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Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Chua BY, Thwaites RS, Kedzierska K. Defining the balance between optimal immunity and immunopathology in influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:720-735. [PMID: 38698083 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses remain a global threat to human health, with continued pandemic potential. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the optimal immune responses that drive recovery from influenza virus infection, highlighting the fine balance between protective immune mechanisms and detrimental immunopathology. We describe the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells, inflammatory modulators and antibodies to influenza virus-specific immunity, inflammation and immunopathology. We highlight recent human influenza virus challenge studies that advance our understanding of susceptibility to influenza and determinants of symptomatic disease. We also describe studies of influenza virus-specific immunity in high-risk groups following infection and vaccination that inform the design of future vaccines to promote optimal antiviral immunity, particularly in vulnerable populations. Finally, we draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to refocus our attention to the ever-changing, highly mutable influenza A virus, predicted to cause future global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Alava JJ, Tirapé A, Denkinger J, Calle P, Rosero R. P, Salazar S, Fair PA, Raverty S. Endangered Galápagos sea lions and fur seals under the siege of lethal avian flu: a cautionary note on emerging infectious viruses in endemic pinnipeds of the Galápagos Islands. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1457035. [PMID: 39372903 PMCID: PMC11449844 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1457035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Alava
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Fundación Ecuatoriana para El Estudio de Mamíferos Marinos (FEMM), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ana Tirapé
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Judith Denkinger
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Galápagos Science Center, Quito, Ecuador
- Ocean Museum, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Paola Calle
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Rosero R.
- Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Sandie Salazar
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Galápagos Science Center, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia A. Fair
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephen Raverty
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
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Erdelyan CNG, Kandeil A, Signore AV, Jones MEB, Vogel P, Andreev K, Bøe CA, Gjerset B, Alkie TN, Yason C, Hisanaga T, Sullivan D, Lung O, Bourque L, Ayilara I, Pama L, Jeevan T, Franks J, Jones JC, Seiler JP, Miller L, Mubareka S, Webby RJ, Berhane Y. Multiple transatlantic incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N5) virus into North America and spillover to mammals. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114479. [PMID: 39003741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have spread at an unprecedented scale, leading to mass mortalities in birds and mammals. In 2023, a transatlantic incursion of HPAI A(H5N5) viruses into North America was detected, followed shortly thereafter by a mammalian detection. As these A(H5N5) viruses were similar to contemporary viruses described in Eurasia, the transatlantic spread of A(H5N5) viruses was most likely facilitated by pelagic seabirds. Some of the Canadian A(H5N5) viruses from birds and mammals possessed the PB2-E627K substitution known to facilitate adaptation to mammals. Ferrets inoculated with A(H5N5) viruses showed rapid, severe disease onset, with some evidence of direct contact transmission. However, these viruses have maintained receptor binding traits of avian influenza viruses and were susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Understanding the factors influencing the virulence and transmission of A(H5N5) in migratory birds and mammals is critical to minimize impacts on wildlife and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Anthony V Signore
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Megan E B Jones
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Peter Vogel
- Comparative Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Konstantin Andreev
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | - Tamiru N Alkie
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Carmencita Yason
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Tamiko Hisanaga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Daniel Sullivan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M5, Canada
| | - Laura Bourque
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Ayilara
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Lemarie Pama
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jon P Seiler
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lance Miller
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Stanislawek WL, Tana T, Rawdon TG, Cork SC, Chen K, Fatoyinbo H, Cogger N, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Joyce M, Tuboltsev MA, Orr D, Ohneiser S, Watts J, Riegen AC, McDougall M, Klee D, O’Keefe JS. Avian influenza viruses in New Zealand wild birds, with an emphasis on subtypes H5 and H7: Their distinctive epidemiology and genomic properties. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303756. [PMID: 38829903 PMCID: PMC11146706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viruses in Southeast Asia in 2004 prompted the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries to expand its avian influenza surveillance in wild birds. A total of 18,693 birds were sampled between 2004 and 2020, including migratory shorebirds (in 2004-2009), other coastal species (in 2009-2010), and resident waterfowl (in 2004-2020). No avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from cloacal or oropharyngeal samples from migratory shorebirds or resident coastal species. Two samples from red knots (Calidris canutus) tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR, but virus could not be isolated and no further characterization could be undertaken. In contrast, 6179 samples from 15,740 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR. Of these, 344 were positive for H5 and 51 for H7. All H5 and H7 viruses detected were of low pathogenicity confirmed by a lack of multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Twenty H5 viruses (six different neuraminidase [NA] subtypes) and 10 H7 viruses (two different NA subtypes) were propagated and characterized genetically. From H5- or H7-negative samples that tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR, 326 AIVs were isolated, representing 41 HA/NA combinations. The most frequently isolated subtypes were H4N6, H3N8, H3N2, and H10N3. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of the relations between the location and year of sampling, and presence of AIV in individual waterfowl showed that the AIV risk at a given location varied from year to year. The H5 and H7 isolates both formed monophyletic HA groups. The H5 viruses were most closely related to North American lineages, whereas the H7 viruses formed a sister cluster relationship with wild bird viruses of the Eurasian and Australian lineages. Bayesian analysis indicates that the H5 and H7 viruses have circulated in resident mallards in New Zealand for some time. Correspondingly, we found limited evidence of influenza viruses in the major migratory bird populations visiting New Zealand. Findings suggest a low probability of introduction of HPAI viruses via long-distance bird migration and a unique epidemiology of AIV in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toni Tana
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Susan C. Cork
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kylie Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hammed Fatoyinbo
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Naomi Cogger
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maree Joyce
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Della Orr
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan Watts
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
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Wille M, Atkinson R, Barr IG, Burgoyne C, Bond AL, Boyle D, Christie M, Dewar M, Douglas T, Fitzwater T, Hassell C, Jessop R, Klaassen H, Lavers JL, Leung KK, Ringma J, Sutherland DR, Klaassen M. Long-Distance Avian Migrants Fail to Bring 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 Into Australia for a Second Year in a Row. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13281. [PMID: 38556461 PMCID: PMC10982072 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Centre for Pathogen Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on InfluenzaPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Ian G. Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on InfluenzaPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Charlotte Burgoyne
- Northern Australia Quarantine StrategyDepartment of Agriculture, Fisheries and ForestryCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | | | - David Boyle
- Victorian Ornithological Research Group Inc.LeopoldVictoriaAustralia
| | - Maureen Christie
- Victorian Wader Study GroupMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Australasian Wader Studies GroupMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Friends of Shorebirds SECarpenter RocksSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Meagan Dewar
- Future Regions Research CentreFederation University AustraliaBerwickVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tegan Douglas
- Australasian Wader Studies GroupMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- BirdLife AustraliaMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Teagan Fitzwater
- Northern Australia Quarantine StrategyDepartment of Agriculture, Fisheries and ForestryCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Chris Hassell
- Australasian Wader Studies GroupMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Global Flyway NetworkBroomeWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Roz Jessop
- Victorian Wader Study GroupMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Australasian Wader Studies GroupMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hiske Klaassen
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jennifer L. Lavers
- Bird GroupThe Natural History MuseumTringUK
- Esperance Tjaltjraak Native Title Aboriginal CorporationEsperanceWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Gulbali InstituteCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | | | - Duncan R. Sutherland
- Phillip Island Nature ParksCowesVictoriaAustralia
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Victorian Wader Study GroupMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Australasian Wader Studies GroupMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
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Seo YR, Cho AY, Si YJ, Lee SI, Kim DJ, Jeong H, Kwon JH, Song CS, Lee DH. Evolution and Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2022-2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:299-309. [PMID: 38215495 PMCID: PMC10826760 DOI: 10.3201/eid3002.231274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
During October 2022-March 2023, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus caused outbreaks in South Korea, including 174 cases in wild birds. To understand the origin and role of wild birds in the evolution and spread of HPAI viruses, we sequenced 113 HPAI isolates from wild birds and performed phylogenetic analysis. We identified 16 different genotypes, indicating extensive genetic reassortment with viruses in wild birds. Phylodynamic analysis showed that the viruses were most likely introduced to the southern Gyeonggi-do/northern Chungcheongnam-do area through whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) and spread southward. Cross-species transmission occurred between various wild bird species, including waterfowl and raptors, resulting in the persistence of HPAI in wild bird populations and further geographic spread as these birds migrated throughout South Korea. Enhanced genomic surveillance was an integral part of the HPAI outbreak response, aiding in timely understanding of the origin, evolution, and spread of the virus.
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Islam A, Munro S, Hassan MM, Epstein JH, Klaassen M. The role of vaccination and environmental factors on outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 in Bangladesh. One Health 2023; 17:100655. [PMID: 38116452 PMCID: PMC10728328 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks continue to wreak havoc on the global poultry industry and threaten the health of wild bird populations, with sporadic spillover in humans and other mammals, resulting in widespread calls to vaccinate poultry. Bangladesh has been vaccinating poultry since 2012, presenting a prime opportunity to study the effects of vaccination on HPAI H5N1circulation in both poultry and wild birds. We investigated the efficacy of vaccinating commercial poultry against HPAI H5N1 along with climatic and socio-economic factors considered potential drivers of HPAI H5N1 outbreak risk in Bangladesh. Using a multivariate modeling approach, we estimated that the rate of outbreaks was 18 times higher before compared to after vaccination, with winter months having a three times higher chance of outbreaks than summer months. Variables resulting in small but significant increases in outbreak rate were relatively low ambient temperatures for the time of year, literacy rate, chicken and duck density, crop density, and presence of highways; this may be attributable to low temperatures supporting viral survival outside the host, higher literacy driving reporting rate, density of the host reservoir, and spread of the virus through increased connectivity. Despite the substantial impact of vaccination on outbreaks, we note that HPAI H5N1 is still enzootic in Bangladesh; vaccinated poultry flocks have high rates of H5N1 prevalence, and spillover to wild birds has increased. Vaccination in Bangladesh thus bears the risk of supporting "silent spread," where the vaccine only provides protection against disease and not also infection. Our findings underscore that poultry vaccination can be part of holistic HPAI mitigation strategies when accompanied by monitoring to avoid silent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gilbertson B, Subbarao K. Mammalian infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses renew concerns of pandemic potential. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230447. [PMID: 37326966 PMCID: PMC10276204 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses in bird species on five continents, and many reports of infections in mammals most likely resulting from consumption of infected birds. As H5N1 viruses infect more species, their geographical range increases and more viral variants are produced that could have new biological properties including adaptation to mammals and potentially to humans. This highlights the need to continually monitor and assess mammalian-origin H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses for the presence of mutations that could potentially increase their pandemic risk for humans. Fortunately, to date there have been a limited number of human cases, but infection of mammals increases the opportunity for the virus to acquire mutations that enhance efficient infection, replication, and spread in mammals, properties that have not been seen in these viruses in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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