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Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Toxicogenomics of the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5): Exploring the potential impacts of chemical-CCR5 interactions on inflammation and human health. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114511. [PMID: 38360389 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This article explores the impact of environmental chemicals on CCR5 expression and related inflammatory responses based on curated data from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). A total of 143 CCR5-interacting chemicals was found, with 229 chemical interactions. Of note, 67 (29.3%) out of 229 interactions resulted in "increased expression" of CCR5 mRNA or CCR5 protein, and 42 (18.3%) chemical interactions resulted in "decreased expression". The top-5 CCR5-interacting chemicals were "Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin", "Lipopolysaccharides", "Benzo(a)pyrene", "Drugs, Chinese Herbal", and "Ethinyl Estradiol". Based on the number of interactions and importance as environmental contaminant, we then focused our analysis on Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin and Benzo(a)pyrene. There is some consistency in the data supporting an increase in CCR5 expression triggered by Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin; although data concerning CCR5-Benzo(a)pyrene interactions is limited. Considering the high linkage disequilibrium between CCR5 and CCR2 genes, we also search for chemicals that interact with both genes, which resulted in 72 interacting chemicals, representing 50.3% of the 143 CCR5-interacting chemicals and 37.5% of the 192 CCR2-interacting chemicals. In conclusion, CTD data showed that environmental contaminants indeed affect CCR5 expression, with a tendency towards increased expression. The interaction of environmental contaminants with other chemokine receptor genes may potentialize their toxic effects on the chemokine system, favoring inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
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2
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Chen G, Calcaterra F, Ma Y, Ping X, Pontarini E, Yang D, Oriolo F, Yu Z, Cancellara A, Mikulak J, Huang Y, Della Bella S, Liu Y, Biesecker LG, Harper RL, Dalgard CL, Boehm M, Mavilio D. Derived myeloid lineage induced pluripotent stem as a platform to study human C-C chemokine receptor type 5Δ32 homozygotes. iScience 2023; 26:108331. [PMID: 38026202 PMCID: PMC10663745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) expressed on immune cells supports inflammatory responses by directing cells to the inflammation site. CCR5 is also a major coreceptor for macrophage tropic human immunodeficiency viruses (R5-HIV-1) and its variants can confer protection from HIV infection, making it an ideal candidate to target for therapy. We developed a stepwise protocol that differentiates induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from individuals homozygous for the CCR5Δ32 variant and healthy volunteers into myeloid lineage induced monocytes (iMono) and macrophages (iMac). By characterizing iMono and iMac against their primary counterparts, we demonstrated that CCR5Δ32 homozygous cells are endowed with similar pluripotent potential for self-renewal and differentiation as iPSC lines generated from non-variant individuals while also showing resistance to HIV infection. In conclusion, these cells are a platform to investigate CCR5 pathophysiology in HIV-positive and negative individuals and to help develop novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Chen
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Yuchi Ma
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xianfeng Ping
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Dan Yang
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ferdinando Oriolo
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Zhen Yu
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Assunta Cancellara
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Yuting Huang
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
| | - Yangtengyu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leslie G. Biesecker
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Harper
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, 20054 Segrate, Italy
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3
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Costa EM, Pinho JRO, Saraiva MDCP, Ribeiro CCC, Batista RFL, Coêlho Alves CM, Simões VMF, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, de Carvalho Cavalli R, Thomaz EBAF. RANTES and developmental defects of enamel in children: A Brazilian prenatal cohort (BRISA). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284606. [PMID: 37498839 PMCID: PMC10374131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the effect of maternal immunological factors on the etiology of developmental defects of enamel (DDE). RANTES (Regulated on Activation Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted) is a chemokine produced by fibroblasts, lymphoid and epithelial mucosa cells in response to various external stimuli. Despite its importance for embryogenesis, RANTES expression has been demonstrated in multiple diseases characterized by inflammation, tumor and immune response, and wound healing. We hypothesized that altered levels of RANTES during pregnancy are associated with the immune and inflammatory response in women, which could lead to the occurrence of DDE in utero (DDE-iu), directly or mediated by preterm birth. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of serum levels of RANTES in pregnant women in the occurrence of DDE-iu in children. METHODS This is a longitudinal case-control study. The mothers and their children (327) were evaluated in three moments: prenatal care, post childbirth, and when the child was between 12.3 and 36 months of age. The analysis was performed with structural equation modeling, estimating the standardized coefficient (SC), adopting α = 5%. RESULTS There was a direct and negative effect of RANTES on the outcome (SC = -0.137; p = 0.022). This association was not mediated by preterm birth (SC = 0.007; P = 0.551). When considering the specific types of DDE-iu, RANTES had a direct effect on hypoplasia (SC = -0.190; p = 0.007), but not on opacity (SC = 0.343; p = 0.074). CONCLUSION Lower serum levels of RANTES may contribute to a higher number of teeth with DDE-iu, specifically hypoplasia. However, more evidence supported by clinical, laboratory and epidemiological studies is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Miranda Costa
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cecília Cláudia Costa Ribeiro
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Maria Coêlho Alves
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Heloisa Bettiol
- Department of Puericulture and Pediatrics, Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Barbieri
- Department of Puericulture and Pediatrics, Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Carvalho Cavalli
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Bárbara Abreu Fonseca Thomaz
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Norasi E, Rastegar M, Hosseini SD, Aghcheli B, Tahamtan A. Prevalence of CCR5 Delta 32 Genetic Variant in the Turkmen Population of Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:8823863. [PMID: 37388364 PMCID: PMC10307026 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8823863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The 32 bp deletion in the chemokine receptor (C-C motif) 5 gene (CCR5Δ32) is a natural loss of function polymorphism that prevents the protein from locating on the cell surface. This genetic variation acts as a double-edge sword in the pathogenesis/defense mechanism of different health conditions, such as viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism in the Turkmen population of Golestan province, northeast of Iran. Blood samples were collected from 400 randomly selected Turkmen populations (199 women and 201 men), and genomic DNA was extracted. Characterization of CCR5Δ32 genotypes was performed by PCR using primers flanking the 32-nucleotide deletion in the CCR5 gene. The amplified DNA fragments were visualized on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis with cybergreen staining under UV light. All individuals were of Turkmen ethnicity and lived in the Golestan province, northeast of Iran. The mean age of all participants was 35.46 years, with a 20-45 year range. All the studied subjects were healthy without any severe conditions such as autoimmune disease and viral infections. All individuals had no history of HIV infection. The PCR product visualization showed that all the samples are at the 330 bp size, which means the CCR5Δ32 allele was utterly absent from the study population. The presence of the CCR5Δ32 allele among Turkmens may be attributed to the admixture with European descent people. We conclude that the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism may be absent in the Iranian Turkmen population, and further studies with a large population are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Norasi
- School of International, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rastegar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Aghcheli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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5
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Ellwanger JH, Secchi M, Aliberti J, Vangelista L. Editorial: CCR5: A receptor at the center stage in infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054430. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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6
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Zhang S, Ding J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Yang J, Yin T. Regulation and Function of Chemokines at the Maternal–Fetal Interface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826053. [PMID: 35938162 PMCID: PMC9354654 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful pregnancy requires the maternal immune system to tolerate the semi-allogeneic embryo. A good trophoblast function is also essential for successful embryo implantation and subsequent placental development. Chemokines are initially described in recruiting leukocytes. There are rich chemokines and chemokine receptor system at the maternal–fetal interface. Numerous studies have reported that they not only regulate trophoblast biological behaviors but also participate in the decidual immune response. At the same time, the chemokine system builds an important communication network between fetally derived trophoblast cells and maternally derived decidual cells. However, abnormal functions of chemokines or chemokine receptors are involved in a series of pregnancy complications. As growing evidence points to the roles of chemokines in pregnancy, there is a great need to summarize the available data on this topic. This review aimed to describe the recent research progress on the regulation and function of the main chemokines in pregnancy at the maternal–fetal interface. In addition, we also discussed the potential relationship between chemokines and pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinli Ding
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Su Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Su Liu, ; Jing Yang, ; Tailang Yin,
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Su Liu, ; Jing Yang, ; Tailang Yin,
| | - Tailang Yin
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Su Liu, ; Jing Yang, ; Tailang Yin,
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7
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Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816515. [PMID: 35126374 PMCID: PMC8811197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major health burden for which successful therapeutic options are still being investigated. Challenges facing current drugs that are part of the established life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) include toxicity, development of drug resistant HIV-1 strains, the cost of treatment, and the inability to eradicate the provirus from infected cells. For these reasons, novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics that can prevent or eliminate disease progression including the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed. While development of HIV-1 vaccination has also been challenging, recent advancements demonstrate that infection of HIV-1-susceptible cells can be prevented in individuals living with HIV-1, by targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). CCR5 serves many functions in the human immune response and is a co-receptor utilized by HIV-1 for entry into immune cells. Therapeutics targeting CCR5 generally involve gene editing techniques including CRISPR, CCR5 blockade using antibodies or antagonists, or combinations of both. Here we review the efficacy of these approaches and discuss the potential of their use in the clinic as novel ART-independent therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl,
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8
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Bauss J, Morris M, Shankar R, Olivero R, Buck LN, Stenger CL, Hinds D, Mills J, Eby A, Zagorski JW, Smith C, Cline S, Hartog NL, Chen B, Huss J, Carcillo JA, Rajasekaran S, Bupp CP, Prokop JW. CCR5 and Biological Complexity: The Need for Data Integration and Educational Materials to Address Genetic/Biological Reductionism at the Interface of Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:790041. [PMID: 34925370 PMCID: PMC8674737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the age of genomics, public understanding of complex scientific knowledge is critical. To combat reductionistic views, it is necessary to generate and organize educational material and data that keep pace with advances in genomics. The view that CCR5 is solely the receptor for HIV gave rise to demand to remove the gene in patients to create host HIV resistance, underestimating the broader roles and complex genetic inheritance of CCR5. A program aimed at providing research projects to undergraduates, known as CODE, has been expanded to build educational material for genes such as CCR5 in a rapid approach, exposing students and trainees to large bioinformatics databases and previous experiments for broader data to challenge commitment to biological reductionism. Our students organize expression databases, query environmental responses, assess genetic factors, generate protein models/dynamics, and profile evolutionary insights into a protein such as CCR5. The knowledgebase generated in the initiative opens the door for public educational information and tools (molecular videos, 3D printed models, and handouts), classroom materials, and strategy for future genetic ideas that can be distributed in formal, semiformal, and informal educational environments. This work highlights that many factors are missing from the reductionist view of CCR5, including the role of missense variants or expression of CCR5 with neurological phenotypes and the role of CCR5 and the delta32 variant in complex critical care patients with sepsis. When connected to genomic stories in the news, these tools offer critically needed Ethical, Legal, and Social Implication (ELSI) education to combat biological reductionism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Michele Morris
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Rama Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Rosemary Olivero
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Infectious Disease, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Leah N Buck
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Department of Mathematics, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, United States
| | - Cynthia L Stenger
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, United States
| | - David Hinds
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Joshua Mills
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Alexandra Eby
- Department of Science, Davenport University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Joseph W Zagorski
- Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Caitlin Smith
- Department of Biology, Athens State University, Athens, AL, United States
| | - Sara Cline
- Department of Biology, Athens State University, Athens, AL, United States
| | - Nicholas L Hartog
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Allergy & Immunology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - John Huss
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States
| | - Joseph A Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Caleb P Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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9
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Kulmann-Leal B, Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. CCR5Δ32 in Brazil: Impacts of a European Genetic Variant on a Highly Admixed Population. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758358. [PMID: 34956188 PMCID: PMC8703165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of Brazilians encompasses Amerindian, African, and European components as a result of the colonization of an already Amerindian inhabited region by Europeans, associated to a massive influx of Africans. Other migratory flows introduced into the Brazilian population genetic components from Asia and the Middle East. Currently, Brazil has a highly admixed population and, therefore, the study of genetic factors in the context of health or disease in Brazil is a challenging and remarkably interesting subject. This phenomenon is exemplified by the genetic variant CCR5Δ32, a 32 base-pair deletion in the CCR5 gene. CCR5Δ32 originated in Europe, but the time of origin as well as the selective pressures that allowed the maintenance of this variant and the establishment of its current frequencies in the different human populations is still a field of debates. Due to its origin, the CCR5Δ32 allele frequency is high in European-derived populations (~10%) and low in Asian and African native human populations. In Brazil, the CCR5Δ32 allele frequency is intermediate (4-6%) and varies on the Brazilian States, depending on the migratory history of each region. CCR5 is a protein that regulates the activity of several immune cells, also acting as the main HIV-1 co-receptor. The CCR5 expression is influenced by CCR5Δ32 genotypes. No CCR5 expression is observed in CCR5Δ32 homozygous individuals. Thus, the CCR5Δ32 has particular effects on different diseases. At the population level, the effect that CCR5Δ32 has on European populations may be different than that observed in highly admixed populations. Besides less evident due to its low frequency in admixed groups, the effect of the CCR5Δ32 variant may be affected by other genetic traits. Understanding the effects of CCR5Δ32 on Brazilians is essential to predict the potential use of pharmacological CCR5 modulators in Brazil. Therefore, this study reviews the impacts of the CCR5Δ32 on the Brazilian population, considering infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions, and cancer. Finally, this article provides a general discussion concerning the impacts of a European-derived variant, the CCR5Δ32, on a highly admixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Bragatte MADS, Chies JAB. Beyond HIV infection: Neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases. Virus Res 2020; 286:198040. [PMID: 32479976 PMCID: PMC7260533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 regulates multiple cell types (e.g., T regulatory and Natural Killer cells) and immune responses. The effects of CCR5, CCR5Δ32 (variant associated with reduced CCR5 expression) and CCR5 antagonists vary between infections. CCR5 affects the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, especially in the brain. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 increases the risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. The triad “CCR5, extracellular vesicles and infections” is an emerging topic.
The interactions between chemokine receptors and their ligands may affect susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as their clinical manifestations. These interactions mediate both the traffic of inflammatory cells and virus-associated immune responses. In the context of viral infections, the human C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) receives great attention from the scientific community due to its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. Also, the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 modifies the CCR5-mediated inflammatory responses in various conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases. CCR5 antagonists mimic, at least in part, the natural effects of the CCR5Δ32 in humans, which explains the growing interest in the potential benefits of using CCR5 modulators for the treatment of different diseases. Nevertheless, beyond HIV infection, understanding the effects of the CCR5Δ32 variant in multiple viral infections is essential to shed light on the potential effects of the CCR5 modulators from a broader perspective. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. Subsequently, this review addresses the impacts of CCR5 gene editing and CCR5 modulation on health and viral diseases. Also, this article connects recent findings regarding extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), viruses, and CCR5. Neglected and emerging topics in “CCR5 research” are briefly described, with focus on Rocio virus, Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rhinovirus. Finally, the potential influence of CCR5 on the immune responses to coronaviruses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICT, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Ellwanger JH, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Kulmann-Leal B, Chies JAB. CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 in bacterial and parasitic infections: Thinking chemokine receptors outside the HIV box. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:261-285. [PMID: 32212259 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 molecule was reported in 1996 as the main HIV-1 co-receptor. In that same year, the CCR5Δ32 genetic variant was described as a strong protective factor against HIV-1 infection. These findings led to extensive research regarding the CCR5, culminating in critical scientific advances, such as the development of CCR5 inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection. Recently, the research landscape surrounding CCR5 has begun to change. Different research groups have realized that, since CCR5 has such important effects in the chemokine system, it could also affect other different physiological systems. Therefore, the effect of reduced CCR5 expression due to the presence of the CCR5Δ32 variant began to be further studied. Several studies have investigated the role of CCR5 and the impacts of CCR5Δ32 on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, various types of cancer, and viral diseases. However, the role of CCR5 in diseases caused by bacteria and parasites is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the role of CCR5 and the effects of CCR5Δ32 on bacterial (brucellosis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis and infection by Chlamydia trachomatis) and parasitic infections (toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and schistosomiasis). Basic information about each of these infections was also addressed. The neglected role of CCR5 in fungal disease and emerging studies regarding the action of CCR5 on regulatory T cells are briefly covered in this review. Considering the "renaissance of CCR5 research," this article is useful for updating researchers who develop studies involving CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 in different infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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