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Castellanos MC, Montero-Pau J, Ziarsolo P, Blanca JM, Cañizares J, Pausas JG. Quantitative genetic analysis of floral traits shows current limits but potential evolution in the wild. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230141. [PMID: 37122252 PMCID: PMC10130720 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast variation in floral traits across angiosperms is often interpreted as the result of adaptation to pollinators. However, studies in wild populations often find no evidence of pollinator-mediated selection on flowers. Evolutionary theory predicts this could be the outcome of periods of stasis under stable conditions, followed by shorter periods of pollinator change that provide selection for innovative phenotypes. We asked if periods of stasis are caused by stabilizing selection, absence of other forms of selection or by low trait ability to respond even if selection is present. We studied a plant predominantly pollinated by one bee species across its range. We measured heritability and evolvability of traits, using genome-wide relatedness in a large wild population, and combined this with estimates of selection on the same individuals. We found evidence for both stabilizing selection and low trait heritability as potential explanations for stasis in flowers. The area of the standard petal is under stabilizing selection, but the variability is not heritable. A separate trait, floral weight, presents high heritability, but is not currently under selection. We show how a simple pollination environment coincides with the absence of current prerequisites for adaptive evolutionary change, while heritable variation remains to respond to future selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Castellanos
- School of Life Sciences, Universityof Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
- CIDE-CSIC, Montcada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Montero-Pau
- COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Peio Ziarsolo
- COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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2
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So CP, Sibolibane MM, Weis AE. An exploration into the conversion of dominance to additive genetic variance in contrasting environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1893-1905. [PMID: 36219500 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The evolutionary response of a trait to environmental change depends upon the level of additive genetic variance. It has been long argued that sustained selection will tend to deplete additive genetic variance as favored alleles approach fixation. Non-additive genetic variance, due to interactions among alleles within and between loci, does not immediately contribute to an evolutionary response. However, shifts in the allele frequencies within and between interacting loci may convert non-additive variance into additive variance. Here we consider the possibility that an environmental shift may alter allelic interactions in ways that convert dominance into additive genetic variance. METHODS We grew a pedigreed population of Brassica rapa in greenhouse and field conditions. The field conditions mimicked agricultural conditions from which the base population was drawn, while the greenhouse featured benign conditions. We used Bayesian models to estimate the additive, dominance, and maternal components of quantitative genetic variance. We also estimated genetic correlations across environments using parental breeding values. RESULTS Although the additive genetic variance was elevated in the greenhouse condition, no consistent pattens emerged that would indicate a conversion of dominance variance. The unusually low genetic variance and broad confidence intervals for the variance estimates obtained through this analysis preclude definitive interpretations. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to determine whether between-environment changes in additive genetic variance can be traced to conversion of dominance variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P So
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mia M Sibolibane
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur E Weis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Koffler Scientific Reserve, University of Toronto, King City, ON, Canada
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3
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Heywood JS, Michalski JS, McCann BK, Andres KJ, Hall AR, Hartman AD, Middleton TC, Chiles A, Dewey SE, Miller CA. The potential for floral evolution in response to competing selection pressures following the loss of hawkmoth pollination in Ruellia humilis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1875-1892. [PMID: 36063430 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE In the absence of hawkmoth pollinators, chasmogamous (CH) flowers of Ruellia humilis self-pollinate by two secondary mechanisms. Other floral visitors might exert selection on CH floral traits to restore outcrossing, but at the same time preferential predation of CH seeds generates selection to increase the allocation of resources to cleistogamous (CL) flowers. METHODS To assess the potential for an evolutionary response to these competing selection pressures, we estimated additive genetic variances ( σ A 2 ${\sigma }_{{\rm{A}}}^{2}$ ) and covariances for 14 reproductive traits and three fitness components in a Missouri population lacking hawkmoth pollinators. RESULTS We found significant σ A 2 ${\sigma }_{{\rm{A}}}^{2}$ for all 11 floral traits and two measures of resource allocation to CL flowers, indicating the potential for a short-term response to selection on most reproductive traits. Selection generated by seed predators is predicted to increase the percentage of CL flowers by 0.24% per generation, and mean stigma-anther separation is predicted to decrease as a correlated response, increasing the fraction of plants that engage in prior selfing. However, the initial response to this selection is opposed by strong directional dominance. CONCLUSIONS The predicted evolutionary decrease in the number of CH flowers available for potential outcrossing, combined with the apparent preclusion of potential diurnal pollinators by the pollen-harvesting activities of sweat bees, suggest that 100% cleistogamy is the likely outcome of evolution in the absence of hawkmoths. However, rare mutations with large effects, such as delaying budbreak until after sunrise, could provide pathways for the restoration of outcrossing that are not reachable by gradual quantitative-genetic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Heywood
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Joseph S Michalski
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Braden K McCann
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Kara J Andres
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Allison R Hall
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Amber D Hartman
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Tessa C Middleton
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Amelia Chiles
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Sarah E Dewey
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Cay A Miller
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
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4
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Campbell DR, Sakai AK, Weller SG, Culley TM, Dunbar‐Wallis AK, Andres AM, Wong TG, Dang T, Au B, Ku M, Marcantonio AR, Ngo PJ, Nguyen AA, Tran MH, Tran Q. Genetic potential for changes in breeding systems: Predicted and observed trait changes during artificial selection for male and female allocation in a gynodioecious species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1918-1938. [PMID: 36380502 PMCID: PMC9828115 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Evolution of separate sexes from hermaphroditism often proceeds through gynodioecy, but genetic constraints on this process are poorly understood. Genetic (co-)variances and between-sex genetic correlations were used to predict evolutionary responses of multiple reproductive traits in a sexually dimorphic gynodioecious species, and predictions were compared with observed responses to artificial selection. METHODS Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae) is an endemic Hawaiian lineage with hermaphroditic, gynodioecious, subdioecious, and dioecious species. We measured genetic parameters of Schiedea salicaria and used them to predict evolutionary responses of 18 traits in hermaphrodites and females in response to artificial selection for increased male (stamen) biomass in hermaphrodites or increased female (carpel, capsule) biomass in females. Observed responses over two generations were compared with predictions in replicate lines of treatments and controls. RESULTS In only two generations, both stamen biomass in hermaphrodites and female biomass in females responded markedly to direct selection, supporting a key assumption of models for evolution of dioecy. Other biomass traits, pollen and ovule numbers, and inflorescence characters important in wind pollination evolved indirectly in response to selection on sex allocation. Responses generally followed predictions from multivariate selection models, with some responses unexpectedly large due to increased genetic correlations as selection proceeded. CONCLUSIONS Results illustrate the power of artificial selection and utility of multivariate selection models incorporating sex differences. They further indicate that pollen and ovule numbers and inflorescence architecture could evolve in response to selection on biomass allocation to male versus female function, producing complex changes in plant phenotype as separate sexes evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R. Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Ann K. Sakai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Stephen G. Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Theresa M. Culley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH45221USA
| | - Amy K. Dunbar‐Wallis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCO80309USA
| | - Allen M. Andres
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Tiffany G. Wong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Tam Dang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Bryan Au
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Mickey Ku
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Andrea R. Marcantonio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Paul J. Ngo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Andrew A. Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKaiser Permanente WashingtonSeattleWA98112USA
| | - My Hanh Tran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Quoc‐Phong Tran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA
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Riaz U, Razzaq FA, Hu S, Valdés-Sosa PA. Stepwise Covariance-Free Common Principal Components (CF-CPC) With an Application to Neuroscience. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:750290. [PMID: 34867161 PMCID: PMC8636064 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.750290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding the common principal component (CPC) for ultra-high dimensional data is a multivariate technique used to discover the latent structure of covariance matrices of shared variables measured in two or more k conditions. Common eigenvectors are assumed for the covariance matrix of all conditions, only the eigenvalues being specific to each condition. Stepwise CPC computes a limited number of these CPCs, as the name indicates, sequentially and is, therefore, less time-consuming. This method becomes unfeasible when the number of variables p is ultra-high since storing k covariance matrices requires O(k p 2) memory. Many dimensionality reduction algorithms have been improved to avoid explicit covariance calculation and storage (covariance-free). Here we propose a covariance-free stepwise CPC, which only requires O(k n) memory, where n is the total number of examples. Thus for n < < p, the new algorithm shows apparent advantages. It computes components quickly, with low consumption of machine resources. We validate our method CFCPC with the classical Iris data. We then show that CFCPC allows extracting the shared anatomical structure of EEG and MEG source spectra across a frequency range of 0.01-40 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Riaz
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuleah A. Razzaq
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiang Hu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Cognitive Computation, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Pedro A. Valdés-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
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6
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Zhou J, Reynolds RJ, Zimmer EA, Dudash MR, Fenster CB. Variable and sexually conflicting selection on
Silene stellata
floral traits by a putative moth pollinator selective agent. Evolution 2020; 74:1321-1334. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juannan Zhou
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor NY 11724 USA
| | - Richard J. Reynolds
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Zimmer
- Department of Botany National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166 Smithsonian Institution Washington DC 20013–7012 USA
| | - Michele R. Dudash
- Department of Natural Resource Management South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 USA
| | - Charles B. Fenster
- Department of Biology and Microbiology South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 USA
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Abstract
Although root traits play a critical role in mediating plant-plant interactions and resource acquisition from the soil environment, research examining whether and how belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits remains largely unexplored. Here we examine the possibility that root traits may evolve as a target of selection from interspecific competition using Ipomoea purpurea and I. hederacea, two closely related morning glory species that commonly co-occur in the United States, as a model system. We show that belowground competitive interactions between the two species can alter the pattern of selection on root traits in each species. Specifically, competition with I. purpurea changes the pattern of selection on root angle in I. hederacea, and competitive interactions with I. hederacea change the pattern of selection on root size in I. purpurea. However, we did not uncover evidence that intraspecific competition altered the pattern of selection on any root traits within I. hederacea. Overall, our results suggest that belowground competition between closely related species can influence the phenotypic evolution of root traits in natural populations. Our findings provide a microevolutionary perspective of how competitive belowground interactions may impact plant fitness, potentially leading to patterns of plant community structure.
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8
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Batstone RT, Peters MAE, Simonsen AK, Stinchcombe JR, Frederickson ME. Environmental variation impacts trait expression and selection in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:195-208. [PMID: 32064599 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The ecological outcomes of mutualism are well known to shift across abiotic or biotic environments, but few studies have addressed how different environments impact evolutionary responses, including the intensity of selection on and the expression of genetic variance in key mutualism-related traits. METHODS We planted 30 maternal lines of the legume Medicago lupulina in four field common gardens and compared our measures of selection on and genetic variance in nodulation, a key trait reflecting legume investment in the symbiosis, with those from a previous greenhouse experiment using the same 30 M. lupulina lines. RESULTS We found that both the mean and genetic variance for nodulation were much greater in the greenhouse than in the field and that the form of selection on nodulation significantly differed across environments. We also found significant genotype-by-environment (G × E) effects for fitness-related traits that were generated by differences in the rank order of plant lines among environments. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that the expression of genotypic variation and selection on nodulation differ across environments. In the field, significant rank-order changes for plant fitness potentially help maintain genetic variation in natural populations, even in the face of directional or stabilizing selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Batstone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Madeline A E Peters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Anna K Simonsen
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Koffler Scientific Reserve, University of Toronto, King, ON, L7B 1K5, Canada
| | - Megan E Frederickson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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9
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Plastic responses to novel environments are biased towards phenotype dimensions with high additive genetic variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13452-13461. [PMID: 31217289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821066116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmentally induced phenotypes have been proposed to initiate and bias adaptive evolutionary change toward particular directions. The potential for this to happen depends in part on how well plastic responses are aligned with the additive genetic variance and covariance in traits. Using meta-analysis, we demonstrate that plastic responses to novel environments tend to occur along phenotype dimensions that harbor substantial amounts of additive genetic variation. This suggests that selection for or against environmentally induced phenotypes typically will be effective. One interpretation of the alignment between the direction of plasticity and the main axis of additive genetic variation is that developmental systems tend to respond to environmental novelty as they do to genetic mutation. This makes it challenging to distinguish if the direction of evolution is biased by plasticity or genetic "constraint." Our results therefore highlight a need for new theoretical and empirical approaches to address the role of plasticity in evolution.
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10
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Torres‐Martínez L, McCarten N, Emery NC. The adaptive potential of plant populations in response to extreme climate events. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:866-874. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres‐Martínez
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University 915 W. State Street West Lafayette IN47907‐2054 USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside CA92521 USA
| | - Niall McCarten
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California Davis CA95616 USA
| | - Nancy C. Emery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Campus Box 334 Boulder CO80309‐0334 USA
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Ramírez-Valiente JA, Etterson JR, Deacon NJ, Cavender-Bares J. Evolutionary potential varies across populations and traits in the neotropical oak Quercus oleoides. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:427-439. [PMID: 30321394 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heritable variation in polygenic (quantitative) traits is critical for adaptive evolution and is especially important in this era of rapid climate change. In this study, we examined the levels of quantitative genetic variation of populations of the tropical tree Quercus oleoides Cham. and Schlect. for a suite of traits related to resource use and drought resistance. We tested whether quantitative genetic variation differed across traits, populations and watering treatments. We also tested potential evolutionary factors that might have shaped such a pattern: selection by climate and genetic drift. We measured 15 functional traits on 1322 1-year-old seedlings of 84 maternal half-sib families originating from five populations growing under two watering treatments in a greenhouse. We estimated the additive genetic variance, coefficient of additive genetic variation and narrow-sense heritability for each combination of traits, populations and treatments. In addition, we genotyped a total of 119 individuals (with at least 20 individuals per population) using nuclear microsatellites to estimate genetic diversity and population genetic structure. Our results showed that gas exchange traits and growth exhibited strikingly high quantitative genetic variation compared with traits related to leaf morphology, anatomy and photochemistry. Quantitative genetic variation differed between populations even at geographical scales as small as a few kilometers. Climate was associated with quantitative genetic variation, but only weakly. Genetic structure and diversity in neutral markers did not relate to coefficient of additive genetic variation. Our study demonstrates that quantitative genetic variation is not homogeneous across traits and populations of Q. oleoides. More importantly, our findings suggest that predictions about potential responses of species to climate change need to consider population-specific evolutionary characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Ramírez-Valiente
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. de la Coruna km 7.5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 1049 University Drive, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas J Deacon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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12
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Charbonneau A, Tack D, Lale A, Goldston J, Caple M, Conner E, Barazani O, Ziffer-Berger J, Dworkin I, Conner JK. Weed evolution: Genetic differentiation among wild, weedy, and crop radish. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1964-1974. [PMID: 30459841 PMCID: PMC6231464 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 weed species are responsible for more than 90% of crop losses and these comprise less than one percent of all named plant species, suggesting that there are only a few evolutionary routes that lead to weediness. Agricultural weeds can evolve along three main paths: they can be escaped crops, wild species, or crop‐wild hybrids. We tested these three hypotheses in weedy radish, a weed of small grains and an emerging model for investigating the evolution of agricultural weeds, using 21 CAPS and SSR markers scored on 338 individuals from 34 populations representing all major species and sub‐species in the radish genus Raphanus. To test for adaptation of the weeds to the agricultural environment, we estimated genetic differentiation in flowering time in a series of common garden experiments with over 2,400 individuals from 43 populations (all but one of the genotyped populations plus 10 additional populations). Our findings suggest that the agricultural weed radish R. r. raphanistrum is most genetically similar to native populations of R. r. raphanistrum and is likely not a feral crop or crop hybrid. We also show that weedy radish flowers more rapidly than any other Raphanus population or cultivar, which is consistent with rapid adaptation to the frequent and severe disturbance that characterizes agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Tack
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| | - Allison Lale
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan
| | - Josh Goldston
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami Florida
| | - Mackenzie Caple
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan
| | - Emma Conner
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan
| | | | | | - Ian Dworkin
- Department of Biology McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Jeffrey K Conner
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan
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13
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Zhang YY, Latzel V, Fischer M, Bossdorf O. Understanding the evolutionary potential of epigenetic variation: a comparison of heritable phenotypic variation in epiRILs, RILs, and natural ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:257-265. [PMID: 29875373 PMCID: PMC6082859 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence for epigenetic variation within and among natural plant populations has led to much speculation about its role in the evolution of plant phenotypes. However, we still have a very limited understanding of the evolutionary potential of epigenetic variation, in particular in comparison to DNA sequence-based variation. To address this question, we compared the magnitudes of heritable phenotypic variation in epigenetic recombinant inbred lines (epiRILs) of Arabidopsis thaliana-lines that mainly differ in DNA methylation but only very little in DNA sequence-with other types of A. thaliana lines that differ strongly also in DNA sequence. We grew subsets of two epiRIL populations with subsets of two genetic RIL populations, of natural ecotype collections, and of lines from a natural population in a common environment and assessed their heritable variation in growth, phenology, and fitness. Among-line phenotypic variation and broad-sense heritabilities tended to be largest in natural ecotypes, but for some traits the variation among epiRILs was comparable to that among RILs and natural ecotypes. Within-line phenotypic variation was generally similar in epiRILs, RILs, and ecotypes. Provided that phenotypic variation in epiRILs is mainly caused by epigenetic differences, whereas in RILs and natural lines it is largely driven by sequence variation, our results indicate that epigenetic variation has the potential to create phenotypic variation that is stable and substantial, and thus of evolutionary significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Zhang
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland.
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Vit Latzel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Botany of the ASCR, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Sniegula S, Golab MJ, Drobniak SM, Johansson F. The genetic variance but not the genetic covariance of life-history traits changes towards the north in a time-constrained insect. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:853-865. [PMID: 29569290 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal time constraints are usually stronger at higher than lower latitudes and can exert strong selection on life-history traits and the correlations among these traits. To predict the response of life-history traits to environmental change along a latitudinal gradient, information must be obtained about genetic variance in traits and also genetic correlation between traits, that is the genetic variance-covariance matrix, G. Here, we estimated G for key life-history traits in an obligate univoltine damselfly that faces seasonal time constraints. We exposed populations to simulated native temperatures and photoperiods and common garden environmental conditions in a laboratory set-up. Despite differences in genetic variance in these traits between populations (lower variance at northern latitudes), there was no evidence for latitude-specific covariance of the life-history traits. At simulated native conditions, all populations showed strong genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits that shaped growth and development. The variance-covariance matrix changed considerably when populations were exposed to common garden conditions compared with the simulated natural conditions, showing the importance of environmentally induced changes in multivariate genetic structure. Our results highlight the importance of estimating variance-covariance matrixes in environments that mimic selection pressures and not only trait variances or mean trait values in common garden conditions for understanding the trait evolution across populations and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Sniegula
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria J Golab
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Szymon M Drobniak
- Population Ecology Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Lesur I, Alexandre H, Boury C, Chancerel E, Plomion C, Kremer A. Development of Target Sequence Capture and Estimation of Genomic Relatedness in a Mixed Oak Stand. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:996. [PMID: 30057586 PMCID: PMC6053538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anticipating the evolutionary responses of long-lived organisms, such as trees, to environmental changes, requires the assessment of genetic variation of adaptive traits in natural populations. To this end, high-density markers are needed to calculate genomic relatedness between individuals allowing to estimate the genetic variance of traits in wild populations. We designed a targeted capture-based, next-generation sequencing assay based on the highly heterozygous pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) reference genome, for the sequencing of 3 Mb of genic and intergenic regions. Using a mixed stand of 293 Q. robur and Q. petraea genotypes we successfully captured over 97% of the target sequences, corresponding to 0.39% of the oak genome, with sufficient depth (97×) for the detection of about 190,000 SNPs evenly spread over the targeted regions. We validated the technique by evaluating its reproducibility, and comparing the genomic relatedness of trees with their known pedigree relationship. We explored the use of the technique on other related species and highlighted the advantages and limitations of this approach. We found that 92.07% of target sequences in Q. suber and 70.36% of sequences in Fagus sylvatica were captured. We used this SNP resource to estimate genetic relatedness in the mixed oak stand. Mean pairwise genetic relatedness was low within each species with a few values exceeding 0.25 (half-sibs) or 0.5 (full-sibs). Finally, we applied the technique to a long-standing issue in population genetics of trees regarding the relationship between inbreeding and components of fitness. We found very weak signals for inbreeding depression for reproductive success and no signal for growth within both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lesur
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Université Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- HelixVenture, Mérignac, France
- *Correspondence: Isabelle Lesur,
| | - Hermine Alexandre
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Université Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Christophe Boury
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Université Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Emilie Chancerel
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Université Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Christophe Plomion
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Université Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Antoine Kremer
- INRA, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Université Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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16
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The evolvability of herkogamy: Quantifying the evolutionary potential of a composite trait. Evolution 2017; 71:1572-1586. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Ramírez-Valiente JA, Center A, Sparks JP, Sparks KL, Etterson JR, Longwell T, Pilz G, Cavender-Bares J. Population-Level Differentiation in Growth Rates and Leaf Traits in Seedlings of the Neotropical Live Oak Quercus oleoides Grown under Natural and Manipulated Precipitation Regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:585. [PMID: 28536582 PMCID: PMC5423273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Widely distributed species are normally subjected to spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions. In sessile organisms like plants, adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity of key functional traits are the main mechanisms through which species can respond to environmental heterogeneity and climate change. While extended research has been carried out in temperate species in this regard, there is still limited knowledge as to how species from seasonally-dry tropical climates respond to spatial and temporal variation in environmental conditions. In fact, studies of intraspecific genetically-based differences in functional traits are still largely unknown and studies in these ecosystems have largely focused on in situ comparisons where environmental and genetic effects cannot be differentiated. In this study, we tested for ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity in leaf economics spectrum (LES) traits, water use efficiency and growth rates under natural and manipulated precipitation regimes in a common garden experiment where seedlings of eight populations of the neotropical live oak Quercus oleoides were established. We also examined the extent to which intraspecific trait variation was associated with plant performance under different water availability. Similar to interspecific patterns among seasonally-dry tropical tree species, live oak populations with long and severe dry seasons had higher leaf nitrogen content and growth rates than mesic populations, which is consistent with a "fast" resource-acquisition strategy aimed to maximize carbon uptake during the wet season. Specific leaf area (SLA) was the best predictor of plant performance, but contrary to expectations, it was negatively associated with relative and absolute growth rates. This observation was partially explained by the negative association between SLA and area-based photosynthetic rates, which is contrary to LES expectations but similar to other recent intraspecific studies on evergreen oaks. Overall, our study shows strong intraspecific differences in functional traits in a tropical oak, Quercus oleoides, and suggests that precipitation regime has played an important role in driving adaptive divergence in this widespread species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyson Center
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of MinnesotaSaint Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Biology, Normandale Community CollegeBloomington, MN, USA
| | - Jed P. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Kimberlee L. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Julie R. Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota DuluthDuluth, MN, USA
| | - Timothy Longwell
- Herbarium Paul C. Standley, Escuela Agricola PanamericanaTegucigalpa, Honduras
- Biltmore Environmental ConsultantsLoveland, CO, USA
| | - George Pilz
- Herbarium Paul C. Standley, Escuela Agricola PanamericanaTegucigalpa, Honduras
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18
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Puentes A, Granath G, Ågren J. Similarity in G matrix structure among natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Evolution 2016; 70:2370-2386. [PMID: 27501272 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the stability of the G matrix in natural populations is fundamental for predicting evolutionary trajectories; yet, the extent of its spatial variation and how this impacts responses to selection remain open questions. With a nested paternal half-sib crossing design and plants grown in a field experiment, we examined differences in the genetic architecture of flowering time, floral display, and plant size among four Scandinavian populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Using a multivariate Bayesian framework, we compared the size, shape, and orientation of G matrices and assessed their potential to facilitate or constrain trait evolution. Flowering time, floral display and rosette size varied among populations and significant additive genetic variation within populations indicated potential to evolve in response to selection. Yet, some characters, including flowering start and number of flowers, may not evolve independently because of genetic correlations. Using a multivariate framework, we found few differences in the genetic architecture of traits among populations. G matrices varied mostly in size rather than shape or orientation. Differences in multivariate responses to selection predicted from differences in G were small, suggesting overall matrix similarity and shared constraints to trait evolution among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Granath
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Ashworth MB, Walsh MJ, Flower KC, Vila-Aiub MM, Powles SB. Directional selection for flowering time leads to adaptive evolution in Raphanus raphanistrum (Wild radish). Evol Appl 2016; 9:619-29. [PMID: 27099626 PMCID: PMC4831463 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicides have been the primary tool for controlling large populations of yield depleting weeds from agro‐ecosystems, resulting in the evolution of widespread herbicide resistance. In response, nonherbicidal techniques have been developed which intercept weed seeds at harvest before they enter the soil seed bank. However, the efficiency of these techniques allows an intense selection for any trait that enables weeds to evade collection, with early‐flowering ecotypes considered likely to result in early seed shedding. Using a field‐collected wild radish population, five recurrent generations were selected for early maturity and three generations for late maturity. Phenology associated with flowering time and growth traits were measured. Our results demonstrate the adaptive capacity of wild radish to halve its time to flowering following five generations of early‐flowering selection. Early‐maturing phenotypes had reduced height and biomass at maturity, leading to less competitive, more prostrate growth forms. Following three generations of late‐flowering selection, wild radish doubled its time to flowering time leading to increased biomass and flowering height at maturity. This study demonstrates the potential for the rapid evolution in growth traits in response to highly effective seed collection techniques that imposed a selection on weed populations within agro‐ecosystems at harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Ashworth
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia; Department of Agriculture and Environment School of Science Curtin University Bentley WA Australia
| | - Michael J Walsh
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia; School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Ken C Flower
- School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Martin M Vila-Aiub
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia; IFEVA-CONICET Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia; School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
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20
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Bontemps A, Lefèvre F, Davi H, Oddou-Muratorio S. In situ marker-based assessment of leaf trait evolutionary potential in a marginal European beech population. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:514-27. [PMID: 26679342 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary processes are expected to be crucial for the adaptation of natural populations to environmental changes. In particular, the capacity of rear edge populations to evolve in response to the species limiting conditions remains a major issue that requires to address their evolutionary potential. In situ quantitative genetic studies based on molecular markers offer the possibility to estimate evolutionary potentials manipulating neither the environment nor the individuals on which phenotypes are measured. The goal of this study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations of a suite of leaf functional traits involved in climate adaptation for a natural population of the tree Fagus sylvatica, growing at the rear edge of the species range. Using two marker-based quantitative genetics approaches, we obtained consistent and significant estimates of heritability for leaf phenological (phenology of leaf flush), morphological (mass, area, ratio mass/area) and physiological (δ(13)C, nitrogen content) traits. Moreover, we found only one significant positive genetic correlation between leaf area and leaf mass, which likely reflected mechanical constraints. We conclude first that the studied population has considerable genetic diversity for important ecophysiological traits regarding drought adaptation and, second, that genetic correlations are not likely to impose strong genetic constraints to future population evolution. Our results bring important insights into the question of the capacity of rear edge populations to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bontemps
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, Avignon, France.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - F Lefèvre
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, Avignon, France
| | - H Davi
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, Avignon, France
| | - S Oddou-Muratorio
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, Avignon, France
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21
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Castellanos MC, González-Martínez SC, Pausas JG. Field heritability of a plant adaptation to fire in heterogeneous landscapes. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5633-42. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Castellanos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC-UV-GV); 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | | | - J. G. Pausas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC-UV-GV); 46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
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22
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Mittell EA, Nakagawa S, Hadfield JD. Are molecular markers useful predictors of adaptive potential? Ecol Lett 2015; 18:772-778. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Mittell
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine Graham Kerr Building University of GlasgowGlasgow G12 8QQ UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh The King's Buildings Charlotte Auerbach Road EH9 3FL UK
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South WalesSydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Department of Zoology University of Otago Great King Street Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Jarrod D. Hadfield
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh The King's Buildings Charlotte Auerbach Road EH9 3FL UK
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23
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Pausas JG. Evolutionary fire ecology: lessons learned from pines. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:318-324. [PMID: 25814325 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Macroevolutionary studies of the genus Pinus provide the oldest current evidence of fire as an evolutionary pressure on plants and date back to ca. 125 million years ago (Ma). Microevolutionary studies show that fire traits are variable within and among populations, especially among those subject to different fire regimes. In addition, there is increasing evidence of an inherited genetic basis to variability in fire traits. Added together, pines provide compelling evidence that fire can exert an evolutionary pressure on plants and, thus, shape biodiversity. In addition, evolutionary fire ecology is providing insights to improve the management of pine forests under changing conditions. The lessons learned from pines may guide research on the evolutionary ecology of other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli G Pausas
- CIDE-CSIC, Ctra. Naquera Km 4.5 (IVIA), Montcada, Valencia, 46113 Spain.
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24
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Angert AL, Kimball S, Peterson M, Huxman TE, Venable DL. Phenotypic constraints and community structure: Linking trade-offs within and among species. Evolution 2014; 68:3149-65. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Angert
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sarah Kimball
- Center for Environmental Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Megan Peterson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz California 95064
| | - Travis E. Huxman
- Center for Environmental Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - David L. Venable
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
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25
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Alcántara JM, Jaime R, Bastida JM, Rey PJ. The role of genetic constraints on the diversification of Iberian taxa of the genusAquilegia(Ranunculaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio M. Alcántara
- Departamento de Biología Animal; Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Jaén; E-23071 Jaén Spain
| | - Rafael Jaime
- Departamento de Biología Animal; Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Jaén; E-23071 Jaén Spain
| | - Jesús M. Bastida
- Laboratorio Ecología y Evolución de polinización y sistemas reproductivos en plantas; CIEco; UNAM; 58190 Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Pedro J. Rey
- Departamento de Biología Animal; Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Jaén; E-23071 Jaén Spain
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26
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Taylor ML, Evans JP, Garcia-Gonzalez F. No evidence for heritability of male mating latency or copulation duration across social environments in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77347. [PMID: 24155948 PMCID: PMC3796456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key assumption underpinning major models of sexual selection is the expectation that male sexual attractiveness is heritable. Surprisingly, however, empirical tests of this assumption are relatively scarce. Here we use a paternal full-sib/half-sib breeding design to examine genetic and environmental variation in male mating latency (a proxy for sexual attractiveness) and copulation duration in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. As our experimental design also involved the manipulation of the social environment within each full-sibling family, we were able to further test for the presence of genotype-by-environment interactions (GEIs) in these traits, which have the potential to compromise mate choice for genetic benefits. Our experimental manipulation of the social environment revealed plastic expression of both traits; males exposed to a rival male during the sensitive period of adult sexual maturation exhibited shorter mating latencies and longer copulation durations than those who matured in isolation. However, we found no evidence for GEIs, and no significant additive genetic variation underlying these traits in either environment. These results undermine the notion that the evolution of female choice rests on covariance between female preference and male displays, an expectation that underpins indirect benefit models such as the good genes and sexy sons hypotheses. However, our results may also indicate depletion of genetic variance in these traits in the natural population studied, thus supporting the expectation that traits closely aligned with reproductive fitness can exhibit low levels of additive genetic variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Taylor
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan P. Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Francisco Garcia-Gonzalez
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Doñana Biological Station, Spanish Research Council CSIC, C/ Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain
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27
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Le Roux JJ, Blignaut M, Gildenhuys E, Mavengere N, Berthouly-Salazar C. The molecular ecology of biological invasions: what do we know about non-additive genotypic effects and invasion success? Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Hayden KJ, Garbelotto M, Dodd R, Wright JW. Scaling up from greenhouse resistance to fitness in the field for a host of an emerging forest disease. Evol Appl 2013; 6:970-82. [PMID: 24062805 PMCID: PMC3779097 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest systems are increasingly threatened by emergent, exotic diseases, yet management strategies for forest trees may be hindered by long generation times and scant background knowledge. We tested whether nursery disease resistance and growth traits have predictive value for the conservation of Notholithocarpus densiflorus, the host most susceptible to sudden oak death. We established three experimental populations to assess nursery growth and resistance to Phytophthora ramorum, and correlations between nursery-derived breeding values with seedling survival in a field disease trial. Estimates of nursery traits' heritability were low to moderate, with lowest estimates for resistance traits. Within the field trial, survival likelihood was increased in larger seedlings and decreased with the development of disease symptoms. The seed-parent family wide likelihood of survival was likewise correlated with family predictors for size and resistance to disease in 2nd year laboratory assays, though not resistance in 1st year leaf assays. We identified traits and seedling families with increased survivorship in planted tanoaks, and a framework to further identify seed parents favored for restoration. The additive genetic variation and seedling disease dynamics we describe hold promise to refine current disease models and expand the understanding of evolutionary dynamics of emergent infectious diseases in highly susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Hayden
- Environmental Science Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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29
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Alberto FJ, Aitken SN, Alía R, González-Martínez SC, Hänninen H, Kremer A, Lefèvre F, Lenormand T, Yeaman S, Whetten R, Savolainen O. Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change - evidence from tree populations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:1645-61. [PMID: 23505261 PMCID: PMC3664019 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary responses are required for tree populations to be able to track climate change. Results of 250 years of common garden experiments show that most forest trees have evolved local adaptation, as evidenced by the adaptive differentiation of populations in quantitative traits, reflecting environmental conditions of population origins. On the basis of the patterns of quantitative variation for 19 adaptation-related traits studied in 59 tree species (mostly temperate and boreal species from the Northern hemisphere), we found that genetic differentiation between populations and clinal variation along environmental gradients were very common (respectively, 90% and 78% of cases). Thus, responding to climate change will likely require that the quantitative traits of populations again match their environments. We examine what kind of information is needed for evaluating the potential to respond, and what information is already available. We review the genetic models related to selection responses, and what is known currently about the genetic basis of the traits. We address special problems to be found at the range margins, and highlight the need for more modeling to understand specific issues at southern and northern margins. We need new common garden experiments for less known species. For extensively studied species, new experiments are needed outside the current ranges. Improving genomic information will allow better prediction of responses. Competitive and other interactions within species and interactions between species deserve more consideration. Despite the long generation times, the strong background in quantitative genetics and growing genomic resources make forest trees useful species for climate change research. The greatest adaptive response is expected when populations are large, have high genetic variability, selection is strong, and there is ecological opportunity for establishment of better adapted genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Alberto
- Department of Biology and Biocenter Oulu, University of OuluFIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
- UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, INRAF-33610, Cestas, France
- UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Université de BordeauxF-33410, Talence, France
| | - Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences and Centre for Forest Conservation Genetics, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ricardo Alía
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA - Forest Research CentreE-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Heikki Hänninen
- Department of Biosciences, University of HelsinkiFIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoine Kremer
- UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, INRAF-33610, Cestas, France
- UMR1202 Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, Université de BordeauxF-33410, Talence, France
| | - François Lefèvre
- URFM, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, INRAF-84914, Avignon, France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Université de MontpellierUMR 5175, F-34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Sam Yeaman
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences and Centre for Forest Conservation Genetics, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Institute of Biology, Université de NeuchâtelCH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ross Whetten
- Department of Forestry & Environmental Resources, NC State UniversityRaleigh, NC, 27695-8008, USA
| | - Outi Savolainen
- Department of Biology and Biocenter Oulu, University of OuluFIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
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Sakai AK, Weller SG, Campbell DR, Culley TM, Dunbar-Wallis AK, Andres AM. Measure for measure: comparing morphological and biomass traits for sex allocation in two gynodioecious species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1071-1082. [PMID: 23703857 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Sex allocation models assume male and female traits are measured in a common currency, allocation traits show heritability, and tradeoffs between investment in the two sexual functions occur. The potential for model predictions and genetic parameters to depend on the currency used is not well understood, despite frequent use of measures not in a common currency. • METHODS We analyzed the relationship between common currency (biomass of carpels, seeds, and stamens) measures and morphological measures (numbers of ovules, seeds, and pollen) in Schiedea salicaria (12-13% females) and S. adamantis (39% females), two closely related gynodioecious species. Additionally, we compared heritabilities and genetic correlations for male and female allocation between these two types of measures. • KEY RESULTS Ovule, seed, and pollen number show greater sexual dimorphism in S. adamantis than in S. salicaria. Most but not all morphological traits and analogous biomass traits are highly correlated with a linear relationship. Narrow-sense heritabilities based on the two methods are often similar, but higher for ovule number than carpel mass and lower for anther number than stamen mass in S. adamantis. Neither trait type shows negative genetic correlations between male and female function. • CONCLUSIONS Both trait types show greater sexual dimorphism in S. adamantis, and significant heritabilities suggest that morphological traits will continue to evolve with breeding system changes. Although most relationships between morphological and biomass traits are linear, curvilinear relationships for two traits suggest that caution is warranted if morphological and common currency traits are used interchangeably in fitness gain curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Sakai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Chaney L, Baucom RS. The evolutionary potential of Baker's weediness traits in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:1524-1530. [PMID: 22922396 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Many reports have cited Baker's list of weediness traits, or those that exemplify the "ideal" weed, yet few have considered the evolutionary potential of such traits as a group. Thus, it is unknown whether constraints on the evolution of increased weediness, such as a lack of genetic variation or genetic correlations between the traits, are present. Ipomoea purpurea, the common morning glory, is a problematic weed that exhibits many of Baker's ideal weed traits. METHODS We used progeny from a half/full-sib breeding design in a series of three greenhouse experiments to assess the presence of genetic variation, narrow sense heritabilities, and genetic correlations in Baker's growth, competition, and fitness "weediness" traits in two populations of I. purpurea. KEY RESULTS We uncovered genetic variation underlying reproductive fitness traits and competitive ability in at least one population, but no evidence of genetic variation underlying growth rate in either population. Genetic correlations between many of the weediness characters differed significantly from zero; however, their direction and/or magnitude differed between populations. CONCLUSIONS We found that increased weediness in the common morning glory is more likely to occur through selection on reproductive output and competitive ability rather than through selection on growth rate. Assessing Baker's traits in a quantitative genetics framework can provide a solid perspective on their evolutionary potential and a unique framework within which to determine how weeds will respond to different environmental stresses and/or scenarios of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Chaney
- Department of Biological Sciences, 721 Rieveschl Hall, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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Leinonen PH, Remington DL, Leppälä J, Savolainen O. Genetic basis of local adaptation and flowering time variation in Arabidopsis lyrata. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:709-23. [PMID: 22724431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how genetic variation at individual loci contributes to adaptation of populations to different local environments is an important topic in modern evolutionary biology. To date, most evidence has pointed to conditionally neutral quantitative trait loci (QTL) showing fitness effects only in some environments, while there has been less evidence for single-locus fitness trade-offs. At QTL underlying local adaptation, alleles from the local population are expected to show a fitness advantage. Cytoplasmic genomes also can have a role in local adaptation, but the role of cytonuclear interactions in adaptive differentiation has remained largely unknown. We mapped genomic regions underlying adaptive differentiation in multiple fitness components and flowering time in diverged populations of a perennial plant Arabidopsis lyrata. Experimental hybrids for this purpose were grown in natural field conditions of the parental populations in Norway and North Carolina (NC), USA, and in the greenhouse. We found QTL where high fitness and early flowering were associated with local alleles, indicating a role of different selection pressures in phenotypic differentiation. At two QTL regions, a fitness component showing local adaptation between the parental populations also showed signs of putative fitness trade-offs. Beneficial dominance effects of conditionally neutral QTL for different fitness components resulted in hybrid vigour at the Norwegian site in the F(2) hybrids. We also found that cytoplasmic genomes contributed to local adaptation and hybrid vigour by interacting with nuclear QTL, but these interactions did not show evidence for cytonuclear coadaptation (high fitness of local alleles combined with the local cytoplasm).
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Parachnowitsch AL, Caruso CM, Campbell SA, Kessler A. Lobelia siphilitica plants that escape herbivory in time also have reduced latex production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37745. [PMID: 22662205 PMCID: PMC3360611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering phenology is an important determinant of a plant’s reproductive success. Both assortative mating and niche construction can result in the evolution of correlations between phenology and other reproductive, functional, and life history traits. Correlations between phenology and herbivore defence traits are particularly likely because the timing of flowering can allow a plant to escape herbivory. To test whether herbivore escape and defence are correlated, we estimated phenotypic and genetic correlations between flowering phenology and latex production in greenhouse-grown Lobelia siphilitica L. (Lobeliaceae). Lobelia siphilitica plants that flower later escape herbivory by a specialist pre-dispersal seed predator, and thus should invest fewer resources in defence. Consistent with this prediction, we found that later flowering was phenotypically and genetically correlated with reduced latex production. To test whether herbivore escape and latex production were costly, we also measured four fitness correlates. Flowering phenology was negatively genetically correlated with three out of four fitness estimates, suggesting that herbivore escape can be costly. In contrast, we did not find evidence for costs of latex production. Generally, our results suggest that herbivore escape and defence traits will not evolve independently in L. siphilitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Parachnowitsch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
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Evolutionary optimum for male sexual traits characterized using the multivariate Robertson-Price Identity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10414-9. [PMID: 22615415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116828109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes tend to remain relatively constant in natural populations, suggesting a limit to trait evolution. Although stationary phenotypes suggest stabilizing selection, directional selection is more commonly reported. However, selection on phenotypes will have no evolutionary consequence if the traits do not genetically covary with fitness, a covariance known as the Robertson-Price Identity. The nature of this genetic covariance determines if phenotypes will evolve directionally or whether they reside at an evolutionary optimum. Here, we show how a set of traits can be shown to be under net stabilizing selection through an application of the multivariate Robertson-Price Identity. We characterize how a suite of male sexual displays genetically covaries with fitness in a population of Drosophila serrata. Despite strong directional sexual selection on these phenotypes directly and significant genetic variance in them, little genetic covariance was detected with overall fitness. Instead, genetic analysis of trait deviations showed substantial stabilizing selection on the genetic variance of these traits with respect to overall fitness, indicating that they reside at an evolutionary optimum. In the presence of widespread pleiotropy, stabilizing selection on focal traits will arise through the net effects of selection on other, often unmeasured, traits and will tend to be stronger on trait combinations than single traits. Such selection may be difficult to detect in phenotypic analyses if the environmental covariance between the traits and fitness obscures the underlying genetic associations. The genetic analysis of trait deviations provides a way of detecting the missing stabilizing selection inferred by recent metaanalyses.
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36
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Sztepanacz JL, Rundle HD. Reduced genetic variance among high fitness individuals: inferring stabilizing selection on male sexual displays in Drosophila serrata. Evolution 2012; 66:3101-10. [PMID: 23025601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Directional selection is prevalent in nature, yet phenotypes tend to remain relatively constant, suggesting a limit to trait evolution. However, the genetic basis of this limit is unresolved. Given widespread pleiotropy, opposing selection on a trait may arise from the effects of the underlying alleles on other traits under selection, generating net stabilizing selection on trait genetic variance. These pleiotropic costs of trait exaggeration may arise through any number of other traits, making them hard to detect in phenotypic analyses. Stabilizing selection can be inferred, however, if genetic variance is greater among low- compared to high-fitness individuals. We extend a recently suggested approach to provide a direct test of a difference in genetic variance for a suite of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in Drosophila serrata. Despite strong directional sexual selection on these traits, genetic variance differed between high- and low-fitness individuals and was greater among the low-fitness males for seven of eight CHCs, significantly more than expected by chance. Univariate tests of a difference in genetic variance were nonsignificant but likely have low power. Our results suggest that further CHC exaggeration in D. serrata in response to sexual selection is limited by pleiotropic costs mediated through other traits.
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Miehls ALJ, Peacor SD, McAdam AG. Genetic and maternal effects on tail spine and body length in the invasive spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus). Evol Appl 2012; 5:306-16. [PMID: 25568050 PMCID: PMC3353354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the evolution of invasive species has grown in recent years, yet few studies have investigated sources of variation in invasive species traits experiencing natural selection. The spiny water flea, Bythotrephes longimanus, is an invasive zooplankton in the Great Lakes that exhibits seasonal changes in tail spine and body length consistent with natural selection. Evolution of Bythotrephes traits, however, depends on the presence and magnitude of quantitative genetic variation, which could change within or across years. Clonal analysis of wild-captured Bythotrephes indicated that variance components for distal spine length were variable among but not within years. Spine length was always heritable but was not always influenced by maternal effects. In contrast, variance components for body length varied both within and among years, but likewise body length was always heritable and not always influenced by maternal effects. Results indicate that important Bythotrephes traits have heritable variation comparable to native species and other invasive species that would enable an evolutionary response to natural selection. This evolutionary capacity could contribute to the widespread success and dramatic effects of Bythotrephes invasion in systems with diverse biotic and abiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L J Miehls
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA ; NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott D Peacor
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
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Taylor RW, Boon AK, Dantzer B, Réale D, Humphries MM, Boutin S, Gorrell JC, Coltman DW, McAdam AG. Low heritabilities, but genetic and maternal correlations between red squirrel behaviours. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:614-24. [PMID: 22268892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Consistent individual differences in behaviour, and behavioural correlations within and across contexts, are referred to as animal personalities. These patterns of variation have been identified in many animal taxa and are likely to have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite their importance, genetic and environmental sources of variation in personalities have rarely been characterized in wild populations. We used a Bayesian animal model approach to estimate genetic parameters for aggression, activity and docility in North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). We found support for low heritabilities (0.08-0.12), and cohort effects (0.07-0.09), as well as low to moderate maternal effects (0.07-0.15) and permanent environmental effects (0.08-0.16). Finally, we found evidence of a substantial positive genetic correlation (0.68) and maternal effects correlation (0.58) between activity and aggression providing evidence of genetically based behavioural correlations in red squirrels. These results provide evidence for the presence of heritable variation in red squirrel behaviour, but also emphasize the role of other sources of variation, including maternal effects, in shaping patterns of variation and covariation in behavioural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Taylor
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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McFarlane SE, Lane JE, Taylor RW, Gorrell JC, Coltman DW, Humphries MM, Boutin S, McAdam AG. The heritability of multiple male mating in a promiscuous mammal. Biol Lett 2011; 7:368-71. [PMID: 21159688 PMCID: PMC3097859 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency of females to mate with multiple males is often explained by direct and indirect benefits that could outweigh the many potential costs of multiple mating. However, behaviour can only evolve in response to costs and benefits if there is sufficient genetic variation on which selection can act. We followed 108 mating chases of 85 North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) during 4 years, to measure each female's degree of multiple male mating (MMM), and used an animal model analysis of our multi-generational pedigree to provide what we believe is the first estimate of the heritability of MMM in the wild. Female red squirrels were highly polyandrous, mating with an average of 7.0 ± 0.2 males on their day of oestrus. Although we found evidence for moderate levels of additive genetic variation (CV(A) = 5.1), environmental variation was very high (CV(E) = 32.3), which resulted in a very low heritability estimate (h(2) < 0.01). So, while there is genetic variation in this trait, the large environmental variation suggests that any costs or benefits associated with differences among females in MMM are primarily owing to environmental and not genetic differences, which could constrain the evolutionary response to natural selection on this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Jeffrey E. Lane
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Ryan W. Taylor
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, 203 Natural Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jamieson C. Gorrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E9
| | - David W. Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E9
| | - Murray M. Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, CanadaH9X 3V9
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E9
| | - Andrew G. McAdam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
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Knapp EE, Rice KJ. Effects of Competition and Temporal Variation on the Evolutionary Potential of Two Native Bunchgrass Species. Restor Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Castellanos MC, Alcántara JM, Rey PJ, Bastida JM. Intra-population comparison of vegetative and floral trait heritabilities estimated from molecular markers in wild Aquilegia populations. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3513-24. [PMID: 21504491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Measuring heritable genetic variation is important for understanding patterns of trait evolution in wild populations, and yet studies of quantitative genetic parameters estimated directly in the field are limited by logistic constraints, such as the difficulties of inferring relatedness among individuals in the wild. Marker-based approaches have received attention because they can potentially be applied directly to wild populations. For long-lived, self-compatible plant species where pedigrees are inadequate, the regression-based method proposed by Ritland has the appeal of estimating heritabilities from marker-based estimates of relatedness. The method has been difficult to implement in some plant populations, however, because it requires significant variance in relatedness across the population. Here, we show that the method can be readily applied to compare the ability of different traits to respond to selection, within populations. For several taxa of the perennial herb genus Aquilegia, we estimated heritabilities of floral and vegetative traits and, combined with estimates of natural selection, compared the ability to respond to selection of both types of traits under current conditions. The intra-population comparisons showed that vegetative traits have a higher potential for evolution, because although they are as heritable as floral traits, selection on them is stronger. These patterns of potential evolution are consistent with macroevolutionary trends in the European lineage of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Castellanos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, 46470 Albal, Valencia, Spain.
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44
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Friedman J, Barrett SCH. Genetic and environmental control of temporal and size-dependent sex allocation in a wind-pollinated plant. Evolution 2011; 65:2061-74. [PMID: 21729060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex allocation in hermaphrodites can be affected by spatial and temporal variation in resources, especially in plants where size-dependent gender modification is commonplace. The evolution of sex allocation will depend on the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors governing patterns of investment in female and male function. In wind-pollinated plants, theoretical models predict a positive relation between size and male investment because of the fitness advantages associated with more effective pollen dispersal. Theory also predicts that the timing and allocation to each sex function should depend on available resources. We grew maternal half-sibling families of annual, wind-pollinated, Ambrosia artemisiifolia in sun and shade treatments to investigate these predictions. There was significant genetic variation for female and male flower production in both sun and shade treatments. Size-dependent sex allocation occurred in the direction predicted by theory, with male flower production increasing more rapidly in larger plants. The timing of sex function also varied, with significant genetic variation for dichogamy within environments and plasticity of this trait between environments. Protandry was expressed more commonly in the sun and protogyny in the shade. The occurrence of dynamic sex allocation with changing size and experimental treatment indicates the potential for adaptive responses under different ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannice Friedman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
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Campbell DR, Weller SG, Sakai AK, Culley TM, Dang PN, Dunbar-Wallis AK. Genetic variation and covariation in floral allocation of two species of Schiedea with contrasting levels of sexual dimorphism. Evolution 2010; 65:757-70. [PMID: 21091465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of sexual dimorphism depends in part on the additive genetic variance-covariance matrices within females, within males, and across the sexes. We investigated quantitative genetics of floral biomass allocation in females and hermaphrodites of gynodioecious Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae). The G-matrices within females (G(f)), within hermaphrodites (G(m)), and between sexes (B) were compared to those for the closely related S. salicaria, which exhibits a lower frequency of females and less-pronounced sexual dimorphism. Additive genetic variation was detected in all measured traits in S. adamantis, with narrow-sense heritability from 0.34-1.0. Female allocation and floral size traits covaried more tightly than did those traits with allocation to stamens. Between-sex genetic correlations were all <1, indicating sex-specific expression of genes. Common principal-components analysis detected differences between G(f) and G(m) , suggesting potential for further independent evolution of the sexes. The two species of Schiedea differed in G(m) and especially so in G(f) , with S. adamantis showing greater genetic variation in capsule mass and tighter genetic covariation between female allocation traits and flower size in females. Despite greater sexual dimorphism in S. adamantis, genetic correlations between the two sexes (standardized elements of B) were similar to correlations between sexes in S. salicaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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Floral genetic architecture: an examination of QTL architecture underlying floral (co)variation across environments. Genetics 2010; 186:1451-65. [PMID: 20837996 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.119982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlations are expected to be high among functionally related traits and lower between groups of traits with distinct functions (e.g., reproductive vs. resource-acquisition traits). Here, we explore the quantitative-genetic and QTL architecture of floral organ sizes, vegetative traits, and life history in a set of Brassica rapa recombinant inbred lines within and across field and greenhouse environments. Floral organ lengths were strongly positively correlated within both environments, and analysis of standardized G-matrices indicates that the structure of genetic correlations is ∼80% conserved across environments. Consistent with these correlations, we detected a total of 19 and 21 additive-effect floral QTL in the field and the greenhouse, respectively, and individual QTL typically affected multiple organ types. Interestingly, QTL×QTL epistasis also appeared to contribute to observed genetic correlations; i.e., interactions between two QTL had similar effects on filament length and two estimates of petal size. Although floral and nonfloral traits are hypothesized to be genetically decoupled, correlations between floral organ size and both vegetative and life-history traits were highly significant in the greenhouse; G-matrices of floral and vegetative traits as well as floral and life-history traits differed across environments. Correspondingly, many QTL (45% of those mapped in the greenhouse) showed environmental interactions, including approximately even numbers of floral and nonfloral QTL. Most instances of QTL×QTL epistasis for floral traits were environment dependent.
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Edwards CE, Weinig C. The quantitative-genetic and QTL architecture of trait integration and modularity in Brassica rapa across simulated seasonal settings. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 106:661-77. [PMID: 20736971 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Within organisms, groups of traits with different functions are frequently modular, such that variation among modules is independent and variation within modules is tightly integrated, or correlated. Here, we investigated patterns of trait integration and modularity in Brassica rapa in response to three simulated seasonal temperature/photoperiod conditions. The goals of this research were to use trait correlations to understand patterns of trait integration and modularity within and among floral, vegetative and phenological traits of B. rapa in each of three treatments, to examine the QTL architecture underlying patterns of trait integration and modularity, and to quantify how variation in temperature and photoperiod affects the correlation structure and QTL architecture of traits. All floral organs of B. rapa were strongly correlated, and contrary to expectations, floral and vegetative traits were also correlated. Extensive QTL co-localization suggests that covariation of these traits is likely due to pleiotropy, although physically linked loci that independently affect individual traits cannot be ruled out. Across treatments, the structure of genotypic and QTL correlations was generally conserved. Any observed variation in genetic architecture arose from genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) and attendant QTL × E in response to temperature but not photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Edwards
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
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LAMPEI CHRISTIAN, TIELBÖRGER KATJA. Evolvability of between-year seed dormancy in populations along an aridity gradient. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Marshall DL, Tyler AP, Abrahamson NJ, Avritt JJ, Barnes MG, Larkin LL, Medeiros JS, Reynolds J, Shaner MGM, Simpson HL, Maliakal-Witt S. Pollen performance of Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae) declines in response to elevated [CO(2)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 23:325-36. [PMID: 20563606 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-010-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although increases in atmospheric [CO(2)] are known to affect plant physiology, growth and reproduction, understanding of these effects is limited because most studies of reproductive consequences focus solely on female function. Therefore, we examined the effects of CO(2) enrichment on male function in the annual Raphanus sativus. Pollen donors grown under elevated [CO(2)] initially sired a higher proportion of seeds per fruit than ambient [CO(2)]-grown plants when each was tested against two different standard competitors; however, by the end of the 5-month experiment, these pollen donors sired fewer seeds than ambient [CO(2)]-grown plants and produced a lower proportion of viable pollen grains. The results of this experiment confirm that elevated [CO(2)] can alter reproductive success. Additionally, the change in response to elevated [CO(2)] over time varied among pollen donor families; thus, changes in [CO(2)] could act as a selective force on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Andrew RL, Wallis IR, Harwood CE, Foley WJ. Genetic and environmental contributions to variation and population divergence in a broad-spectrum foliar defence of Eucalyptus tricarpa. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:707-17. [PMID: 20228089 PMCID: PMC2859910 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Both environmental and genetic effects contribute to phenotypic variation within and among populations. Genetic differentiation of quantitative traits among populations has been shown in many species, yet it can also be accompanied by other genetic changes, such as divergence in phenotypic plasticity and in genetic variance. Sideroxylonal (a formylated phloroglucinol compound or FPC) is an important chemical defence in eucalypts. The effect of environmental variation on its production is a critical gap in our understanding of its genetics and evolution. METHODS The stability of genetic variation in sideroxylonal was assessed within and among populations of Eucalyptus tricarpa in three replicated provenance/progeny trials. The covariance structure of the data was also modelled to test whether genetic variances were consistent among populations and Fain's test was applied for major gene effects. KEY RESULTS A significant genotype x environment interaction occurred at the level of population, and was related to temperature range and seasonality in source populations. Within-population genetic variation was not affected by genotype x environment effects or different sampling years. However, within-population genetic variance for sideroxylonal concentration differed significantly among source populations. Regression of family variance on family mean suggested that this trait is subject to major gene effects, which could explain the observed differences in genetic variances among populations. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of replicated common-garden experiments for understanding the genetic basis of population differences. Genotype x environment interactions are unlikely to impede evolution or responses to artificial selection on sideroxylonal, but the lack of genetic variation in some populations may be a constraint. The results are broadly consistent with localized selection on foliar defence and illustrate that differentiation in population means, whether due to selection or to drift, can be accompanied by changes in other characteristics, such as plasticity and genetic variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose L Andrew
- School of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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