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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Trujillo-González R, Estévez-Herrera J, García-Luis J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. HIV Infection: Shaping the Complex, Dynamic, and Interconnected Network of the Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13104. [PMID: 37685911 PMCID: PMC10487602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved a plethora of strategies to overcome the cytoskeletal barrier (i.e., actin and intermediate filaments (AFs and IFs) and microtubules (MTs)) to achieve the viral cycle. HIV-1 modifies cytoskeletal organization and dynamics by acting on associated adaptors and molecular motors to productively fuse, enter, and infect cells and then traffic to the cell surface, where virions assemble and are released to spread infection. The HIV-1 envelope (Env) initiates the cycle by binding to and signaling through its main cell surface receptors (CD4/CCR5/CXCR4) to shape the cytoskeleton for fusion pore formation, which permits viral core entry. Then, the HIV-1 capsid is transported to the nucleus associated with cytoskeleton tracks under the control of specific adaptors/molecular motors, as well as HIV-1 accessory proteins. Furthermore, HIV-1 drives the late stages of the viral cycle by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics to assure viral Pr55Gag expression and transport to the cell surface, where it assembles and buds to mature infectious virions. In this review, we therefore analyze how HIV-1 generates a cell-permissive state to infection by regulating the cytoskeleton and associated factors. Likewise, we discuss the relevance of this knowledge to understand HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in patients and to develop therapeutic strategies to battle HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
- Analysis Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
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2
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Song X, Wang Y, Li F, Cao W, Zeng Q, Qin S, Wang Z, Jia J, Xiao J, Hu X, Liu K, Wang Y, Ren Z. Hsp90 Inhibitors Inhibit the Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Into Neuron Cells by Regulating Cofilin-Mediated F-Actin Reorganization. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:799890. [PMID: 35082770 PMCID: PMC8785254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.799890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a common neurotropic virus, the herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) caused by which is considered to be the most common sporadic but fatal encephalitis. Traditional antiviral drugs against HSV-1 are limited to nucleoside analogs targeting viral factors. Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has potent anti-HSV-1 activities via numerous mechanisms, but the effects of Hsp90 inhibitors on HSV-1 infection in neuronal cells, especially in the phase of virus entry, are still unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the Hsp90 inhibitors on HSV-1 infection of neuronal cells. Interestingly, we found that Hsp90 inhibitors promoted viral adsorption but inhibited subsequent penetration in neuronal cell lines and primary neurons, which jointly confers the antiviral activity of the Hsp90 inhibitors. Mechanically, Hsp90 inhibitors mainly impaired the interaction between Hsp90 and cofilin, resulting in reduced cofilin membrane distribution, which led to F-actin polymerization to promote viral attachment. However, excessive polymerization of F-actin inhibited subsequent viral penetration. Consequently, unidirectional F-actin polymerization limits the entry of HSV-1 virions into neuron cells. Our research extended the molecular mechanism of Hsp90 in HSV-1 infection in neuron cells and provided a theoretical basis for developing antiviral drugs targeting Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Cao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongzhen Zeng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shurong Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyan Jia
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaisheng Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Wang Z, Yin X, Ma M, Ge H, Lang B, Sun H, He S, Fu Y, Sun Y, Yu X, Zhang Z, Cui H, Han X, Xu J, Ding H, Chu Z, Shang H, Wu Y, Jiang Y. IP-10 Promotes Latent HIV Infection in Resting Memory CD4 + T Cells via LIMK-Cofilin Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656663. [PMID: 34447368 PMCID: PMC8383741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to HIV eradication is the persistence of viral reservoirs. Resting CD4+ T cells are thought to be one of the major viral reservoirs, However, the underlying mechanism regulating HIV infection and the establishment of viral reservoir in T cells remain poorly understood. We have investigated the role of IP-10 in the establishment of HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells, and found that in HIV-infected individuals, plasma IP-10 was elevated, and positively correlated with HIV viral load and viral reservoir size. In addition, we found that binding of IP-10 to CXCR3 enhanced HIV latent infection of resting CD4+ T cells in vitro. Mechanistically, IP-10 stimulation promoted cofilin activity and actin dynamics, facilitating HIV entry and DNA integration. Moreover, treatment of resting CD4+ T cells with a LIM kinase inhibitor R10015 blocked cofilin phosphorylation and abrogated IP-10-mediated enhancement of HIV latent infection. These results suggest that IP-10 is a critical factor involved in HIV latent infection, and that therapeutic targeting of IP-10 may be a potential strategy for inhibiting HIV latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meichen Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongchi Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Lang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sijia He
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Yajing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hualu Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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He S, Wu Y. Relationships Between HIV-Mediated Chemokine Coreceptor Signaling, Cofilin Hyperactivation, Viral Tropism Switch and HIV-Mediated CD4 Depletion. Curr HIV Res 2021; 17:388-396. [PMID: 31702526 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666191106112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection causes CD4 depletion and immune deficiency. The virus infects CD4 T cells through binding to CD4 and one of the chemokine coreceptors, CXCR4 (X4) or CCR5 (R5). It has also been known that HIV tropism switch, from R5 to X4, is associated with rapid CD4 depletion, suggesting a key role of viral factors in driving CD4 depletion. However, the virological driver for HIV-mediated CD4 depletion has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that HIV-mediated chemokine coreceptor signaling, particularly chronic signaling through CXCR4, plays a major role in CD4 dysfunction and depletion; we also hypothesized that there is an R5X4 signaling (R5X4sig) viral subspecies, evolving from the natural replication course of R5-utilizing viruses, that is responsible for CD4 T cell depletion in R5 virus infection. To gain traction for our hypothesis, in this review, we discuss a recent finding from Cui and co-authors who described the rapid tropism switch and high pathogenicity of an HIV-1 R5 virus, CRF01_AE. We speculate that CRF01_AE may be the hypothetical R5X4sig viral species that is rapidly evolving towards the X4 phenotype. We also attempt to discuss the intricate relationships between HIV-mediated chemokine coreceptor signaling, viral tropism switch and HIV-mediated CD4 depletion, in hopes of providing a deeper understanding of HIV pathogenesis in blood CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia He
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
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5
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He S, Fu Y, Guo J, Spear M, Yang J, Trinité B, Qin C, Fu S, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Xu J, Ding H, Levy DN, Chen W, Petricoin E, Liotta LA, Shang H, Wu Y. Cofilin hyperactivation in HIV infection and targeting the cofilin pathway using an anti-α 4β 7 integrin antibody. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaat7911. [PMID: 30662943 PMCID: PMC6326757 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat7911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A functional HIV cure requires immune reconstitution for lasting viremia control. A major immune dysfunction persisting in HIV infection is the impairment of T helper cell migration and homing to lymphoid tissues such as GALTs (gut-associated lymphoid tissues). ART (antiretroviral therapy) does not fully restore T cell motility for tissue repopulation. The molecular mechanism dictating this persistent T cell dysfunction is not understood. Cofilin is an actin-depolymerizing factor that regulates actin dynamics for T cell migration. Here, we demonstrate that blood CD4 T cells from HIV-infected patients (n = 193), with or without ART, exhibit significantly lower levels of cofilin phosphorylation (hyperactivation) than those from healthy controls (n = 100; ratio, 1.1:2.3; P < 0.001); cofilin hyperactivation is also associated with poor CD4 T cell recovery following ART. These results suggest an HIV-mediated systemic dysregulation of T cell motility that cannot be repaired solely by ART. We further demonstrate that stimulating blood CD4 T cells with an anti-human α4β7 integrin antibody can trigger signal transduction and modulate the cofilin pathway, partially restoring T cell motility in vitro. However, we also observed that severe T cell motility defect caused by high degrees of cofilin hyperactivation was not repairable by the anti-integrin antibody, demonstrating a mechanistic hindrance to restore immune functions in vivo. Our study suggests that cofilin is a key molecule that may need to be therapeutically targeted early for T cell tissue repopulation, immune reconstitution, and immune control of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia He
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Mark Spear
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jiuling Yang
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Chaolong Qin
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Zining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - David N. Levy
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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6
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Ospina Stella A, Turville S. All-Round Manipulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton by HIV. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020063. [PMID: 29401736 PMCID: PMC5850370 DOI: 10.3390/v10020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in terms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, treatment does not represent a cure and remains inaccessible to many people living with HIV. Continued mechanistic research into the viral life cycle and its intersection with many aspects of cellular biology are not only fundamental in the continued fight against HIV, but also provide many key observations of the workings of our immune system. Decades of HIV research have testified to the integral role of the actin cytoskeleton in both establishing and spreading the infection. Here, we review how the virus uses different strategies to manipulate cellular actin networks and increase the efficiency of various stages of its life cycle. While some HIV proteins seem able to bind to actin filaments directly, subversion of the cytoskeleton occurs indirectly by exploiting the power of actin regulatory proteins, which are corrupted at multiple levels. Furthermore, this manipulation is not restricted to a discrete class of proteins, but rather extends throughout all layers of the cytoskeleton. We discuss prominent examples of actin regulators that are exploited, neutralized or hijacked by the virus, and address how their coordinated deregulation can lead to changes in cellular behavior that promote viral spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ospina Stella
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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7
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Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitors of LIM Domain Kinase for Inhibiting HIV-1. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02418-16. [PMID: 28381571 PMCID: PMC5469273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02418-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A dynamic actin cytoskeleton is necessary for viral entry, intracellular migration, and virion release. For HIV-1 infection, during entry, the virus triggers early actin activity by hijacking chemokine coreceptor signaling, which activates a host dependency factor, cofilin, and its kinase, the LIM domain kinase (LIMK). Although knockdown of human LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1) with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) inhibits HIV infection, no specific small-molecule inhibitor of LIMK has been available. Here, we describe the design and discovery of novel classes of small-molecule inhibitors of LIMK for inhibiting HIV infection. We identified R10015 as a lead compound that blocks LIMK activity by binding to the ATP-binding pocket. R10015 specifically blocks viral DNA synthesis, nuclear migration, and virion release. In addition, R10015 inhibits multiple viruses, including Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), suggesting that LIMK inhibitors could be developed as a new class of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE The actin cytoskeleton is a structure that gives the cell shape and the ability to migrate. Viruses frequently rely on actin dynamics for entry and intracellular migration. In cells, actin dynamics are regulated by kinases, such as the LIM domain kinase (LIMK), which regulates actin activity through phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor. Recent studies have found that LIMK/cofilin are targeted by viruses such as HIV-1 for propelling viral intracellular migration. Although inhibiting LIMK1 expression blocks HIV-1 infection, no highly specific LIMK inhibitor is available. This study describes the design, medicinal synthesis, and discovery of small-molecule LIMK inhibitors for blocking HIV-1 and several other viruses and emphasizes the feasibility of developing LIMK inhibitors as broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Häfner
- Postdoctoral fellow, University of Copenhagen, BRIC Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Lund Group, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Ray S, Bandyopadhyay S. Discovering Condition Specific Topological Pattern Changes in Coexpression Network: An Application to HIV-1 Progression. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 13:1086-1099. [PMID: 26661789 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2015.2505300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The natural progression of HIV-1 begins with a short acute retroviral syndrome which typically transit to chronic and clinical latency stages and subsequently progresses to a symptomatic, life-threatening immunodeficiency disease known as AIDS. Microarray analysis based on gene coexpression is widely used to investigate the coregulation pattern of a group (or cluster) of genes in a specific phenotype. Moreover, an investigation on the topological patterns across multiple phenotypes can facilitate the understanding of stage specific infection pattern of HIV-1 virus. Here, we develop a novel framework to identify topological patterns of gene co-expression network and detect changes of modular structure across different stages of HIV progression. This is achieved by comparing the topological and intramodular properties of HIV infection modules. To capture the diversity in modular structure, some topological, correlation based, and eigengene based measures are utilized here. We have applied a rank aggregation scheme to rank all the modules to provide a good agreement between these measures. Some novel transcription factors like 'FOXO1', 'GATA3', 'GFI1', 'IRF1', 'IRF7', 'MAX', 'STAT1', 'STAT3', 'XBP1', and 'YY1' that merge from the modules show significant change in expression pattern over HIV progression stages. Moreover, we have performed an eigengene based analysis to reveal the perturbation in modular structure across three stages of HIV-1 progression.
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Swaine T, Dittmar MT. CDC42 Use in Viral Cell Entry Processes by RNA Viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:6526-36. [PMID: 26690467 PMCID: PMC4690878 DOI: 10.3390/v7122955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular actin cytoskeleton presents a barrier that must be overcome by many viruses, and it has become increasingly apparent many viral species have developed a diverse repertoire of mechanisms to hijack cellular actin-regulating signalling pathways as part of their cell entry processes. The Rho family GTPase Cdc42 is appreciated as a key moderator of cellular actin dynamics, and the development of specific Cdc42-inhibiting agents has given us an unprecedented ability to investigate its individual role in signalling pathways. However, investigative use of said agents, and the subsequent characterisation of the role Cdc42 plays in viral entry processes has been lacking. Here, we describe the current literature on the role of Cdc42 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 cell entry, which represents the most investigated instance of Cdc42 function in viral cell entry processes, and also review evidence of Cdc42 use in other RNA virus cell entries, demonstrating prime areas for more extensive research using similar techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Swaine
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Matthias T Dittmar
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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11
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Zheng K, Kitazato K, Wang Y, He Z. Pathogenic microbes manipulate cofilin activity to subvert actin cytoskeleton. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:677-95. [PMID: 25853495 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins are key players in controlling the temporal and spatial extent of actin dynamics, which is crucial for mediating host-pathogen interactions. Pathogenic microbes have evolved molecular mechanisms to manipulate cofilin activity to subvert the actin cytoskeletal system in host cells, promoting their internalization into the target cells, modifying the replication niche and facilitating their intracellular and intercellular dissemination. The study of how these pathogens exploit cofilin pathways is crucial for understanding infectious disease and providing potential targets for drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China .,c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- b Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan , and
| | - Yifei Wang
- c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhendan He
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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12
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Jacob T, Van den Broeke C, Grauwet K, Baert K, Claessen C, De Pelsmaeker S, Van Waesberghe C, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies virus US3 leads to filamentous actin disassembly and contributes to viral genome delivery to the nucleus. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:379-85. [PMID: 25869795 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The conserved alphaherpesvirus US3 tegument protein induces rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, consisting of protrusion formation and stress fiber breakdown. Although US3 does not affect levels of total actin protein, it remains unclear whether US3 modulates the total levels of filamentous (F) actin. In this report, we show that the pseudorabies virus (PRV) US3 protein, via its kinase activity, leads to disassembly of F-actin in porcine ST cells. F-actin disassembly has been reported before to contribute to host cell entry of HIV. In line with this, in the current study, we report that US3 has a previously uncharacterized role in viral genome delivery to the nucleus, since quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays on nuclear fractions demonstrated a reduced nuclear delivery of US3null PRV compared to wild type PRV genomes. Treatment of cells with the actin depolymerizing drug cytochalasin D enhanced virus genome delivery to the nucleus, particularly of US3null PRV, supporting a role for F-actin disassembly during certain aspects of viral entry. In conclusion, the US3 kinase of PRV leads to F-actin depolymerization, and US3 and F-actin disassembly contribute to viral genome delivery to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thary Jacob
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Céline Van den Broeke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Korneel Grauwet
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kim Baert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christophe Claessen
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cliff Van Waesberghe
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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13
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Santos G, Valenzuela-Fernández A, Torres NV. Quantitative analysis of the processes and signaling events involved in early HIV-1 infection of T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103845. [PMID: 25105875 PMCID: PMC4126662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte invasion by HIV-1 is a complex, highly regulated process involving many different types of molecules that is prompted by the virus's association with viral receptors located at the cell-surface membrane that culminates in the formation of a fusion pore through which the virus enters the cell. A great deal of work has been done to identify the key actors in the process and determine the regulatory interactions; however, there have been no reports to date of attempts being made to fully understand the system dynamics through a systemic, quantitative modeling approach. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic mathematical model that integrates the available information on the molecular events involved in lymphocyte invasion. Our model shows that moesin activation is induced by virus signaling, while filamin-A is mobilized by the receptor capping. Actin disaggregation from the cap is facilitated by cofilin. Cofilin is inactivated by HIV-1 signaling in activated lymphocytes, while in resting lymphocytes another signal is required to activate cofilin in the later stages in order to accelerate the decay of the aggregated actin as a restriction factor for the viral entry. Furthermore, stopping the activation signaling of moesin is sufficient to liberate the actin filaments from the cap. The model also shows the positive effect of gelsolin on actin capping by means of the nucleation effect. These findings allow us to propose novel approaches in the search for new therapeutic strategies. In particular, gelsolin inhibition is seen as a promising target for preventing HIV-1 entry into lymphocytes, due to its role in facilitating the capping needed for the invasion. Also it is shown that HIV-1 should overcome the cortical actin barrier during early infection and predicts the different susceptibility of CD4+ T cells to be infected in terms of actin cytoskeleton dynamics driven by associated cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Santos
- Grupo de Biología de Sistemas y Modelización Matemática, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, España
- Instituto de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, España
- * E-mail: (AV-F); (NVT)
| | - Néstor V. Torres
- Grupo de Biología de Sistemas y Modelización Matemática, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, España
- Instituto de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- * E-mail: (AV-F); (NVT)
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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