1
|
Saura Cardoso V, de Souza Lima da Silveira PR, Dos Santos CM, Miranda MB, Silva Barros AC, Veloso LC, Magalhães AT, da Rocha RB, Hazime FA. Dose-response and efficacy of 904 nm photobiomodulation on diabetic foot ulcers healing: a randomized controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:142. [PMID: 38805069 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the impact of a 904 nm photobiomodulation (PBM) on diabetic ulcers using varying dosages. METHODS The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that compared treatments using PBM (GaAs 904 nm 30w) with three different energy densities (4 J/cm2; 8 J/cm2; 10 J/cm2) in the healing process of non-infected diabetic foot ulcers. Eighty volunteers (48.75% female; 58.5 ± 11.1 years) were randomized into three intervention groups treated with PBM and one control group (PBM placebo). Volunteers performed up 20 interventions with PBM, either placebo or actual, in conjunction with conventional therapy, which involved dressing the wound with Helianthus annuus vegetable oil. The primary variable was the ulcer size reduction rate. RESULTS GaAs 904 nm PBM yielded a clinically and significant ulcer size rate reduction of diabetic foot ulcers, independently of energy density range (p < 0.05). However, 10 J/cm² had 60% of completely healed ulcers and the highest proportion of patients reaching 50% of ulcer reduction rate after 5 weeks of treatment. In addition, only 10 J/cm² showed a significant difference between control group after a 10-week follow-up (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION GaAs 904 nm PBM was effective in treating diabetic foot ulcers in this study and a dosage of 10 J/cm², after a 10-week follow-up, proved to be the most effective compared to the other groups. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04246814.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Saura Cardoso
- Center of Medical Specialties, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
- Postgraduate program in Biomedical Sciences, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
- Biosignal Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Renan de Souza Lima da Silveira
- Center of Medical Specialties, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
- Postgraduate program in Biomedical Sciences, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Maria Dos Santos
- Center of Medical Specialties, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
- Postgraduate program in Biomedical Sciences, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bezerra Miranda
- Center of Medical Specialties, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
- Postgraduate program in Biomedical Sciences, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Silva Barros
- Center of Medical Specialties, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
- Biosignal Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Lorena Coelho Veloso
- Center of Medical Specialties, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
- Biosignal Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Tanuri Magalhães
- Center of Medical Specialties, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
- Biosignal Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Fuad Ahmad Hazime
- Postgraduate program in Biomedical Sciences, Parnaíba Delta Federal University (UFDPar), Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mineroff J, Maghfour J, Ozog DM, Lim HW, Kohli I, Jagdeo J. Photobiomodulation CME part II: Clinical applications in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024:S0190-9622(24)00187-7. [PMID: 38307144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is an emerging treatment modality in dermatology with increasing office and home-based use. PBM is the use of various light sources in the red light (620-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1440 nm) spectrum as a form of light therapy. PBM is often administered through low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes. Studies show that PBM can be used effectively to treat conditions secondary to cancer therapies, alopecia, ulcers, herpes simplex virus, acne, skin rejuvenation, wounds, and scars. PBM offers patients many benefits compared to other treatments. It is noninvasive, cost-effective, convenient for patients, and offers a favorable safety profile. PBM can be used as an alternative or adjuvant to other treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy. It is important for dermatologists to gain a better clinical understanding of PBM for in-office administration and to counsel patients on proper application for home-use devices to best manage safety and expectations as this technology develops. PBM wavelengths can induce varied biological effects in diverse skin types, races, and ethnicities; therefore, it is also important for dermatologists to properly counsel their skin of color patients who undergo PBM treatments. Future clinical trials are necessary to produce standardized recommendations across conditions and skin types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mineroff
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jalal Maghfour
- The Henry W. Lim, MD, Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - David M Ozog
- The Henry W. Lim, MD, Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Henry W Lim
- The Henry W. Lim, MD, Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- The Henry W. Lim, MD, Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Ya‐Qing X, Cai‐Feng Y, Jia‐Li H, Xian‐Yu T. Diabetic foot wound ulcer management by laser therapy: A meta-analysis. Int Wound J 2023; 20:4208-4216. [PMID: 37596719 PMCID: PMC10681457 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis examination was implemented to review diabetic foot wound ulcer (DFWU) management by laser therapy (LT). A broad literature examination until May 2023 was done and 1357 interconnected examinations were revised. The 26 elected examinations, enclosed 1067 personals with DFWU were in the utilized examinations 'starting point, 540 of them were utilizing LT, and 527 were utilizing control. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized to appraise the DFWUs management by LT by the dichotomous and continuous approach and a fixed or random model. LT had significantly higher ulcer size decreases (MD, 17.04; 95% CI, 12.48-21.59, p < 0.001) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 99%), and complete healing rate (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.89-4.37, p < 0.001) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%) compared with control in personals with DFWU. LT had significantly higher ulcer size decreases, and complete healing rate compared to control in personals with DFWU. Nevertheless, exercise caution while interacting with its values since all the chosen examinations were found with a low sample size for the comparisons in the meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Department of EndocrinologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Xia Ya‐Qing
- Department of EndocrinologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Yang Cai‐Feng
- Department of EndocrinologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - He Jia‐Li
- Department of EndocrinologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Tang Xian‐Yu
- Department of EndocrinologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aggarwal I, Lio PA. Photobiomodulation therapy and low-level light therapy in wound healing. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:239. [PMID: 37851116 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Aggarwal
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, 808 S. Wood St. - 380 CME, Chicago, IL, 60612-7307, USA
| | - Peter A Lio
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 363 W. Erie Street, Suite #350, Chicago, IL, 60654, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jere SW, Abrahamse H, Houreld NN. Interaction of the AKT and β-catenin signalling pathways and the influence of photobiomodulation on cellular signalling proteins in diabetic wound healing. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:81. [PMID: 37735655 PMCID: PMC10515080 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of a cells destiny is a tightly controlled process that is regulated through communication between the matrix and cell signalling proteins. Cell signalling activates distinctive subsections of target genes, and different signalling pathways may be used repeatedly in different settings. A range of different signalling pathways are activated during the wound healing process, and dysregulated cellular signalling may lead to reduced cell function and the development of chronic wounds. Diabetic wounds are chronic and are characterised by the inability of skin cells to act in response to reparative inducements. Serine/threonine kinase, protein kinase B or AKT (PKB/AKT), is a central connection in cell signalling induced by growth factors, cytokines and other cellular inducements, and is one of the critical pathways that regulate cellular proliferation, survival, and quiescence. AKT interacts with a variety of other pathway proteins including glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and β-catenin. Novel methodologies based on comprehensive knowledge of activated signalling pathways and their interaction during normal or chronic wound healing can facilitate quicker and efficient diabetic wound healing. In this review, we focus on interaction of the AKT and β-catenin signalling pathways and the influence of photobiomodulation on cellular signalling proteins in diabetic wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Winfield Jere
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| | - Nicolette Nadene Houreld
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dungel P, Sutalo S, Slezak C, Keibl C, Schädl B, Schnidar H, Metzger M, Meixner B, Hartmann J, Oesterreicher J, Redl H, Slezak P. Wavelength-Dependent Effects of Photobiomodulation for Wound Care in Diabetic Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065895. [PMID: 36982967 PMCID: PMC10054229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation, showing positive effects on wound healing processes, has been performed mainly with lasers in the red/infrared spectrum. Light of shorter wavelengths can significantly influence biological systems. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the therapeutic effects of pulsed LED light of different wavelengths on wound healing in a diabetic (db/db) mouse excision wound model. LED therapy by Repuls was applied at either 470 nm (blue), 540 nm (green) or 635 nm (red), at 40 mW/cm2 each. Wound size and wound perfusion were assessed and correlated to wound temperature and light absorption in the tissue. Red and trend-wise green light positively stimulated wound healing, while blue light was ineffective. Light absorption was wavelength-dependent and was associated with significantly increased wound perfusion as measured by laser Doppler imaging. Shorter wavelengths ranging from green to blue significantly increased wound surface temperature, while red light, which penetrates deeper into tissue, led to a significant increase in core body temperature. In summary, wound treatment with pulsed red or green light resulted in improved wound healing in diabetic mice. Since impeded wound healing in diabetic patients poses an ever-increasing socio-economic problem, LED therapy may be an effective, easily applied and cost-efficient supportive treatment for diabetic wound therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dungel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sanja Sutalo
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyrill Slezak
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA
| | - Claudia Keibl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Magdalena Metzger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Meixner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaana Hartmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Oesterreicher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Slezak
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oyebode OA, Jere SW, Houreld NN. Current Therapeutic Modalities for the Management of Chronic Diabetic Wounds of the Foot. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:1359537. [PMID: 36818748 PMCID: PMC9937766 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1359537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired wound healing is common in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Different therapeutic modalities including wound debridement and dressing, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), nanomedicine, shockwave therapy, hyperbaric (HBOT) and topical (TOT) oxygen therapy, and photobiomodulation (PBM) have been used in the management of chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). The selection of a suitable treatment method for DFUs depends on the hosts' physiological status including the intricacy and wound type. Effective wound care is considered a critical component of chronic diabetic wound management. This review discusses the causes of diabetic wounds and current therapeutic modalities for the management of DFUs, specifically wound debridement and dressing, TENS, nanomedicine, shockwave therapy, HBOT, TOT, and PBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olajumoke Arinola Oyebode
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, South Africa 2028
| | - Sandy Winfield Jere
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, South Africa 2028
| | - Nicolette Nadene Houreld
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, South Africa 2028
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Srivastava P, Sondak T, Sivashanmugam K, Kim KS. A Review of Immunomodulatory Reprogramming by Probiotics in Combating Chronic and Acute Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2436. [PMID: 36365254 PMCID: PMC9699442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are characterized by a lack of angiogenesis and distal limb diabetic neuropathy. This makes it possible for opportunistic pathogens to protect the biofilm-encased micro-communities, causing a delay in wound healing. The acute and chronic phases of DFU-associated infections are distinguished by the differential expression of innate proinflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α and -β). Efforts are being made to reduce the microbial bioburden of wounds by using therapies such as debridement, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, shock wave therapy, and empirical antibiotic treatment. However, the constant evolution of pathogens limits the effectiveness of these therapies. In the wound-healing process, continuous homeostasis and remodeling processes by commensal microbes undoubtedly provide a protective barrier against diverse pathogens. Among commensal microbes, probiotics are beneficial microbes that should be administered orally or topically to regulate gut-skin interaction and to activate inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine production. The goal of this review is to bridge the gap between the role of probiotics in managing the innate immune response and the function of proinflammatory mediators in diabetic wound healing. We also highlight probiotic encapsulation or nanoformulations with prebiotics and extracellular vesicles (EVs) as innovative ways to tackle target DFUs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Tesalonika Sondak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Karthikeyan Sivashanmugam
- School of Biosciences and Technology, High Throughput Screening Lab, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kwang-sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chakraborty R, Borah P, Dutta PP, Sen S. Evolving spectrum of diabetic wound: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:696-716. [PMID: 36188143 PMCID: PMC9521443 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i9.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder resulting in an increased blood glucose level and prolonged hyperglycemia, causes long term health conse-quences. Chronic wound is frequently occurring in diabetes patients due to compromised wound healing capability. Management of wounds in diabetic patients remains a clinical challenge despite many advancements in the field of science and technology. Increasing evidence indicates that alteration of the biochemical milieu resulting from alteration in inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase, decrease in fibroblast and keratinocyte functioning, neuropathy, altered leukocyte functioning, infection, etc., plays a significant role in impaired wound healing in diabetic people. Apart from the current pharmacotherapy, different other approaches like the use of conventional drugs, antidiabetic medication, antibiotics, debridement, offloading, platelet-rich plasma, growth factor, oxygen therapy, negative pressure wound therapy, low-level laser, extracorporeal shock wave bioengineered substitute can be considered in the management of diabetic wounds. Drugs/therapeutic strategy that induce angiogenesis and collagen synthesis, inhibition of MMPs, reduction of oxidative stress, controlling hyperglycemia, increase growth factors, regulate inflammatory cytokines, cause NO induction, induce fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, control microbial infections are considered important in controlling diabetic wound. Further, medicinal plants and/or phytoconstituents also offer a viable alternative in the treatment of diabetic wound. The focus of the present review is to highlight the molecular and cellular mechanisms, and discuss the drug targets and treatment strategies involved in the diabetic wound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Chakraborty
- Institute of Pharmacy, Assam Don Bosco University, Kamrup 782402, Assam, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Partha Pratim Dutta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati 781026, Assam, India
| | - Saikat Sen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati 781026, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bayat M, Chien S, Abrahamse H. Applying Preconditioning Diabetic Autologous Stem Cells to Treat Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers: The Next Step. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:1-3. [PMID: 34935503 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bayat
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, Noveratech LLC of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sufan Chien
- Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, Noveratech LLC of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|