1
|
Pandey A, Nowakowski P, Ureña Martin C, Abu Ahmad M, Edri A, Toledo E, Tzadka S, Walther J, Le Saux G, Porgador A, Smith AS, Schvartzman M. Membrane Fluctuation Model for Understanding the Effect of Receptor Nanoclustering on the Activation of Natural Killer Cells through Biomechanical Feedback. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5395-5402. [PMID: 38684070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the role of ligand clustering and density in the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. To that end, we designed reductionist arrays of nanopatterned ligands arranged with different cluster geometries and densities and probed their effects on NK cell activation. We used these arrays as an artificial microenvironment for the stimulation of NK cells and studied the effect of the array geometry on the NK cell immune response. We found that ligand density significantly regulated NK cell activation while ligand clustering had an impact only at a specific density threshold. We also rationalized these findings by introducing a theoretical membrane fluctuation model that considers biomechanical feedback between ligand-receptor bonds and the cell membrane. These findings provide important insight into NK cell mechanobiology, which is fundamentally important and essential for designing immunotherapeutic strategies targeting cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Pandey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Piotr Nowakowski
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carlos Ureña Martin
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Muhammad Abu Ahmad
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Avishay Edri
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Esti Toledo
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sivan Tzadka
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jonas Walther
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Le Saux
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark Schvartzman
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lippert AH, Paluch C, Gaglioni M, Vuong MT, McColl J, Jenkins E, Fellermeyer M, Clarke J, Sharma S, Moreira da Silva S, Akkaya B, Anzilotti C, Morgan SH, Jessup CF, Körbel M, Gileadi U, Leitner J, Knox R, Chirifu M, Huo J, Yu S, Ashman N, Lui Y, Wilkinson I, Attfield KE, Fugger L, Robertson NJ, Lynch CJ, Murray L, Steinberger P, Santos AM, Lee SF, Cornall RJ, Klenerman D, Davis SJ. Antibody agonists trigger immune receptor signaling through local exclusion of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases. Immunity 2024; 57:256-270.e10. [PMID: 38354703 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies can block immune receptor engagement or trigger the receptor machinery to initiate signaling. We hypothesized that antibody agonists trigger signaling by sterically excluding large receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) such as CD45 from sites of receptor engagement. An agonist targeting the costimulatory receptor CD28 produced signals that depended on antibody immobilization and were sensitive to the sizes of the receptor, the RPTPs, and the antibody itself. Although both the agonist and a non-agonistic anti-CD28 antibody locally excluded CD45, the agonistic antibody was more effective. An anti-PD-1 antibody that bound membrane proximally excluded CD45, triggered Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 recruitment, and suppressed systemic lupus erythematosus and delayed-type hypersensitivity in experimental models. Paradoxically, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, anti-PD-1-blocking antibodies used clinically, also excluded CD45 and were agonistic in certain settings. Reducing these agonistic effects using antibody engineering improved PD-1 blockade. These findings establish a framework for developing new and improved therapies for autoimmunity and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Paluch
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MiroBio Ltd, Winchester House, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Meike Gaglioni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mai T Vuong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward Jenkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Fellermeyer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Clarke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sumana Sharma
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Billur Akkaya
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara H Morgan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire F Jessup
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Körbel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel Knox
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mami Chirifu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Yu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Ashman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuan Lui
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kathrine E Attfield
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Lynne Murray
- MiroBio Ltd, Winchester House, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patel A, Andre V, Eguiguren SB, Barton MI, Burton J, Denham EM, Pettmann J, Mørch AM, Kutuzov MA, Siller-Farfán JA, Dustin ML, van der Merwe PA, Dushek O. Using CombiCells, a platform for titration and combinatorial display of cell surface ligands, to study T-cell antigen sensitivity modulation by accessory receptors. EMBO J 2024; 43:132-150. [PMID: 38177315 PMCID: PMC10897201 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding cellular decisions due to receptor-ligand interactions at cell-cell interfaces has been hampered by the difficulty of independently varying the surface density of multiple different ligands. Here, we express the synthetic binder protein SpyCatcher, designed to form spontaneous covalent bonds with interactors carrying a Spytag, on the cell surface. Using this, we show that addition of different concentrations and combinations of native Spytag-fused ligands allows for the combinatorial display of ligands on cells within minutes. We use this combinatorial display of cell surface ligands-called CombiCells-to assess T cell antigen sensitivity and the impact of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition receptors. We find that the T cell receptor (TCR) displayed greater sensitivity to peptides on major-histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) than synthetic chimeric antigen receptor (CARs) and bi-specific T cell engager (BiTEs) display to their target antigen, CD19. While TCR sensitivity was greatly enhanced by CD2/CD58 interactions, CAR sensitivity was primarily but more modestly enhanced by LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. Lastly, we show that PD-1/PD-L1 engagement inhibited T cell activation triggered solely by TCR/pMHC interactions, as well as the amplified activation induced by CD2 and CD28 co-stimulation. The ability to easily produce cells with different concentrations and combinations of ligands should accelerate the study of receptor-ligand interactions at cell-cell interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Patel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Violaine Andre
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Michael I Barton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jake Burton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Eleanor M Denham
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- EnaraBio Ltd, The Bellhouse Building, Oxford Science Park, Sanders Road, Oxford, OX44GD, UK
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Mørch
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Mikhail A Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Michael L Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | | | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mo G, Lu X, Wu S, Zhu W. Strategies and rules for tuning TCR-derived therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2023; 26:e4. [PMID: 38095091 PMCID: PMC11062142 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Manipulation of T cells has revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. Notably, the use of T cells carrying engineered T cell receptors (TCR-T) offers a favourable therapeutic pathway, particularly in the treatment of solid tumours. However, major challenges such as limited clinical response efficacy, off-target effects and tumour immunosuppressive microenvironment have hindered the clinical translation of this approach. In this review, we mainly want to guide TCR-T investigators on several major issues they face in the treatment of solid tumours after obtaining specific TCR sequences: (1) whether we have to undergo affinity maturation or not, and what parameter we should use as a criterion for being more effective. (2) What modifications can be added to counteract the tumour inhibitory microenvironment to make our specific T cells to be more effective and what is the safety profile of such modifications? (3) What are the new forms and possibilities for TCR-T cell therapy in the future?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoheng Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Immunology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Puasri P, Dechkhajorn W, Dekumyoy P, Yoonuan T, Ampawong S, Reamtong O, Boonyuen U, Benjathummarak S, Maneerat Y. Regulation of immune response against third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae by human genes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1218965. [PMID: 37600806 PMCID: PMC10436992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1218965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gnathostomiasis is an important zoonosis in tropical areas that is mainly caused by third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae (G. spinigerum L3). Objectives This study aimed to prove whether G. spinigerum L3 produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) and investigate human gene profiles related to the immune response against the larvae. Methods We created an immune cell model using normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with the larvae for 1 and 3 days, respectively. The PBMCs were harvested for transcriptome sequencing analysis. The EV ultrastructure was examined in the larvae and the cultured medium. Results Extracellular vesicle-like particles were observed under the larval teguments and in the pellets in the medium. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 2,847 and 3,118 genes were significantly expressed on days 1 and 3 after culture, respectively. The downregulated genes on day 1 after culture were involved in pro-inflammatory cytokines, the complement system and apoptosis, whereas those on day 3 were involved in T cell-dependent B cell activation and wound healing. Significantly upregulated genes related to cell proliferation, activation and development, as well as cytotoxicity, were observed on day 1, and genes regulating T cell maturation, granulocyte function, nuclear factor-κB and toll-like receptor pathways were predominantly observed on day 3 after culture. Conclusion G. spinigerum L3 produces EV-like particles and releases them into the excretory-secretory products. Overall, genotypic findings during our 3-day observation revealed that most significant gene expressions were related to T and B cell signalling, driving T helper 2 cells related to chronic infection, immune evasion of the larvae, and the pathogenesis of gnathostomiasis. Further in-depth studies are necessary to clarify gene functions in the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms of the infective larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pattarasuda Puasri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilanee Dechkhajorn
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tippayarat Yoonuan
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surachet Benjathummarak
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Research (CEAR), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowapa Maneerat
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nandi I, Aroeti B. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Enteric Bacterial Pathogens: A Complex Interplay. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11905. [PMID: 37569283 PMCID: PMC10419152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse extracellular and intracellular cues activate mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Canonically, the activation starts at cell surface receptors and continues via intracellular MAPK components, acting in the host cell nucleus as activators of transcriptional programs to regulate various cellular activities, including proinflammatory responses against bacterial pathogens. For instance, binding host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells to bacterial pathogen external components trigger the MAPK/NF-κB signaling cascade, eliciting cytokine production. This results in an innate immune response that can eliminate the bacterial pathogen. However, enteric bacterial pathogens evolved sophisticated mechanisms that interfere with such a response by delivering virulent proteins, termed effectors, and toxins into the host cells. These proteins act in numerous ways to inactivate or activate critical components of the MAPK signaling cascades and innate immunity. The consequence of such activities could lead to successful bacterial colonization, dissemination, and pathogenicity. This article will review enteric bacterial pathogens' strategies to modulate MAPKs and host responses. It will also discuss findings attempting to develop anti-microbial treatments by targeting MAPKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Aroeti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190410, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shakiba Y, Vorobyev PO, Mahmoud M, Hamad A, Kochetkov DV, Yusubalieva GM, Baklaushev VP, Chumakov PM, Lipatova AV. Recombinant Strains of Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus for Cancer Immunotherapy. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:823-841. [PMID: 37748878 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792306010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer virotherapy is an alternative therapeutic approach based on the viruses that selectively infect and kill tumor cells. Vaccinia virus (VV) is a member of the Poxviridae, a family of enveloped viruses with a large linear double-stranded DNA genome. The proven safety of the VV strains as well as considerable transgene capacity of the viral genome, make VV an excellent platform for creating recombinant oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Furthermore, various genetic modifications can increase tumor selectivity and therapeutic efficacy of VV by arming it with the immune-modulatory genes or proapoptotic molecules, boosting the host immune system, and increasing cross-priming recognition of the tumor cells by T-cells or NK cells. In this review, we summarized the data on bioengineering approaches to develop recombinant VV strains for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Shakiba
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel O Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Marah Mahmoud
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Azzam Hamad
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Dmitriy V Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Gaukhar M Yusubalieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Federal Research Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA), Moscow, 115682, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Baklaushev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Federal Research Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA), Moscow, 115682, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anastasia V Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen C, Liu X, Chang CY, Wang HY, Wang RF. The Interplay between T Cells and Cancer: The Basis of Immunotherapy. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051008. [PMID: 37239368 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches to cancer treatment. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in impressive and durable clinical responses in the treatment of various cancers. Additionally, immunotherapy utilizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has produced robust responses in blood cancers, and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells are showing promising results in the treatment of solid cancers. Despite these noteworthy advancements in cancer immunotherapy, numerous challenges remain. Some patient populations are unresponsive to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, and CAR T cell therapy has yet to show efficacy against solid cancers. In this review, we first discuss the significant role that T cells play in the body's defense against cancer. We then delve into the mechanisms behind the current challenges facing immunotherapy, starting with T cell exhaustion due to immune checkpoint upregulation and changes in the transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes of dysfunctional T cells. We then discuss cancer-cell-intrinsic characteristics, including molecular alterations in cancer cells and the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which collectively facilitate tumor cell proliferation, survival, metastasis, and immune evasion. Finally, we examine recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, with a specific emphasis on T-cell-based treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Che-Yu Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thomas C, Tampé R. Structure and mechanism of immunoreceptors: New horizons in T cell and B cell receptor biology and beyond. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102570. [PMID: 36940642 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunoreceptors, also named non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors, are a large class of leukocyte cell-surface proteins critically involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Their most characteristic defining feature is a shared signal transduction machinery where binding events of cell surface-anchored ligands to the small extracellular receptor domains are translated into phosphorylation of conserved tyrosine-containing cytosolic sequence motifs initiating downstream signal transduction cascades. Despite their central importance to immunology, the molecular mechanism of how ligand binding activates the receptors and results in robust intracellular signaling has remained enigmatic. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the architecture and triggering mechanism of immunoreceptors come from cryogenic electron microscopy studies of the B cell and T cell antigen receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Q, Li J, Zheng H, Yang S, Hua Y, Huang N, Kleeff J, Liao Q, Wu W. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for solid neoplasms beyond CAR-T. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:28. [PMID: 36750830 PMCID: PMC9903509 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy are two milestone achievements in clinical immunotherapy. However, both show limited efficacies in most solid neoplasms, which necessitates the exploration of new immunotherapeutic modalities. The failure of CAR-T and immune checkpoint blockade in several solid neoplasms is attributed to multiple factors, including low antigenicity of tumor cells, low infiltration of effector T cells, and diverse mechanisms of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. New adoptive cell therapies have been attempted for solid neoplasms, including TCR-T, CAR-natural killer cells (CAR-NK), and CAR-macrophages (CAR-M). Compared to CAR-T, these new adoptive cell therapies have certain advantages in treating solid neoplasms. In this review, we summarized the 40-year evolution of adoptive cell therapies, then focused on the advances of TCR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M in solid neoplasms and discussed their potential clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofei Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jiayi Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Huaijin Zheng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Sen Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yuze Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Nan Huang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jorg Kleeff
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Wenming Wu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tomaz D, Pereira PM, Guerra N, Dyson J, Gould K, Henriques R. Nanoscale Colocalization of NK Cell Activating and Inhibitory Receptors Controls Signal Integration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868496. [PMID: 35720315 PMCID: PMC9198454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell responses depend on the balance of signals from inhibitory and activating receptors. However, how the integration of antagonistic signals occurs upon NK cell-target cell interaction is not fully understood. Here we provide evidence that NK cell inhibition via the inhibitory receptor Ly49A is dependent on its relative colocalization at the nanometer scale with the activating receptor NKG2D upon immune synapse (IS) formation. NKG2D and Ly49A signal integration and colocalization were studied using NKG2D-GFP and Ly49A-RFP-expressing primary NK cells, forming ISs with NIH3T3 target cells, with or without the expression of single-chain trimer (SCT) H2-Dd and an extended form of SCT H2-Dd-CD4 MHC-I molecules. Nanoscale colocalization was assessed by Förster resonance energy transfer between NKG2D-GFP and Ly49A-RFP and measured for each synapse. In the presence of their respective cognate ligands, NKG2D and Ly49A colocalize at the nanometer scale, leading to NK cell inhibition. However, increasing the size of the Ly49A ligand reduced the nanoscale colocalization with NKG2D, consequently impairing Ly49A-mediated inhibition. Thus, our data shows that NK cell signal integration is critically dependent on the dimensions of NK cell ligand-receptor pairs by affecting their relative nanometer-scale colocalization at the IS. Our results together suggest that the balance of NK cell signals and NK cell responses is determined by the relative nanoscale colocalization of activating and inhibitory receptors in the immune synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Tomaz
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Matos Pereira
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nadia Guerra
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Dyson
- Department of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Gould
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Optical Cell Biology Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gangopadhyay K, Roy S, Sen Gupta S, Chandradasan A, Chowdhury S, Das R. Regulating the discriminatory response to antigen by T-cell receptor. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20212012. [PMID: 35260878 PMCID: PMC8965820 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune response constitutes a robust host defense mechanism to eliminate pathogens and oncogenic cells. T cells play a central role in such a defense mechanism and creating memories to prevent any potential infection. T cell recognizes foreign antigen by its surface receptors when presented through antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and calibrates its cellular response by a network of intracellular signaling events. Activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) leads to changes in gene expression and metabolic networks regulating cell development, proliferation, and migration. TCR does not possess any catalytic activity, and the signaling initiates with the colocalization of several enzymes and scaffold proteins. Deregulation of T cell signaling is often linked to autoimmune disorders like severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The TCR remarkably distinguishes the minor difference between self and non-self antigen through a kinetic proofreading mechanism. The output of TCR signaling is determined by the half-life of the receptor antigen complex and the time taken to recruit and activate the downstream enzymes. A longer half-life of a non-self antigen receptor complex could initiate downstream signaling by activating associated enzymes. Whereas, the short-lived, self-peptide receptor complex disassembles before the downstream enzymes are activated. Activation of TCR rewires the cellular metabolic response to aerobic glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. How does the early event in the TCR signaling cross-talk with the cellular metabolism is an open question. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments in understanding the regulation of TCR signaling, and then we reviewed the emerging role of metabolism in regulating T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Soumee Sen Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Athira C. Chandradasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dephosphorylation accelerates the dissociation of ZAP70 from the T cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116815119. [PMID: 35197288 PMCID: PMC8892339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116815119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are phosphotyrosine binding motifs that play key roles in cellular signaling. There are 110 proteins in the human genome containing SH2 binding domains, of which 10 contain tandem SH2 domains. Tandem domains have been shown to improve avidity and specificity and contribute to allostery. Here, we show that tandem SH2 domains can also exhibit binding lifetimes that are accelerated by the activity of phosphatases. This accelerated unbinding requires tandem SH2 domains to engage their substrates in dynamic binding modes that cycle between single SH2-bound states. We experimentally confirm that this is the case for the well-studied kinase ZAP70 binding the T cell receptor. We suggest that accelerated unbinding is a general feature of signaling networks. Protein–protein binding domains are critical in signaling networks. Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are binding domains that interact with sequences containing phosphorylated tyrosines. A subset of SH2 domain–containing proteins has tandem domains, which are thought to enhance binding affinity and specificity. However, a trade-off exists between long-lived binding and the ability to rapidly reverse signaling, which is a critical requirement of noise-filtering mechanisms such as kinetic proofreading. Here, we use modeling to show that the unbinding rate of tandem, but not single, SH2 domains can be accelerated by phosphatases. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that the phosphatase CD45 can accelerate the unbinding rate of zeta chain–associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70), a tandem SH2 domain–containing kinase, from biphosphorylated peptides from the T cell receptor (TCR). An important functional prediction of accelerated unbinding is that the intracellular ZAP70–TCR half-life in T cells will not be fixed but rather, dependent on the extracellular TCR–antigen half-life, and we show that this is the case in both cell lines and primary T cells. The work highlights that tandem SH2 domains can break the trade-off between signal fidelity (requiring long half-life) and signal reversibility (requiring short half-life), which is a key requirement for T cell antigen discrimination mediated by kinetic proofreading.
Collapse
|
14
|
Simulation of receptor triggering by kinetic segregation shows role of oligomers and close-contacts. Biophys J 2022; 121:1660-1674. [PMID: 35367423 PMCID: PMC9117938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of T cells, key players of the immune system, involves local evacuation of phosphatase CD45 from a region of the T cell's surface, segregating it from the T cell receptor. What drives this evacuation? In the presence of antigen, what ensures evacuation happens in the subsecond timescales necessary to initiate signaling? In the absence of antigen, what mechanisms ensure that evacuation does not happen spontaneously, which could cause signaling errors? Phenomena known to influence spatial organization of CD45 or similar surface molecules include diffusive motion in the lipid bilayer, oligomerization reactions, and mechanical compression against a nearby surface, such as that of the cell presenting the antigen. Computer simulations can investigate hypothesized spatiotemporal mechanisms of T cell signaling. The challenge to computational studies of evacuation is that the base process, spontaneous evacuation by simple diffusion, is in the extreme rare event limit, meaning direct stochastic simulation is unfeasible. Here, we combine particle-based spatial stochastic simulation with the weighted ensemble method for rare events to compute the mean first passage time for cell surface availability by surface reorganization of CD45. We confirm mathematical estimates that, at physiological concentrations, spontaneous evacuation is extremely rare, roughly 300 years. We find that dimerization decreases the time required for evacuation. A weak bimolecular interaction (dissociation constant estimate 460 μM) is sufficient for an order of magnitude reduction of spontaneous evacuation times, and oligomerization to hexamers reduces times to below 1 s. This introduces a mechanism whereby externally induced CD45 oligomerization could significantly modify T cell function. For large regions of close contact, such as those induced by large microvilli, molecular size and compressibility imply a nonzero reentry probability of 60%, decreasing evacuation times. Simulations show that these reduced evacuation times are still unrealistically long (even with a fourfold variation centered around previous estimates of parameters), suggesting that a yet-to-be-described mechanism, besides compressional exclusion at a close contact, drives evacuation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Farrell MV, Nunez AC, Yang Z, Pérez-Ferreros P, Gaus K, Goyette J. Protein-PAINT: Superresolution microscopy with signaling proteins. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg9782. [PMID: 35104163 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg9782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Superresolution techniques have advanced our understanding of complex cellular structures and processes but require the attachment of fluorophores to targets through tags or antibodies, which can be bulky and result in underlabeling. To overcome these limitations, we developed a technique to visualize the nanoscale binding locations of signaling proteins by taking advantage of their native interaction domains. Here, we demonstrated that pPAINT (protein point accumulation in nanoscale topography) is a new, single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) technique and used it to investigate T cell signaling by visualizing the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which is common in signaling molecules. When SH2 domain-containing proteins relocate to the plasma membrane, the domains selectively, transiently, and reversibly bind to preferred phosphorylated tyrosine residues on receptors. This transient binding yields the stochastic blinking events necessary for SMLM when observed with total internal reflection microscopy and enables quantification of binding coefficients in intact cells. We used pPAINT to reveal the binding sites of several T cell receptor-proximal signaling molecules, including Zap70, PI3K, Grb2, Syk, Eat2, and SHP2, and showed that the probes could be multiplexed. We showed that the binding half-life of the tandem SH2 domain of PI3K correlated with binding site cluster size at the immunological synapses of T cells, but that longer binding lifetimes were associated with smaller clusters for the monovalent SH2 domain of Eat2. These results demonstrate the potential of pPAINT for investigating phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling processes at the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan V Farrell
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrea C Nunez
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhengmin Yang
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pablo Pérez-Ferreros
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nguyen J, Pettmann J, Kruger P, Dushek O. Quantitative contributions of TNF receptor superfamily members to CD8 + T-cell responses. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10560. [PMID: 34806839 PMCID: PMC8607805 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell responses to infections and cancers are regulated by co-signalling receptors grouped into the binary categories of co-stimulation or co-inhibition. The co-stimulation TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members 4-1BB, CD27, GITR and OX40 have similar signalling mechanisms raising the question of whether they have similar impacts on T-cell responses. Here, we screened for the quantitative impact of these TNFRSFs on primary human CD8+ T-cell cytokine production. Although both 4-1BB and CD27 increased production, only 4-1BB was able to prolong the duration over which cytokine was produced, and both had only modest effects on antigen sensitivity. An operational model explained these different phenotypes using shared signalling based on the surface expression of 4-1BB being regulated through signalling feedback. The model predicted and experiments confirmed that CD27 co-stimulation increases 4-1BB expression and subsequent 4-1BB co-stimulation. GITR and OX40 displayed only minor effects on their own but, like 4-1BB, CD27 could enhance GITR expression and subsequent GITR co-stimulation. Thus, different co-stimulation receptors can have different quantitative effects allowing for synergy and fine-tuning of T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Nguyen
- SirWilliam Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Philipp Kruger
- SirWilliam Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Omer Dushek
- SirWilliam Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Trapping or slowing the diffusion of T cell receptors at close contacts initiates T cell signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024250118. [PMID: 34526387 PMCID: PMC8488633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024250118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation is initiated by T cell receptor (TCR) phosphorylation. This requires the local depletion of large receptor-type phosphatases from "close contacts" formed when T cells interact with surfaces presenting agonistic TCR ligands, but exactly how the ligands potentiate signaling is unclear. It has been proposed that TCR ligands could enhance receptor phosphorylation and signaling just by holding TCRs in phosphatase-depleted close contacts, but this has not been directly tested. We devised simple methods to move the TCR in and out of close contacts formed by T cells interacting with supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and to slow the receptor's diffusion in the contacts, using a series of anti-CD3ε Fab- and ligand-based adducts of the receptor. TCRs engaging a Fab extended with the large extracellular region of CD45 were excluded from contacts and produced no signaling. Conversely, allowing the extended Fab to become tethered to the SLB trapped the TCR in the close contacts, leading to very strong signaling. Importantly, attaching untethered anti-CD3ε Fab or peptide/MHC ligands, each of which were largely inactive in solution but both of which reduced TCR diffusion in close contacts approximately fivefold, also initiated signaling during cell/SLB contact. Our findings indicate that holding TCRs in close contacts or simply slowing their diffusion in phosphatase-depleted regions of the cell surface suffices to initiate signaling, effects we could reproduce in single-particle stochastic simulations. Our study shows that the TCR is preconfigured for signaling in a way that allows it to be triggered by ligands acting simply as receptor "traps."
Collapse
|
18
|
Wilhelm KB, Morita S, McAffee DB, Kim S, O'Dair MK, Groves JT. Height, but not binding epitope, affects the potency of synthetic TCR agonists. Biophys J 2021; 120:3869-3880. [PMID: 34453921 PMCID: PMC8511163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules can trigger T cell receptors (TCRs) as monovalent ligands that are sparsely distributed on the plasma membrane of an antigen-presenting cell. TCRs can also be triggered by artificial clustering, such as with pMHC tetramers or antibodies; however, these strategies circumvent many of the natural ligand discrimination mechanisms of the T cell and can elicit nonphysiological signaling activity. We have recently introduced a synthetic TCR agonist composed of an anti-TCRβ Fab′ antibody fragment covalently bound to a DNA oligonucleotide, which serves as a membrane anchor. This Fab′-DNA ligand efficiently triggers TCR as a monomer when membrane associated and exhibits a potency and activation profile resembling agonist pMHC. In this report, we explore the geometric requirements for efficient TCR triggering and cellular activation by Fab′-DNA ligands. We find that T cells are insensitive to the ligand binding epitope on the TCR complex but that length of the DNA tether is important. Increasing, the intermembrane distance spanned by Fab′-DNA:TCR complexes decreases TCR triggering efficiency and T cell activation potency, consistent with the kinetic-segregation model of TCR triggering. These results establish design parameters for constructing synthetic TCR agonists that are able to activate polyclonal T cell populations, such as T cells from a human patient, in a similar manner as the native pMHC ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiera B Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Shumpei Morita
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Darren B McAffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Sungi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Mark K O'Dair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Eidell KP, Lovy A, Sylvain NR, Scangarello FA, Muendlein HI, Ophir MJ, Nguyen K, Seminario MC, Bunnell SC. LFA-1 and kindlin-3 enable the collaborative transport of SLP-76 microclusters by myosin and dynein motors. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:270974. [PMID: 34279667 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin engagement within the immune synapse enhances T cell activation, but our understanding of this process is incomplete. In response to T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, SLP-76 (LCP2), ADAP (FYB1) and SKAP55 (SKAP1) are recruited into microclusters and activate integrins via the effectors talin-1 and kindlin-3 (FERMT3). We postulated that integrins influence the centripetal transport and signaling of SLP-76 microclusters via these linkages. We show that contractile myosin filaments surround and are co-transported with SLP-76 microclusters, and that TCR ligand density governs the centripetal movement of both structures. Centripetal transport requires formin activity, actomyosin contraction, microtubule integrity and dynein motor function. Although immobilized VLA-4 (α4β1 integrin) and LFA-1 (αLβ2 integrin) ligands arrest the centripetal movement of SLP-76 microclusters and myosin filaments, VLA-4 acts distally, while LFA-1 acts in the lamellum. Integrin β2, kindlin-3 and zyxin are required for complete centripetal transport, while integrin β1 and talin-1 are not. CD69 upregulation is similarly dependent on integrin β2, kindlin-3 and zyxin, but not talin-1. These findings highlight the integration of cytoskeletal systems within the immune synapse and reveal extracellular ligand-independent roles for LFA-1 and kindlin-3. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith P Eidell
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Alenka Lovy
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nicholas R Sylvain
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Frank A Scangarello
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Hayley I Muendlein
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michael J Ophir
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ken Nguyen
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Stephen C Bunnell
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Suter EC, Schmid EM, Harris AR, Voets E, Francica B, Fletcher DA. Antibody:CD47 ratio regulates macrophage phagocytosis through competitive receptor phosphorylation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109587. [PMID: 34433055 PMCID: PMC8477956 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies often modulate macrophage effector function by introducing either targeting antibodies that activate Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) or blocking antibodies that disrupt inhibitory SIRPα-CD47 engagement. However, how these competing signals are integrated is poorly understood, raising questions about how to effectively titrate immune responses. Here, we find that macrophage phagocytic decisions are regulated by the ratio of activating ligand to inhibitory ligand over a broad range of absolute molecular densities. Using both endogenous and chimeric receptors, we show that activating:inhibitory ligand ratios of at least 10:1 are required to promote phagocytosis of model antibody-opsonized CD47-inhibited targets and that lowering that ratio reduces FcγR phosphorylation because of inhibitory phosphatases recruited to CD47-bound SIRPα. We demonstrate that ratiometric signaling is critical for phagocytosis of tumor cells and can be modified by blocking SIRPα, indicating that balancing targeting and blocking antibodies may be important for controlling macrophage phagocytosis in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Suter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; UC Berkeley/UC San Francisco Graduate Group in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eva M Schmid
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew R Harris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erik Voets
- Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, the Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; UC Berkeley/UC San Francisco Graduate Group in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA; Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shaw BC, Katsumata Y, Simpson JF, Fardo DW, Estus S. Analysis of Genetic Variants Associated with Levels of Immune Modulating Proteins for Impact on Alzheimer's Disease Risk Reveal a Potential Role for SIGLEC14. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071008. [PMID: 34208838 PMCID: PMC8303736 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified immune-related genes as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including TREM2 and CD33, frequently passing a stringent false-discovery rate. These genes either encode or signal through immunomodulatory tyrosine-phosphorylated inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) or activation motifs (ITAMs) and govern processes critical to AD pathology, such as inflammation and amyloid phagocytosis. To investigate whether additional ITIM and ITAM-containing family members may contribute to AD risk and be overlooked due to the stringent multiple testing in GWAS, we combined protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) data from a recent plasma proteomics study with AD associations in a recent GWAS. We found that pQTLs for genes encoding ITIM/ITAM family members were more frequently associated with AD than those for non-ITIM/ITAM genes. Further testing of one family member, SIGLEC14 which encodes an ITAM, uncovered substantial copy number variations, identified an SNP as a proxy for gene deletion, and found that gene expression correlates significantly with gene deletion. We also found that SIGLEC14 deletion increases the expression of SIGLEC5, an ITIM. We conclude that many genes in this ITIM/ITAM family likely impact AD risk, and that complex genetics including copy number variation, opposing function of encoded proteins, and coupled gene expression may mask these AD risk associations at the genome-wide level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Shaw
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - James F. Simpson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - David W. Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-218-2388
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Toledo E, Le Saux G, Edri A, Li L, Rosenberg M, Keidar Y, Bhingardive V, Radinsky O, Hadad U, Di Primo C, Buffeteau T, Smith AS, Porgador A, Schvartzman M. Molecular-scale spatio-chemical control of the activating-inhibitory signal integration in NK cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabc1640. [PMID: 34117052 PMCID: PMC8195486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of juxtaposition of activating and inhibitory receptors in signal inhibition of cytotoxic lymphocytes remains strongly debated. The challenge lies in the lack of tools that allow simultaneous spatial manipulation of signaling molecules. To circumvent this, we produced a nanoengineered multifunctional platform with molecular-scale spatial control of ligands, which was applied to elucidate KIR2DL1-mediated inhibition of NKG2D signaling-receptors of natural killer cells. This platform was conceived by bimetallic nanodot patterning with molecular-scale registry, followed by a ternary functionalization with distinct moieties. We found that a 40-nm gap between activating and inhibitory ligands provided optimal inhibitory conditions. Supported by theoretical modeling, we interpret these findings as a consequence of the size mismatch and conformational flexibility of ligands in their spatial interaction. This highly versatile approach provides an important insight into the spatial mechanism of inhibitory immune checkpoints, which is essential for the rational design of future immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esti Toledo
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Guillaume Le Saux
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Avishay Edri
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Long Li
- Department of Physics, IZNF, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Maor Rosenberg
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yossi Keidar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Viraj Bhingardive
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Uzi Hadad
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Carmelo Di Primo
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | | | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- Department of Physics, IZNF, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Mark Schvartzman
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Clemens L, Kutuzov M, Bayer KV, Goyette J, Allard J, Dushek O. Determination of the molecular reach of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Biophys J 2021; 120:2054-2066. [PMID: 33781765 PMCID: PMC8204385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune receptors signal by recruiting (or tethering) enzymes to their cytoplasmic tails to catalyze reactions on substrates within reach. This is the case for the phosphatase SHP-1, which, upon tethering to inhibitory receptors, dephosphorylates diverse substrates to control T cell activation. Precisely how tethering regulates SHP-1 activity is incompletely understood. Here, we measure binding, catalysis, and molecular reach for tethered SHP-1 reactions. We determine the molecular reach of SHP-1 to be 13.0 nm, which is longer than the estimate from the allosterically active structure (5.3 nm), suggesting that SHP-1 can achieve a longer reach by exploring multiple active conformations. Using modeling, we show that when uniformly distributed, receptor-SHP-1 complexes can only reach 15% of substrates, but this increases to 90% when they are coclustered. When within reach, we show that membrane recruitment increases the activity of SHP-1 by a 1000-fold increase in local concentration. The work highlights how molecular reach regulates the activity of membrane-recruited SHP-1 with insights applicable to other membrane-tethered reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Clemens
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mikhail Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jun Allard
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Davis SJ, O’Brien-Ball C. T-Cell Receptor Ligands: Every which Way They Can. Biophys J 2020; 118:2867-2869. [PMID: 32492373 PMCID: PMC7300379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Corresponding author
| | - Caitlin O’Brien-Ball
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu XR, Zhang MM, Gross ML. Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Footprinting for Higher-Order Structure Analysis: Fundamentals and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4355-4454. [PMID: 32319757 PMCID: PMC7531764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins adopt different higher-order structures (HOS) to enable their unique biological functions. Understanding the complexities of protein higher-order structures and dynamics requires integrated approaches, where mass spectrometry (MS) is now positioned to play a key role. One of those approaches is protein footprinting. Although the initial demonstration of footprinting was for the HOS determination of protein/nucleic acid binding, the concept was later adapted to MS-based protein HOS analysis, through which different covalent labeling approaches "mark" the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of proteins to reflect protein HOS. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX), where deuterium in D2O replaces hydrogen of the backbone amides, is the most common example of footprinting. Its advantage is that the footprint reflects SASA and hydrogen bonding, whereas one drawback is the labeling is reversible. Another example of footprinting is slow irreversible labeling of functional groups on amino acid side chains by targeted reagents with high specificity, probing structural changes at selected sites. A third footprinting approach is by reactions with fast, irreversible labeling species that are highly reactive and footprint broadly several amino acid residue side chains on the time scale of submilliseconds. All of these covalent labeling approaches combine to constitute a problem-solving toolbox that enables mass spectrometry as a valuable tool for HOS elucidation. As there has been a growing need for MS-based protein footprinting in both academia and industry owing to its high throughput capability, prompt availability, and high spatial resolution, we present a summary of the history, descriptions, principles, mechanisms, and applications of these covalent labeling approaches. Moreover, their applications are highlighted according to the biological questions they can answer. This review is intended as a tutorial for MS-based protein HOS elucidation and as a reference for investigators seeking a MS-based tool to address structural questions in protein science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, 63130
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sievers NM, Dörrie J, Schaft N. CARs: Beyond T Cells and T Cell-Derived Signaling Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3525. [PMID: 32429316 PMCID: PMC7279007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When optimizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in terms of efficacy, safety, and broadening its application to new malignancies, there are two main clusters of topics to be addressed: the CAR design and the choice of transfected cells. The former focuses on the CAR construct itself. The utilized transmembrane and intracellular domains determine the signaling pathways induced by antigen binding and thereby the cell-specific effector functions triggered. The main part of this review summarizes our understanding of common signaling domains employed in CARs, their interactions among another, and their effects on different cell types. It will, moreover, highlight several less common extracellular and intracellular domains that might permit unique new opportunities. Different antibody-based extracellular antigen-binding domains have been pursued and optimized to strike a balance between specificity, affinity, and toxicity, but these have been reviewed elsewhere. The second cluster of topics is about the cellular vessels expressing the CAR. It is essential to understand the specific attributes of each cell type influencing anti-tumor efficacy, persistence, and safety, and how CAR cells crosstalk with each other and bystander cells. The first part of this review focuses on the progress achieved in adopting different leukocytes for CAR therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico M. Sievers
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (N.M.S.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (N.M.S.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (N.M.S.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
De Sousa Linhares A, Kellner F, Jutz S, Zlabinger GJ, Gabius HJ, Huppa JB, Leitner J, Steinberger P. TIM-3 and CEACAM1 do not interact in cis and in trans. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1126-1141. [PMID: 32222966 PMCID: PMC7496933 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
TIM‐3 has been considered as a target in cancer immunotherapy. In T cells, inhibitory as well as activating functions have been ascribed to this molecule. Its role may therefore depend on the state of T cells and on the presence of interaction partners capable to perform functional pairing. Carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM1) has been proposed to bind TIM‐3 and to regulate its function. Using a T cell reporter platform we confirmed CEACAM1‐mediated inhibition, but CEACAM1 did not functionally engage TIM‐3. TIM‐3 and CEACAM1 coexpression was limited to a small subset of activated T cells. Moreover, results obtained in extensive binding studies were not in support of an interaction between TIM‐3 and CEACAM1. Cytoplasmic sequences derived from TIM‐3 induced inhibitory signaling in our human T cell reporter system. Our results indicate that TIM‐3 functions are independent of CEACAM1 and that this receptor has the capability to promote inhibitory signaling pathways in human T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika De Sousa Linhares
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Kellner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Jutz
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Boemo MA, Cardelli L, Nieduszynski CA. The Beacon Calculus: A formal method for the flexible and concise modelling of biological systems. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007651. [PMID: 32150540 PMCID: PMC7082070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological systems are made up of components that change their actions (and interactions) over time and coordinate with other components nearby. Together with a large state space, the complexity of this behaviour can make it difficult to create concise mathematical models that can be easily extended or modified. This paper introduces the Beacon Calculus, a process algebra designed to simplify the task of modelling interacting biological components. Its breadth is demonstrated by creating models of DNA replication dynamics, the gene expression dynamics in response to DNA methylation damage, and a multisite phosphorylation switch. The flexibility of these models is shown by adapting the DNA replication model to further include two topics of interest from the literature: cooperative origin firing and replication fork barriers. The Beacon Calculus is supported with the open-source simulator bcs (https://github.com/MBoemo/bcs.git) to allow users to develop and simulate their own models. Simulating a model of a biological system can suggest ideas for future experiments and help ensure that conclusions about a mechanism are consistent with data. The Beacon Calculus is a new language that makes modelling simple by allowing users to simulate a biological system in only a few lines of code. This simplicity is critical as it allows users the freedom to come up with new ideas and rapidly test them. Models written in the Beacon Calculus are also easy to modify and extend, allowing users to add new features to the model or incorporate it into a larger biological system. We demonstrate the breadth of applications in this paper by applying the Beacon Calculus to DNA replication and DNA damage repair, both of which have implications for genome stability and cancer. We also apply it to multisite phosphorylation, which is important for cellular signalling. To enable users to create their own models, we created the open-source Beacon Calculus simulator bcs (https://github.com/MBoemo/bcs.git) which is easy to install and is well-supported by documentation and examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Boemo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Luca Cardelli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Denham EM, Barton MI, Black SM, Bridge MJ, de Wet B, Paterson RL, van der Merwe PA, Goyette J. A generic cell surface ligand system for studying cell-cell recognition. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000549. [PMID: 31815943 PMCID: PMC6922461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dose-response experiments are a mainstay of receptor biology studies and can reveal valuable insights into receptor function. Such studies of receptors that bind cell surface ligands are currently limited by the difficulty in manipulating the surface density of ligands at a cell–cell interface. Here, we describe a generic cell surface ligand system that allows precise manipulation of cell surface ligand densities over several orders of magnitude. These densities are robustly quantifiable, a major advance over previous studies. We validate the system for a range of immunoreceptors, including the T-cell receptor (TCR), and show that this generic ligand stimulates via the TCR at a similar surface density as its native ligand. We also extend our work to the activation of chimeric antigen receptors. This novel system allows the effect of varying the surface density, valency, dimensions, and affinity of the ligand to be investigated. It can be readily broadened to other receptor–cell surface ligand interactions and will facilitate investigation into the activation of, and signal integration between, cell surface receptors. This study describes a generic cell-surface ligand system that allows precise manipulation of ligand densities, valency, dimensions, and affinity. The system is validated for a range of immunoreceptors, including the T-cell receptor, and can be readily broadened to other cell-surface receptor-ligand interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Denham
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael I. Barton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Susannah M. Black
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus J. Bridge
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ben de Wet
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L. Paterson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - P. Anton van der Merwe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JG); (PAvdM)
| | - Jesse Goyette
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JG); (PAvdM)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Y, Clemens L, Goyette J, Allard J, Dushek O, Isaacson SA. The Influence of Molecular Reach and Diffusivity on the Efficacy of Membrane-Confined Reactions. Biophys J 2019; 117:1189-1201. [PMID: 31543263 PMCID: PMC6818170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by surface receptors often relies on tethered reactions whereby an enzyme bound to the cytoplasmic tail of a receptor catalyzes reactions on substrates within reach. The overall length and stiffness of the receptor tail, the enzyme, and the substrate determine a biophysical parameter termed the molecular reach of the reaction. This parameter determines the probability that the receptor-tethered enzyme will contact the substrate in the volume proximal to the membrane when separated by different distances within the membrane plane. In this work, we develop particle-based stochastic reaction-diffusion models to study the interplay between molecular reach and diffusion. We find that increasing the molecular reach can increase reaction efficacy for slowly diffusing receptors, whereas for rapidly diffusing receptors, increasing molecular reach reduces reaction efficacy. In contrast, if reactions are forced to take place within the two-dimensional plasma membrane instead of the three-dimensional volume proximal to it or if molecules diffuse in three dimensions, increasing molecular reach increases reaction efficacy for all diffusivities. We show results in the context of immune checkpoint receptors (PD-1 dephosphorylating CD28), a standard opposing kinase-phosphatase reaction, and a minimal two-particle model. The work highlights the importance of the three-dimensional nature of many two-dimensional membrane-confined interactions, illustrating a role for molecular reach in controlling biochemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lara Clemens
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jesse Goyette
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jun Allard
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Samuel A Isaacson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
T cells initiate and regulate adaptive immune responses that can clear infections. To do this, they use their T cell receptors (TCRs) to continually scan the surfaces of other cells for cognate peptide antigens presented on major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs). Experimental work has established that as few 1-10 pMHCs are sufficient to activate T cells. This sensitivity is remarkable in light of a number of factors, including the observation that the TCR and pMHC are short molecules relative to highly abundant long surface molecules, such as CD45, that can hinder initial binding, and moreover, the TCR/pMHC interaction is of weak affinity with solution lifetimes of approximately 1 second. Here, we review experimental and mathematical work that has contributed to uncovering molecular mechanisms of T cell sensitivity. We organize the mechanisms by where they act in the pathway to activate T cells, namely mechanisms that (a) promote TCR/pMHC binding, (b) induce rapid TCR signaling, and (c) amplify TCR signaling. We discuss work showing that high sensitivity reduces antigen specificity unless molecular feedbacks are invoked. We conclude by summarizing a number of open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Size-Dependent Segregation Controls Macrophage Phagocytosis of Antibody-Opsonized Targets. Cell 2019; 174:131-142.e13. [PMID: 29958103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages protect the body from damage and disease by targeting antibody-opsonized cells for phagocytosis. Though antibodies can be raised against antigens with diverse structures, shapes, and sizes, it is unclear why some are more effective at triggering immune responses than others. Here, we define an antigen height threshold that regulates phagocytosis of both engineered and cancer-specific antigens by macrophages. Using a reconstituted model of antibody-opsonized target cells, we find that phagocytosis is dramatically impaired for antigens that position antibodies >10 nm from the target surface. Decreasing antigen height drives segregation of antibody-bound Fc receptors from the inhibitory phosphatase CD45 in an integrin-independent manner, triggering Fc receptor phosphorylation and promoting phagocytosis. Our work shows that close contact between macrophage and target is a requirement for efficient phagocytosis, suggesting that therapeutic antibodies should target short antigens in order to trigger Fc receptor activation through size-dependent physical segregation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Goyette J, Nieves DJ, Ma Y, Gaus K. How does T cell receptor clustering impact on signal transduction? J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/4/jcs226423. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The essential function of the T cell receptor (TCR) is to translate the engagement of peptides on the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) into appropriate intracellular signals through the associated cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) complex. The spatial organization of the TCR–CD3 complex in the membrane is thought to be a key regulatory element of signal transduction, raising the question of how receptor clustering impacts on TCR triggering. How signal transduction at the TCR–CD3 complex encodes the quality and quantity of pMHC molecules is not fully understood. This question can be approached by reconstituting T cell signaling in model and cell membranes and addressed by single-molecule imaging of endogenous proteins in T cells. We highlight such methods and further discuss how TCR clustering could affect pMHC rebinding rates, the local balance between kinase and phosphatase activity and/or the lipid environment to regulate the signal efficiency of the TCR–CD3 complex. We also examine whether clustering could affect the conformation of cytoplasmic CD3 tails through a biophysical mechanism. Taken together, we highlight how the spatial organization of the TCR–CD3 complex – addressed by reconstitution approaches – has emerged as a key regulatory element in signal transduction of this archetypal immune receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Nieves
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Yuanqing Ma
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Felce JH, Sezgin E, Wane M, Brouwer H, Dustin ML, Eggeling C, Davis SJ. CD45 exclusion- and cross-linking-based receptor signaling together broaden FcεRI reactivity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/561/eaat0756. [PMID: 30563863 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) FcεRI, which is expressed by mast cells and basophils, has been widely held to be the exemplar of cross-linking (that is, aggregation dependent) signaling receptors. We found, however, that FcεRI signaling could occur in the presence or absence of receptor cross-linking. Using both cell and cell-free systems, we showed that FcεRI signaling was stimulated by surface-associated monovalent ligands through the passive, size-dependent exclusion of the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase CD45 from plasma membrane regions of FcεRI-ligand engagement. Similarly to the T cell receptor, FcεRI signaling could also be initiated in a ligand-independent manner. These data suggest that a simple mechanism of CD45 exclusion-based receptor triggering could function together with cross-linking-based FcεRI signaling, broadening mast cell and basophil reactivity by enabling these cells to respond to both multivalent and surface-presented monovalent antigens. These findings also strengthen the case that a size-dependent, phosphatase exclusion-based receptor triggering mechanism might serve generally to facilitate signaling by noncatalytic immune receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Felce
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Madina Wane
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Heather Brouwer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. .,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Breuning J, Brown MH. A sequence conserved between CD5 and CD6 binds an FERM domain and exerts a restraint on T-cell activation. Immunology 2018; 156:270-276. [PMID: 30460991 PMCID: PMC6376265 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 and CD6 are related surface receptors that limit and promote T‐cell responses. Co‐stimulatory effects of CD6 depend on binding a cell surface ligand, CD166, and recruitment of the intracellular adaptor proteins GADS and SLP‐76 by C‐terminal phosphotyrosines. We have continued to identify interactions of CD5 and CD6 to understand their roles in T‐cell activation. In a screen to identify binding partners for peptides containing a cytoplasmic sequence, SDSDY conserved between CD5 and CD6, we identified ezrin radixin moesin (ERM) proteins, which link plasma membrane proteins to actin. Purified radixin FERM domain bound directly to CD5 and CD6 SDSDY peptides in a phosphorylation‐dependent manner (KD = 0·5‐2 μm) at 37°. In human T‐cell blasts, mutation of the CD6 SDSDY sequence enhanced CD69 expression in response to CD3 monoclonal antibody. In this proximal readout, interactions of the SDSDY sequence were dominant compared with the C‐terminal tyrosines of CD6. In contrast, in a more downstream readout, interleukin‐2 expression, in response to immobilized CD3 and CD6 monoclonal antibodies, the C‐terminal tyrosines were dominant. The data suggest that varying functional effects of CD6 and potentially CD5 depend on interactions of different cytoplasmic regions with the cytoskeleton and alter depending on the stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Breuning
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marion H Brown
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Paluch C, Santos AM, Anzilotti C, Cornall RJ, Davis SJ. Immune Checkpoints as Therapeutic Targets in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2306. [PMID: 30349540 PMCID: PMC6186808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that block the immune checkpoint receptors PD1 and CTLA4 have revolutionized the treatment of melanoma and several other cancers, but in the process, a new class of drug side effect has emerged—immune related adverse events. The observation that therapeutic blockade of these inhibitory receptors is sufficient to break self-tolerance, highlights their crucial role in the physiological modulation of immune responses. Here, we discuss the rationale for targeting immune checkpoint receptors with agonistic agents in autoimmunity, to restore tolerance when it is lost. We review progress that has been made to date, using Fc-fusion proteins, monoclonal antibodies or other novel constructs to induce immunosuppressive signaling through these pathways. Finally, we explore potential mechanisms by which these receptors trigger and modulate immune cell function, and how understanding these processes might shape the design of more effective therapeutic agents in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Paluch
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Garner LI, Hartland A, Breuning J, Brown MH. CD6 monoclonal antibodies differ in epitope, kinetics and mechanism of action. Immunology 2018; 155:273-282. [PMID: 29772075 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD6 is a type I T-cell surface receptor that modulates antigen receptor signalling. Its activity is regulated by binding of its membrane proximal domain (domain 3) to a cell surface ligand, CD166. CD6 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the membrane distal domain (domain 1) perturb CD6 function including itolizumab (Alzumab™), which has reached the clinic for treatment of autoimmune disease. We characterized molecular and functional properties of several CD6 mAbs including itolizumab to define potential mechanisms of action. Epitope mapping using the crystal structure of CD6 to design mutants identified two distinct binding sites on different faces of domain 1, one containing residue R77, crucial for MT605 and T12.1 binding and the other, E63, which is crucial for itolizumab and MEM98. Analysis of binding kinetics revealed that itolizumab has a lower affinity compared with other CD6 domain 1 mAbs. We compared potential agonistic (triggering) and antagonistic (blocking) properties of CD6 mAbs in assays where the mechanism of action was well defined. CD6 domain 1 and 3 mAbs were equally effective in triggering interleukin-2 production by a cell line expressing a chimeric antigen receptor containing the extracellular region of CD6. CD6 domain 1 mAbs hindered binding of multivalent immobilized CD166 but were inferior compared with blocking by soluble CD166 or a CD6 domain 3 mAb. Characterization of CD6 mAbs provides an insight into how their functional effects in vivo may be interpreted and their therapeutic use optimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee I Garner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Faeder JR, Morel PA. Reductionism Is Dead: Long Live Reductionism! Systems Modeling Needs Reductionist Experiments. Biophys J 2017; 110:1681-1683. [PMID: 27119628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James R Faeder
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kajita MK, Aihara K, Kobayashi TJ. Balancing specificity, sensitivity, and speed of ligand discrimination by zero-order ultraspecificity. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:012405. [PMID: 29347185 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.012405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Specific interactions between receptors and their target ligands in the presence of nontarget ligands are crucial for biological processes such as T cell ligand discrimination. To discriminate between the target and nontarget ligands, cells have to increase specificity to the target ligands by amplifying the small differences in affinity among ligands. In addition, sensitivity to the ligand concentration and quick discrimination are also important to detect low amounts of target ligands and facilitate fast cellular decision making after ligand recognition. In this work we propose a mechanism for nonlinear specificity amplification (ultraspecificity) based on zero-order saturating reactions, which was originally proposed to explain nonlinear sensitivity amplification (ultrasensitivity) to the ligand concentration. In contrast to the previously proposed proofreading mechanisms that amplify the specificity by a multistep reaction, our model can produce an optimal balance of specificity, sensitivity, and quick discrimination. Furthermore, we show that a model for insensitivity to a large number of nontarget ligands can be naturally derived from a model with the zero-order ultraspecificity. The zero-order ultraspecificity, therefore, may provide an alternative way to understand ligand discrimination from the viewpoint of nonlinear properties in biochemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi K Kajita
- Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tetsuya J Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mukhopadhyay H, de Wet B, Clemens L, Maini PK, Allard J, van der Merwe PA, Dushek O. Multisite Phosphorylation Modulates the T Cell Receptor ζ-Chain Potency but not the Switchlike Response. Biophys J 2017; 110:1896-1906. [PMID: 27119648 PMCID: PMC4850346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite phosphorylation is ubiquitous in cellular signaling and is thought to provide signaling proteins with additional regulatory mechanisms. Indeed, mathematical models have revealed a large number of mechanisms by which multisite phosphorylation can produce switchlike responses. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multisubunit receptor on the surface of T cells that is a prototypical multisite substrate as it contains 20 sites that are distributed on 10 conserved immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). The TCR ζ-chain is a homodimer subunit that contains six ITAMs (12 sites) and exhibits a number of properties that are predicted to be sufficient for a switchlike response. We have used cellular reconstitution to systematically study multisite phosphorylation of the TCR ζ-chain. We find that multisite phosphorylation proceeds by a nonsequential random mechanism, and find no evidence that multiple ITAMs modulate a switchlike response but do find that they alter receptor potency and maximum phosphorylation. Modulation of receptor potency can be explained by a reduction in molecular entropy of the disordered ζ-chain upon phosphorylation. We further find that the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 increases receptor potency but does not modulate the switchlike response. In contrast to other multisite proteins, where phosphorylations act in strong concert to modulate protein function, we suggest that the multiple ITAMs on the TCR function mainly to amplify subsequent signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Mukhopadhyay
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ben de Wet
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Clemens
- Department of Mathematics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - P Anton van der Merwe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
T Cell Costimulation by CD6 Is Dependent on Bivalent Binding of a GADS/SLP-76 Complex. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00071-17. [PMID: 28289074 PMCID: PMC5440646 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00071-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface receptor CD6 regulates T cell activation in both activating and inhibitory manners. The adaptor protein SLP-76 is recruited to the phosphorylated CD6 cytoplasmic Y662 residue during T cell activation, providing an activating signal to T cells. In this study, a biochemical approach identified the SH2 domain-containing adaptor protein GADS as the dominant interaction partner for the CD6 cytoplasmic Y629 residue. Functional experiments in human Jurkat and primary T cells showed that both mutations Y629F and Y662F abolished costimulation by CD6. In addition, a restraint on T cell activation by CD6 was revealed in primary T cells expressing CD6 mutated at Y629 and Y662. These data are consistent with a model in which bivalent recruitment of a GADS/SLP-76 complex is required for costimulation by CD6.
Collapse
|
42
|
Goyette J, Salas CS, Coker-Gordon N, Bridge M, Isaacson SA, Allard J, Dushek O. Biophysical assay for tethered signaling reactions reveals tether-controlled activity for the phosphatase SHP-1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601692. [PMID: 28378014 PMCID: PMC5365251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tethered enzymatic reactions are ubiquitous in signaling networks but are poorly understood. A previously unreported mathematical analysis is established for tethered signaling reactions in surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Applying the method to the phosphatase SHP-1 interacting with a phosphorylated tether corresponding to an immune receptor cytoplasmic tail provides five biophysical/biochemical constants from a single SPR experiment: two binding rates, two catalytic rates, and a reach parameter. Tether binding increases the activity of SHP-1 by 900-fold through a binding-induced allosteric activation (20-fold) and a more significant increase in local substrate concentration (45-fold). The reach parameter indicates that this local substrate concentration is exquisitely sensitive to receptor clustering. We further show that truncation of the tether leads not only to a lower reach but also to lower binding and catalysis. This work establishes a new framework for studying tethered signaling processes and highlights the tether as a control parameter in clustered receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Marcus Bridge
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Samuel A. Isaacson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nałęcz-Jawecki P, Szymańska P, Kochańczyk M, Miękisz J, Lipniacki T. Effective reaction rates for diffusion-limited reaction cycles. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:215102. [PMID: 26646890 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological signals in cells are transmitted with the use of reaction cycles, such as the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle, in which substrate is modified by antagonistic enzymes. An appreciable share of such reactions takes place in crowded environments of two-dimensional structures, such as plasma membrane or intracellular membranes, and is expected to be diffusion-controlled. In this work, starting from the microscopic bimolecular reaction rate constants and using estimates of the mean first-passage time for an enzyme-substrate encounter, we derive diffusion-dependent effective macroscopic reaction rate coefficients (EMRRC) for a generic reaction cycle. Each EMRRC was found to be half of the harmonic average of the microscopic rate constant (phosphorylation c or dephosphorylation d), and the effective (crowding-dependent) motility divided by a slowly decreasing logarithmic function of the sum of the enzyme concentrations. This implies that when c and d differ, the two EMRRCs scale differently with the motility, rendering the steady-state fraction of phosphorylated substrate molecules diffusion-dependent. Analytical predictions are verified using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations on the two-dimensional triangular lattice at the single-molecule resolution. It is demonstrated that the proposed formulas estimate the steady-state concentrations and effective reaction rates for different sets of microscopic reaction rates and concentrations of reactants, including a non-trivial example where with increasing diffusivity the fraction of phosphorylated substrate molecules changes from 10% to 90%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nałęcz-Jawecki
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Szymańska
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kochańczyk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Miękisz
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lipniacki
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Goyette J, Gaus K. Mechanisms of protein nanoscale clustering. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 44:86-92. [PMID: 27666166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to recent technical developments in microscopy, huge advances have been made in our understanding of the architecture of the cell membrane. It is now well appreciated that nanoscale clustering is a common feature of membrane proteins. Many of these clusters have been implicated in signal initiation and integration platforms. However, the mechanisms that mediate the dynamic nanoscale arrangement of membrane proteins are not fully understood and could involve lipid domains, electrostatic interactions between proteins and lipid, protein scaffolding as well as purely mechanical processes. In this review we summarise these mechanisms giving rise to dynamic nanoscale protein reorganisation in the plasma membrane with reference to recent examples of immune receptor clustering to illustrate general principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stanly TA, Fritzsche M, Banerji S, García E, Bernardino de la Serna J, Jackson DG, Eggeling C. Critical importance of appropriate fixation conditions for faithful imaging of receptor microclusters. Biol Open 2016; 5:1343-50. [PMID: 27464671 PMCID: PMC5051640 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor clustering is known to trigger signalling events that contribute to critical changes in cellular functions. Faithful imaging of such clusters by means of fluorescence microscopy relies on the application of adequate cell fixation methods prior to immunolabelling in order to avoid artefactual redistribution by the antibodies themselves. Previous work has highlighted the inadequacy of fixation with paraformaldehyde (PFA) alone for efficient immobilisation of membrane-associated molecules, and the advantages of fixation with PFA in combination with glutaraldehyde (GA). Using fluorescence microscopy, we here highlight how inadequate fixation can lead to the formation of artefactual clustering of receptors in lymphatic endothelial cells, focussing on the transmembrane hyaluronan receptors LYVE-1 and CD44, and the homotypic adhesion molecule CD31, each of which displays their native diffuse surface distribution pattern only when visualised with the right fixation techniques, i.e. PFA/GA in combination. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) confirms that the artefactual receptor clusters are indeed introduced by residual mobility. In contrast, we observed full immobilisation of membrane proteins in cells that were fixed and then subsequently permeabilised, irrespective of whether the fixative was PFA or PFA/GA in combination. Our study underlines the importance of choosing appropriate sample preparation protocols for preserving authentic receptor organisation in advanced fluorescence microscopy. Summary: Commonly used fixation protocols during immunolabelling can result in artefactual protein distribution. We highlight the artefacts in images and provide fixation conditions for studying membrane receptor organisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tess A Stanly
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Suneale Banerji
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Esther García
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell-Oxford Campus, Oxford OX11 0FA, UK
| | - David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dustin ML, Choudhuri K. Signaling and Polarized Communication Across the T Cell Immunological Synapse. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:303-325. [PMID: 27501450 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells express a somatically recombined antigen receptor (αβTCR) that is calibrated during development to respond to changes in peptides displayed by major histocompatibility complex proteins (pMHC) on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). A key characteristic of pMHC for adaptive immunity is the ability to sample internal states of cells and tissues to sensitively detect changes associated with infection, cell derangement, or tissue injury. Physical T cell-APC contact sets up an axis for polarization of TCR, adhesion molecules, kinases, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles inherent in this mode of juxtacrine signaling. The discovery of further lateral organization of the TCR and adhesion molecules into radially symmetric compartments, the immunological synapse, revealed an intersecting plane of symmetry and potential for regulated symmetry breaking to control duration of T cell-APC interactions. In addition to organizing signaling machinery, the immunological synapse directs the polarized transport and secretion of cytokines and cytolytic agents across the synaptic cleft and is a site for the generation and exocytic release of bioactive microvesicles that can functionally affect recipient APC and other cells in the environment. This machinery is coopted by retroviruses, and human immune deficiency virus-1 may even use antigen-specific synapses for infection of healthy T cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in the molecular and cell biological mechanisms of immunological synapse assembly and signaling and its role in intercellular communication across the synaptic cleft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom;
| | - Kaushik Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5620;
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gordon S. Phagocytosis: An Immunobiologic Process. Immunity 2016; 44:463-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Programmed connection of amino acids or nucleotides into chains introduced a revolution in control of biological function. Reacting proteins together is more complex because of the number of reactive groups and delicate stability. Here we achieved sequence-programmed irreversible connection of protein units, forming polyprotein teams by sequential amidation and transamidation. SpyTag peptide is engineered to spontaneously form an isopeptide bond with SpyCatcher protein. By engineering the adhesin RrgA from Streptococcus pneumoniae, we developed the peptide SnoopTag, which formed a spontaneous isopeptide bond to its protein partner SnoopCatcher with >99% yield and no cross-reaction to SpyTag/SpyCatcher. Solid-phase attachment followed by sequential SpyTag or SnoopTag reaction between building-blocks enabled iterative extension. Linear, branched, and combinatorial polyproteins were synthesized, identifying optimal combinations of ligands against death receptors and growth factor receptors for cancer cell death signal activation. This simple and modular route to programmable "polyproteams" should enable exploration of a new area of biological space.
Collapse
|
49
|
Lim HS, Cordoba SP, Dushek O, Goyette J, Taylor A, Rudd CE, van der Merwe PA. Costimulation of IL-2 Production through CD28 Is Dependent on the Size of Its Ligand. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5432-9. [PMID: 26500347 PMCID: PMC4654228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimal T cell activation typically requires engagement of both the TCR and costimulatory receptors, such as CD28. Engagement of CD28 leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic region and recruitment of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. Although the exact mechanism of CD28 signal transduction is unknown, CD28 triggering has similarities to the TCR, which was proposed to use the kinetic-segregation (KS) mechanism. The KS model postulates that, when small receptors engage their ligands within areas of close (∼15 nm) contact in the T cell/APC interface, this facilitates phosphorylation by segregating the engaged receptor/ligand complex from receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases with large ectodomains, such as CD45. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of elongating the extracellular region of the CD28 ligand, CD80, on its ability to costimulate IL-2 production by primary T cells. CD80 elongation reduced its costimulatory effect without abrogating CD28 binding. Confocal microscopy revealed that elongated CD80 molecules were less well segregated from CD45 at the T cell/APC interface. T cells expressing CD28 harboring a key tyrosine-170 mutation were less sensitive to CD80 elongation. In summary, the effectiveness of CD28 costimulation is inversely proportional to the dimensions of the CD28-CD80 complex. Small CD28-CD80 complex dimensions are required for optimal costimulation by segregation from large inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases. These results demonstrate the importance of ligand dimensions for optimal costimulation of IL-2 production by T cells and suggest that the KS mechanism contributes to CD28 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Lim
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun-Paul Cordoba
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Goyette
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - P Anton van der Merwe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Brazin KN, Mallis RJ, Das DK, Feng Y, Hwang W, Wang JH, Wagner G, Lang MJ, Reinherz EL. Structural Features of the αβTCR Mechanotransduction Apparatus That Promote pMHC Discrimination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:441. [PMID: 26388869 PMCID: PMC4558533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The αβTCR was recently revealed to function as a mechanoreceptor. That is, it leverages mechanical energy generated during immune surveillance and at the immunological synapse to drive biochemical signaling following ligation by a specific foreign peptide-MHC complex (pMHC). Here, we review the structural features that optimize this transmembrane (TM) receptor for mechanotransduction. Specialized adaptations include (1) the CβFG loop region positioned between Vβ and Cβ domains that allosterically gates both dynamic T cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC bond formation and lifetime; (2) the rigid super β-sheet amalgams of heterodimeric CD3εγ and CD3εδ ectodomain components of the αβTCR complex; (3) the αβTCR subunit connecting peptides linking the extracellular and TM segments, particularly the oxidized CxxC motif in each CD3 heterodimeric subunit that facilitates force transfer through the TM segments and surrounding lipid, impacting cytoplasmic tail conformation; and (4) quaternary changes in the αβTCR complex that accompany pMHC ligation under load. How bioforces foster specific αβTCR-based pMHC discrimination and why dynamic bond formation is a primary basis for kinetic proofreading are discussed. We suggest that the details of the molecular rearrangements of individual αβTCR subunit components can be analyzed utilizing a combination of structural biology, single-molecule FRET, optical tweezers, and nanobiology, guided by insightful atomistic molecular dynamic studies. Finally, we review very recent data showing that the pre-TCR complex employs a similar mechanobiology to that of the αβTCR to interact with self-pMHC ligands, impacting early thymic repertoire selection prior to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive thymocyte stage of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine N. Brazin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J. Mallis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dibyendu Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yinnian Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jia-huai Wang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|