation of ASX mainly produced in Haematococcus pluvialis, Phaffia rhodozyma, and Paracoccus carotinifaciens. We discuss the current technologies that are being developed to make downstream operations more efficient and competitive in the biotechnological production process of this carotenoid.
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Souza Mesquita LM, Martins M, Pisani LP, Ventura SPM, Rosso VV. Insights on the use of alternative solvents and technologies to recover bio‐based food pigments. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:787-818. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M. Souza Mesquita
- Department of Biosciences Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Santos Brazil
- Department of Chemistry CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago University of Aveiro Portugal
| | - Margarida Martins
- Department of Chemistry CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago University of Aveiro Portugal
| | - Luciana P. Pisani
- Department of Biosciences Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Santos Brazil
| | - Sónia P. M. Ventura
- Department of Chemistry CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago University of Aveiro Portugal
| | - Veridiana V. Rosso
- Department of Biosciences Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Santos Brazil
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Amorim ML, Soares J, Coimbra JSDR, Leite MDO, Albino LFT, Martins MA. Microalgae proteins: production, separation, isolation, quantification, and application in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1976-2002. [PMID: 32462889 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1768046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many countries have been experienced an increase in protein consumption due to the population growth and adoption of protein-rich dietaries. Unfortunately, conventional-based protein agroindustry is associated with environmental impacts that might aggravate as the humankind increase. Thus, it is important to screen for novel protein sources that are environmentally friendly. Microalgae farming is a promising alternative to couple the anthropic emissions with the production of food and feed. Some microalgae show protein contents two times higher than conventional protein sources. The use of whole microalgae biomass as a protein source in food and feed is simple and well-established. Conversely, the production of microalgae protein supplements and isolates requires the development of feasible and robust processes able to fractionate the microalgae biomass in different value-added products. Since most of the proteins are inside the microalgae cells, several techniques of disruption have been proposed to increase the efficiency to extract them. After the disruption of the microalgae cells, the proteins can be extracted, concentrated, isolated or purified allowing the development of different products. This critical review addresses the current state of the production of microalgae proteins for multifarious applications, and possibilities to concatenate the production of proteins and advanced biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Lopes Amorim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Soares
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcio Arêdes Martins
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Ye Z, Tan X, Liu Z, Aadil RM, Tan Y, Inam‐ur‐Raheem M. Mechanisms of breakdown of
Haematococcus pluvialis
cell wall by ionic liquids, hydrochloric acid and multi‐enzyme treatment. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 China
| | - Xing‐He Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 China
| | - Zhi‐Wei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 China
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Yi‐Cheng Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 China
| | - Muhammad Inam‐ur‐Raheem
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
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Gao J, Fang C, Lin Y, Nie F, Ji H, Liu S. Enhanced extraction of astaxanthin using aqueous biphasic systems composed of ionic liquids and potassium phosphate. Food Chem 2020; 309:125672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gomes TA, Zanette CM, Spier MR. An overview of cell disruption methods for intracellular biomolecules recovery. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:635-654. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1728696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Aparecida Gomes
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Zanette
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Food Engineering Department, Midwestern State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Michele Rigon Spier
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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Martínez JM, Gojkovic Z, Ferro L, Maza M, Álvarez I, Raso J, Funk C. Use of pulsed electric field permeabilization to extract astaxanthin from the Nordic microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121694. [PMID: 31254897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Nordic microalgal strain Haematococcus pluvialis was exposed to various stress conditions to induce astaxanthin accumulation. Highest carotenoid content (19.1 mg·g-1dw) was achieved in nitrogen-free culture medium at a high light intensity. The efficiency of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pre-treatment of stressed fresh biomass of H. pluvialis followed by incubation in the growth medium was compared to classical disruption methods (bead-beating, freezing-thawing, thermal treatment or ultrasound) for the subsequent extraction of astaxanthin in ethanol. N-starved cells treated with PEF followed by aqueous incubation for 6 h resulted in extraction of 96% (18.3 mgcar·gdw-1) of the total carotenoid content compared to 80% (15.3 mgcar·gdw-1) using other physical methods. The proportion of free forms of astaxanthin was higher in PEF-treated samples compared to mechanical disruption, suggesting PEF triggering an esterase activity. PEF pre-treatment of the cells followed by incubation in growth medium improved astaxanthin extraction in the eco-friendly solvent ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Zivan Gojkovic
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lorenza Ferro
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcos Maza
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Raso
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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Ionic liquid associated with ultrasonic-assisted extraction: A new approach to obtain carotenoids from orange peel. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108653. [PMID: 31732025 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new method for carotenoid extraction from orange peel, using ionic liquid (IL) to replace conventional organic solvents, assisted by ultrasound. Four different IL were tested: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]), 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]), 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM][Cl]). Response surface methodology was applied in order to optimize the carotenoid extraction conditions, and Amberlite XAD-7HP resin was used to separate the carotenoids from the IL, allowing their recovery. Determination of carotenoids was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MSn). Thermal stability at different temperatures (60 °C and 90 °C) and peroxyl radical scavenging activity of the carotenoid extracts obtained with acetone and IL were evaluated. [BMIM][Cl] was the most effective IL, leading to a total carotenoid content of 32.08 ± 2.05 μg/g, while 7.88 ± 0.59 μg/g of dry matter was obtained by acetone extraction. IL and carotenoid recoveries using XAD-7HP resin were in the range of 59.5-63.8% and 52.2-58.7%, respectively. A carotenoid extract was successfully obtained with IL, finally isolated just by using ethanol, besides being more stable and presenting higher antioxidant activity than that obtained with acetone.
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Khoo KS, Lee SY, Ooi CW, Fu X, Miao X, Ling TC, Show PL. Recent advances in biorefinery of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121606. [PMID: 31178260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is one of the most abundant sources of natural astaxanthin as compared to others microorganism. Therefore, it is important to understand the biorefinery of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis, starting from the cultivation stage to the downstream processing of astaxanthin. The present review begins with an introduction of cellular morphologies and life cycle of H. pluvialis from green vegetative motile stage to red non-motile haematocyst stage. Subsequently, the conventional biorefinery methods (e.g., mechanical disruption, solvent extraction, direct extraction using vegetable oils, and enhanced solvent extraction) and recent advanced biorefinery techniques (e.g., supercritical CO2 extraction, magnetic-assisted extraction, ionic liquids extraction, and supramolecular solvent extraction) were presented and evaluated. Moreover, future prospect and challenges were highlighted to provide a useful guide for future development of biorefinery of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. The review aims to serve as a present knowledge for researchers dealing with the bioproduction of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sze Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Xiaoting Fu
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiaoling Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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