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Jiang Y, Lu L. New insight into the agonism of protease-activated receptors as an immunotherapeutic strategy. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105614. [PMID: 38159863 PMCID: PMC10810747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation and mobilization of immune cells play a crucial role in immunotherapy. Existing therapeutic interventions, such as cytokines administration, aim to enhance immune cell activity. However, these approaches usually result in modest effectiveness and toxic side effects, thereby restricting their clinical application. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, actively participate in the immune system by directly activating immune cells. The activation of PARs by proteases or synthetic ligands can modulate immune cell behavior, signaling, and responses to treat immune-related diseases, suggesting the significance of PARs agonism in immunotherapy. However, the agonism of PARs in therapeutical applications remains rarely discussed, since it has been traditionally considered that PARs activation facilitates disease progressions. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the activation, rather than inhibition, of PARs in immune-related physiological responses and diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic potential of PARs agonism, providing a new strategic direction for PARs-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lei Lu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Wilhelm G, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Przysucha A, Strużyna J, Grywalska E, Torres K. The Crossroads of the Coagulation System and the Immune System: Interactions and Connections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12563. [PMID: 37628744 PMCID: PMC10454528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The coagulation and immune systems, two vital systems in the human body, share intimate connections that fundamentally determine patient health. These systems work together through several common regulatory pathways, including the Tissue Factor (TF) Pathway. Immune cells expressing TF and producing pro-inflammatory cytokines can influence coagulation, while coagulation factors and processes reciprocally impact immune responses by activating immune cells and controlling their functions. These shared pathways contribute to maintaining health and are also involved in various pathological conditions. Dysregulated coagulation, triggered by infection, inflammation, or tissue damage, can result in conditions such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Concurrently, immune dysregulation may lead to coagulation disorders and thrombotic complications. This review elucidates these intricate interactions, emphasizing their roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Understanding the complex interplay between these systems is critical for disease management and the development of effective treatments. By exploring these common regulatory mechanisms, we can uncover innovative therapeutic strategies targeting these intricate disorders. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the mutual interaction between the coagulation and immune systems, highlighting its significance in health maintenance and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Wilhelm
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (G.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Anna Przysucha
- Chair and Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Strużyna
- East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Kamil Torres
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (G.W.); (K.T.)
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3
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Peng Q, Nowocin A, Ratnasothy K, Smith RA, Smyth LA, Lechler RI, Dorling A, Lombardi G. Inhibition of thrombin on endothelium enhances recruitment of regulatory T cells during IRI and when combined with adoptive Treg transfer, significantly protects against acute tissue injury and prolongs allograft survival. Front Immunol 2023; 13:980462. [PMID: 36793549 PMCID: PMC9924086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) amplifies T cell alloimmune responses after transplantation with thrombin playing a key pro-inflammatory role. To explore the influence of thrombin on regulatory T cell recruitment and efficacy we used a well-established model of IRI in the native murine kidney. Administration of the cytotopic thrombin inhibitor PTL060 inhibited IRI, and by skewing expression of chemokines (reducing CCL2 and CCL3 but increasing CCL17 and CCL22) increased the infiltration of M2 macrophages and Tregs. When PTL060 was combined with infusion of additional Tregs, these effects were further amplified. To test the benefits of thrombin inhibition in a transplant model, BALB/c hearts were transplanted into B6 mice with or without perfusion with PTL060 in combination with Tregs. Thrombin inhibition or Treg infusion alone led to small increments in allograft survival. However, the combined therapy led to modest graft prolongation by the same mechanisms as in renal IRI; graft survival was accompanied by increased numbers of Tregs and anti-inflammatory macrophages, and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. While the grafts succumbed to rejection associated with the emergence of alloantibody, these data suggest that thrombin inhibition within the transplant vasculature enhances the efficacy of Treg infusion, a therapy that is currently entering the clinic to promote transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Nowocin
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kulachelvy Ratnasothy
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Smith
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A. Smyth
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Giovanna Lombardi,
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4
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Wilkinson H, Leonard H, Robson MG, Smith R, Tam E, McVey JH, Kirckhofer D, Chen D, Dorling A. Manipulation of tissue factor-mediated basal PAR-2 signalling on macrophages determines sensitivity for IFNγ responsiveness and significantly modifies the phenotype of murine DTH. Front Immunol 2022; 13:999871. [PMID: 36172348 PMCID: PMC9510775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.999871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTissue factor (TF) generates proteases that can signal through PAR-1 and PAR-2. We have previously demonstrated PAR-1 signalling primes innate myeloid cells to be exquisitely sensitive to interferon-gamma (IFNγ). In this work we explored how TF mediated PAR-2 signalling modulated responsiveness to IFNγ and investigated the interplay between PAR-1/-2 signalling on macrophages.MethodologyWe characterised how TF through PAR-2 influenced IFNγ sensitivity in vitro using PCR and flow cytometry. and how it influenced oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in vivo. We investigated how basal signalling through PAR-2 influenced PAR-1 signalling using a combination of TF-inhibitors and PAR-1 &-2 agonists and antagonists. Finally, we investigated whether this system could be targeted therapeutically using 3-mercaptopropionyl-F-Cha-Cha-RKPNDK (3-MP), which has actions on both PAR-1 and -2.ResultsTF delivered a basal signal through PAR-2 that upregulated SOCS3 expression and blunted M1 polarisation after IFNγ stimulation, opposing the priming achieved by signalling through PAR-1. PAR-1 and -2 agonists or antagonists could be used in combination to modify this basal signal in vitro and in vivo. 3-MP, by virtue of its PAR-2 agonist properties was superior to agents with only PAR-1 antagonist properties at reducing M1 polarisation induced by IFNγ and suppressing DTH. Tethering a myristoyl electrostatic switch almost completely abolished the DTH response.ConclusionsTF-mediated signalling through PARs-1 and -2 act in a homeostatic way to determine how myeloid cells respond to IFNγ. 3-MP, an agent that simultaneously inhibits PAR-1 whilst delivering a PAR-2 signal, can almost completely abolish immune responses dependent on M1 polarisation, particularly if potency is enhanced by targeting to cell membranes; this has potential therapeutic potential in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wilkinson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Anthony Dorling, ; Hannah Wilkinson,
| | - Hugh Leonard
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Robson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - ElLi Tam
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John H. McVey
- School of Bioscience & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kirckhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daxin Chen
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Anthony Dorling, ; Hannah Wilkinson,
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5
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Wilkinson H, Leonard H, Chen D, Lawrence T, Robson M, Goossens P, McVey JH, Dorling A. PAR-1 signaling on macrophages is required for effective in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. iScience 2021; 24:101981. [PMID: 33458623 PMCID: PMC7797913 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses underpin chronic inflammation. Using a model of oxazolone-induced dermatitis and a combination of transgenic mice, adoptive cell transfer, and selective agonists/antagonists against protease activated receptors, we show that that PAR-1 signaling on macrophages by thrombin is required for effective granuloma formation. Using BM-derived macrophages (BMMs) in vitro, we show that thrombin signaling induced (a) downregulation of cell membrane reverse cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and (b) increased expression of IFNγ receptor and enhanced co-localization within increased areas of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. These two key phenotypic changes combined to make thrombin-primed BMMs sensitive to M1 polarization by 1000-fold less IFNγ, compared to resting BMMs. We confirm that changes in ABCA1 expression were directly responsible for the exquisite sensitivity to IFNγ in vitro and for the impact on granuloma formation in vivo. These data indicate that PAR-1 signaling plays a hitherto unrecognized and critical role in DTH responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wilkinson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hugh Leonard
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daxin Chen
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Toby Lawrence
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael Robson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Pieter Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229HX Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - John H McVey
- School of Bioscience & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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6
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Graf C, Wilgenbus P, Pagel S, Pott J, Marini F, Reyda S, Kitano M, Macher-Göppinger S, Weiler H, Ruf W. Myeloid cell-synthesized coagulation factor X dampens antitumor immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/39/eaaw8405. [PMID: 31541031 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw8405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial barrier for effective cancer therapy, and plasticity of innate immune cells may contribute to failures of targeted immunotherapies. Here, we show that rivaroxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated coagulation factor X (FX), promotes antitumor immunity by enhancing infiltration of dendritic cells and cytotoxic T cells at the tumor site. Profiling FX expression in the TME identifies monocytes and macrophages as crucial sources of extravascular FX. By generating mice with immune cells lacking the ability to produce FX, we show that myeloid cell-derived FX plays a pivotal role in promoting tumor immune evasion. In mouse models of cancer, we report that the efficacy of rivaroxaban is comparable with anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy and that rivaroxaban synergizes with anti-PD-L1 in improving antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that FXa promotes immune evasion by signaling through protease-activated receptor 2 and that rivaroxaban specifically targets this cell-autonomous signaling pathway to reprogram tumor-associated macrophages. Collectively, our results have uncovered the importance of FX produced in the TME as a regulator of immune cell activation and suggest translational potential of direct oral anticoagulants to remove persisting roadblocks for immunotherapy and provide extravascular benefits in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Wilgenbus
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Pagel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Pott
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Reyda
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maki Kitano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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7
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García-González G, Sánchez-González A, Hernández-Bello R, González GM, Franco-Molina MA, Coronado-Cerda EE, Palma-Nicolás JP. Triggering of protease-activated receptors (PARs) induces alternative M2 macrophage polarization with impaired plasticity. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:278-288. [PMID: 31419704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) have been described in a wide diversity of vertebrate cells, including human immune cells. Macrophages are pivotal cells in the host-pathogen interaction and their polarization in M1 or M2 cells has been described as a new central paradigm in the immune response to pathogens. In this context, we explored the involvement of PAR activation by serine proteases on M1/M2 macrophage differentiation and their impact on the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. Our results demonstrate that the serine proteases, thrombin and trypsin, induce interleukin (IL)-4 release from human monocytes, together with upregulation of the macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) in the same way that alternative M2a differentiated cells with M-CSF/IL-4. Protease stimulation of monocytes in the presence of PAR-1 (SCH-79797) or PAR-2 (FSLLRY-NH2) antagonists abolished IL-4 release from monocytes, whereas the use of the peptide agonist for PAR-1 (SFLLRNPNDKYEPF-NH2) or PAR-2 (SLIGKV-NH2) induced the secretion of IL-4 at a level comparable to thrombin or trypsin. When these protease-induced M2 macrophages from healthy human PPD + donors were co-cultured with autologous lymphocyte population in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen, we found a consistent inhibition of IFN-γ/IL-12 release together with persistent IL-4 expression, in contrast to the expected Th1 profile obtained with M2a macrophages. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that proteolytic activation of PAR1/2 receptors in monocytes induces M2-like macrophages with impaired plasticity and their implication in the driving of the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo García-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Romel Hernández-Bello
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico
| | - Moisés Armides Franco-Molina
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Av. Pedro de Alba s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - Erika Evangelina Coronado-Cerda
- Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Cumbres, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Las Palmas 5500, Colonia Cima de las Cumbres, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64610, Mexico
| | - José Prisco Palma-Nicolás
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Departamento de Microbiología, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, Mexico.
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8
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Peng Q, Ratnasothy K, Boardman DA, Jacob J, Tung SL, McCluskey D, Smyth LA, Lechler RI, Dorling A, Lombardi G. Protease Activated Receptor 4 as a Novel Modulator of Regulatory T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1311. [PMID: 31275306 PMCID: PMC6591367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells that maintain immunological tolerance. In inflammatory responses the function of Tregs is tightly controlled by several factors including signaling through innate receptors such as Toll like receptors and anaphylatoxin receptors allowing an effective immune response to be generated. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are another family of innate receptors expressed on multiple cell types and involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Whether proteases are able to directly modulate Treg function is unknown. Here, we show using two complimentary approaches that signaling through PAR-4 influences the expression of CD25, CD62L, and CD73, the suppressive capacity, and the stability of Tregs, via phosphorylation of FoxO1 and negative regulation of PTEN and FoxP3. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important role of PAR4 in tuning the function of Tregs and open the possibility of targeting PAR4 to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kulachelvy Ratnasothy
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic A Boardman
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacinta Jacob
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sim Lai Tung
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel McCluskey
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A Smyth
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Barnea ER, Hayrabedyan S, Todorova K, Almogi-Hazan O, Or R, Guingab J, McElhinney J, Fernandez N, Barder T. PreImplantation factor (PIF*) regulates systemic immunity and targets protective regulatory and cytoskeleton proteins. Immunobiology 2016; 221:778-93. [PMID: 26944449 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secreted by viable embryos, PIF is expressed by the placenta and found in maternal circulation. It promotes implantation and trophoblast invasion, achieving systemic immune homeostasis. Synthetic PIF successfully transposes endogenous PIF features to non-pregnant immune and transplant models. PIF affects innate and activated PBMC cytokines and genes expression. We report that PIF targets similar proteins in CD14+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells instigating integrated immune regulation. PIF-affinity chromatography followed by mass-spectrometry, pathway and heatmap analysis reveals that SET-apoptosis inhibitor, vimentin, myosin-9 and calmodulin are pivotal for immune regulation. PIF acts on macrophages down-stream of LPS (lipopolysaccharide-bacterial antigen) CD14/TLR4/MD2 complex, targeting myosin-9, thymosin-α1 and 14-3-3eta. PIF mainly targets platelet aggregation in CD4+, and skeletal proteins in CD8+ cells. Pathway analysis demonstrates that PIF targets and regulates SET, tubulin, actin-b, and S100 genes expression. PIF targets systemic immunity and has a short circulating half-life. Collectively, PIF targets identified; protective, immune regulatory and cytoskeleton proteins reveal mechanisms involved in the observed efficacy against immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytan R Barnea
- The Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy (SIEP), Cherry Hill, NJ, USA; BioIncept LLC, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA.
| | - Soren Hayrabedyan
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimira Todorova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Osnat Almogi-Hazan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuven Or
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joy Guingab
- Chemical Biology and Proteomics, Banyan Biomarkers, Alachua, FL, USA
| | - James McElhinney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Nelson Fernandez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Timothy Barder
- Research & Development, Eprogen, Inc., Downers Grove, IL, USA
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Kothari H, Keshava S, Vatsyayan R, Mackman N, Rao LVM, Pendurthi UR. Role of tissue factor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced inflammation and disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114141. [PMID: 25462128 PMCID: PMC4252100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic lung infectious disease characterized by severe inflammation and lung granulomatous lesion formation. Clinical manifestations of TB include hypercoagulable states and thrombotic complications. We previously showed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection induces tissue factor (TF) expression in macrophages in vitro. TF plays a key role in coagulation and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of TF in M.tb-induced inflammatory responses, mycobacterial growth in the lung and dissemination to other organs. Wild-type C57BL/6 and transgenic mice expressing human TF, either very low levels (low TF) or near to the level of wild-type (HTF), in place of murine TF were infected with M.tb via aerosol exposure. Levels of TF expression, proinflammatory cytokines and thrombin-antithrombin complexes were measured post M.tb infection and mycobacterial burden in the tissue homogenates were evaluated. Our results showed that M.tb infection did not increase the overall TF expression in lungs. However, macrophages in the granulomatous lung lesions in all M.tb-infected mice, including low TF mice, showed increased levels of TF expression. Conspicuous fibrin deposition in the granuloma was detected in wild-type and HTF mice but not in low TF mice. M.tb infection significantly increased expression levels of cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß in lung tissues. However, no significant differences were found in proinflammatory cytokines among the three experimental groups. Mycobacterial burden in lungs and dissemination into spleen and liver were essentially similar in all three genotypes. Our data indicate, in contrast to that observed in acute bacterial infections, that TF-mediated coagulation and/or signaling does not appear to contribute to the host-defense in experimental tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kothari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LVMR); (HK)
| | - Shiva Keshava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, United States of America
| | - Rit Vatsyayan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, United States of America
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599, United States of America
| | - L. Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LVMR); (HK)
| | - Usha R. Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, United States of America
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