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Zhao Y, Gu C, Song X. Evaluation of indoor environmental quality, personal cumulative exposure dose, and aerosol transmission risk levels inside urban buses in Dalian, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55278-55297. [PMID: 36884177 PMCID: PMC9994408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of pollutants in buses has an important impact on personal exposure to airborne particles and spread of the COVID-19 epidemic in enclosed spaces. We conducted the following real-time field measurements inside buses: CO2, airborne particle concentration, temperature, and relative humidity data during peak and off-peak hours in spring and autumn. Correlation analysis was adopted to evaluate the dominant factors influencing CO2 and particle mass concentrations in the vehicle. The cumulative personal exposure dose to particulate matter and reproduction number were calculated for passengers on a one-way trip. The results showed the in-cabin CO2 concentrations, with 22.11% and 21.27% of the total time exceeding 1000 ppm in spring and autumn respectively. In-cabin PM2.5 mass concentration exceeded 35 μm/m3 by 57.35% and 86.42% in spring and autumn, respectively. CO2 concentration and the cumulative number of passengers were approximately linearly correlated in both seasons, with R value up to 0.896. The cumulative number of passengers had the most impact on PM2.5 mass concentration among tested parameters. The cumulative personal exposure dose to PM2.5 during a one-way trip in autumn was up to 43.13 μg. The average reproductive number throughout the one-way trip was 0.26; it was 0.57 under the assumed extreme environment. The results of this study provide an important basic theoretical guidance for the optimization of ventilation system design and operation strategies aimed at reducing multi-pollutant integrated health exposure and airborne particle infection (such as SARS-CoV-2) risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Ganjingzi District, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chenmin Gu
- Ganjingzi District, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaocheng Song
- Civil and Architectural Engineering College, Dalian University, 10 Xuefu Street, Economic & Technological Development Zone, Dalian, 116622, China.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Rodríguez-López JL, Silva-Pereyra HG, Labrada-Delgado GJ, Pérez-Guillé B, Soriano-Rosales RE, Jiménez-Bravo Luna MA, Brito-Aguilar R, Mukherjee PS, Gayosso-Chávez C, Delgado-Chávez R. Environmental Fe, Ti, Al, Cu, Hg, Bi, and Si Nanoparticles in the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis and the Associated Ultrastructural Damage in Young Urbanites: Cardiac Arrhythmias Caused by Anthropogenic, Industrial, E-Waste, and Indoor Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8203-8214. [PMID: 34081443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a risk factor for arrhythmia. The atrioventricular (AV) conduction axis is key for the passage of electrical signals to ventricles. We investigated whether environmental nanoparticles (NPs) reach the AV axis and whether they are associated with ultrastructural cell damage. Here, we demonstrate the detection of the shape, size, and composition of NPs by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in 10 subjects from Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) with a mean age of 25.3 ± 5.9 and a 71-year-old subject without cardiac pathology. We found that in every case, Fe, Ti, Al, Hg, Cu, Bi, and/or Si spherical or acicular NPs with a mean size of 36 ± 17 nm were present in the AV axis in situ, freely and as conglomerates, within the mitochondria, sarcomeres, lysosomes, lipofuscin, and/or intercalated disks and gap junctions of Purkinje and transitional cells, telocytes, macrophages, endothelium, and adjacent atrial and ventricular fibers. Erythrocytes were found to transfer NPs to the endothelium. Purkinje fibers with increased lysosomal activity and totally disordered myofilaments and fragmented Z-disks exhibited NP conglomerates in association with gap junctions and intercalated disks. AV conduction axis pathology caused by environmental NPs is a plausible and modifiable risk factor for understanding common arrhythmias and reentrant tachycardia. Anthropogenic, industrial, e-waste, and indoor NPs reach pacemaker regions, thereby increasing potential mechanisms that disrupt the electrical impulse pathways of the heart. The cardiotoxic, oxidative, and abnormal electric performance effects of NPs in pacemaker locations warrant extensive research. Cardiac arrhythmias associated with nanoparticle effects could be preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, 287 Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Universidad del Valle de México, Ciudad de México 14370, México
| | | | | | | | - Hector G Silva-Pereyra
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí 78216, México
| | - Gladis J Labrada-Delgado
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí 78216, México
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Chang HS, Capuozzo B, Okumus B, Cho M. Why cleaning the invisible in restaurants is important during COVID-19: A case study of indoor air quality of an open-kitchen restaurant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT 2021; 94:102854. [PMID: 33776189 PMCID: PMC7979638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, restaurant sanitation and disinfection have become more important than ever although customers can hardly check visually. The most recent research argues that one invisible element leaving people vulnerable to the health effects of COVID-19 is particulate matter (PM), micron-sized particles known to cause acute or chronic respiratory illnesses, including lung cancer. While research shows PM is emitted from cooking, this study examines indoor PM pollution of an open-kitchen full-service chain restaurant, where commercial cooking occurs in the dining room, as a case study. The results of a week-long field test showed offensively harmful levels of PM10 and PM2.5, far beyond US EPA and WHO standards, while ambient outdoor PM associated with the sample restaurant was safe. The study reveals that working or frequently dining in an open-kitchen restaurant where grilling or frying takes place is likely to cause respiratory health problems and elevate susceptibility to COVID-19 unless surveillance and preventative measures are taken. Based on our findings, implications and recommendations for the industry are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howook Sean Chang
- Chaplin School of Hospitality & Tourism Management, Florida International University, USA
| | - Bradford Capuozzo
- Chaplin School of Hospitality & Tourism Management, Florida International University, USA
| | - Bendegul Okumus
- Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, USA
| | - Meehee Cho
- College of Hotel and Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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Rivas I, Fussell JC, Kelly FJ, Querol X. Indoor Sources of Air Pollutants. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.
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Kang K, Kim H, Kim DD, Lee YG, Kim T. Characteristics of cooking-generated PM 10 and PM 2.5 in residential buildings with different cooking and ventilation types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:56-66. [PMID: 30852226 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fine particles (PM2.5, PM10) have worsened indoor air quality and have caused an adverse effect on health. While range hoods have been typically used to exhaust cooking-generated fine particles in residential buildings, it is difficult to remove the fine particles effectively. The present study analyzed the effect of cooking on indoor air quality through the on-site measurements of cooking-generated fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10) in 30 residential buildings. The results of the field measurement showed that the fine particles occurred during the cooking and the concentration exceeded the Korean indoor fine particle concentration standards for PM10 and PM2.5. The particle decay rate constant in field measurement was 1.27-21.83 h-1. The emission rates were 0.39-20.45 mg/min. In addition, the fine particles were measured in the experimental building by varying the cooking methods and ventilation types. Four different cooking methods were selected including broiling fish, meat, frying egg, and meat. By operating the range, hood system and the natural ventilation, the dispersion of the fine particle concentration, the particle emission rate, decay rate constant, and the Living-Kitchen (L/K) Ratio change was evaluated quantitatively. Based on the obtained results, the maximum concentrations of the fine particles were measured when broiling fish. Moreover, the range hood system was not able to decrease the cooking-emitted particle concentration effectively during the cooking period. The cooking-emitted particles were removed rapidly when both natural ventilation and the range hood system were operated simultaneously, where the particle decay rate constant was approximately 9 h-1. Furthermore, the selection of cooking type was the most important factor that can significantly have an impact on indoor particle concentrations. Cooking - generated particles; Range hood; Particle decay rate constant; Living-Kitchen (L/K); PM2.5; Emission rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmo Kang
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea; Departments of Living and Built Environment Research, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Go yang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungkeun Kim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeung Danny Kim
- Architectural Engineering Department, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yun Gyu Lee
- Departments of Living and Built Environment Research, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Go yang, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.
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Zhuge Y, Qian H, Zheng X, Huang C, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Li B, Zhao Z, Deng Q, Yang X, Sun Y, Wang T, Zhang X, Sundell J. Residential risk factors for childhood pneumonia: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:83-91. [PMID: 29654951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's pneumonia is a heavy health burden. Few studies have been carried out on residential risk factors for pneumonia in children. Potential risks associated with dwelling characteristics are still unknown. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among children in 8 cities in China during 2010-2011 and 41,176 valid data on children aged 3-8 years old were used in this analysis. To obtain the lifetime-ever incidence of pneumonia in children and identify associations between pneumonia and residential risk factors, chi-square analysis and logistic regression methods were employed. Adjusted odds ratios were used as measures of effect with a 95% confidence interval. Confounding variables in the regression model include children's gender, birthweight, breastfeeding duration, parental smoking and family history of atopy. RESULTS The average lifetime-ever incidence of childhood pneumonia was 32.3%. Urban children (33.6%) had more pneumonia than suburban (29.9%) and rural children (24.9%). More residential risk factors were found in urban-dwellings. Boys, low birthweight (<2500 g), breastfeeding duration <6 months, family allergic history, and exposure to parental smoking were found to be associated with higher pneumonia lifetime-ever incidences. Various indicators of dampness, including visible mold spots, damp stains, water damage, water condensation, damp clothing or bedding and mold odor, were also positively associated with pneumonia. Pneumonia incidence increased as the number of dampness indicators increased. Both natural gas and solid cooking fuels were positively associated with pneumonia compared with electricity. Compared with cement, construction materials including synthetic fiber, laminated wood, real wood, paint, emulsion paint and wall paper were positively associated with pneumonia. Daily living habits such as putting bedding to sunshine frequently and cleaning the child's bedroom every day could be effective preventive strategies. A dose-response relationship between the number of residential risk factors and pneumonia was observed when the risk factors number ranged from 7 to 11. Residences with more risk factors had higher lifetime-ever pneumonia odds ratios. CONCLUSIONS Indoor environmental factors including dampness, use of solid fuels or natural gas for cooking and use of new construction materials are risk factors for childhood pneumonia. This study gives evidence for the importance of home environment exposures in the occurrence of childhood pneumonia. Actions against the residential risk factors described in this study may help to prevent pneumonia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhuge
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Campagna M, Pilia I, Marcias G, Frattolillo A, Pili S, Bernabei M, d'Aloja E, Cocco P, Buonanno G. Ultrafine Particle Distribution and Chemical Composition Assessment during Military Operative Trainings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14060579. [PMID: 28556812 PMCID: PMC5486265 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The assessment of airborne particulate matter (PM) and ultrafine particles (UFPs) in battlefield scenarios is a topic of particular concern; (2) Methods: Size distribution, concentration, and chemical composition of UFPs during operative military training activities (target drone launches, ammunition blasting, and inert bomb impact) were investigated using an electric low-pressure impactor (ELPI+) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); (3) Results: The median of UFPs, measured for all sampling periods and at variable distance from sources, was between 1.02 × 103 and 3.75 × 103 particles/cm3 for drone launches, between 3.32 × 103 and 15.4 × 103 particles/cm3 for the ammunition blasting and from 7.9 × 103 to 1.3 × 104 particles/cm3 for inert launches. Maximum peak concentrations, during emitting sources starting, were 75.5 × 106 and 17.9 × 106 particles/cm3, respectively. Particles from the drone launches were predominantly composed of silicon (Si), iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca), and those from the blasting campaigns by magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), barium (Ba) and silicon (Si); (4) Conclusions: The investigated sources produced UFPs with median values lower than other anthropogenic sources, and with a similar chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Pilia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Marcias
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Andrea Frattolillo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Sergio Pili
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Manuele Bernabei
- Chemistry Department, Test Flight Centre, IAF, Pratica di Mare AFB, 00040 Pomezia, Italy.
| | - Ernesto d'Aloja
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, I-03043, Cassino, Italy.
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 4001, Brisbane, Australia.
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80133, Naples, Italy.
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