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Pondeljak N, Lugović-Mihić L, Tomić L, Parać E, Pedić L, Lazić-Mosler E. Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:236. [PMID: 38203406 PMCID: PMC10779394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermis serves many vital roles, including protecting the body from external influences and healing eventual injuries. It is maintained by an incredibly complex and perfectly coordinated keratinization process. In this process, desquamation is essential for the differentiation of epidermal basal progenitor cells into enucleated corneocytes, which subsequently desquamate through programmed death. Numerous factors control keratinocyte differentiation: epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, keratinocyte growth factor, interleukins IL-1-β and IL-6, elevated vitamin A levels, and changes in Ca2+ concentration. The backbone of the keratinocyte transformation process from mitotically active basal cells into fully differentiated, enucleated corneocytes is the expression of specific proteins and the creation of a Ca2+ and pH gradient at precise locations within the epidermis. Skin keratinization disorders (histologically characterized predominantly by dyskeratosis, parakeratosis, and hyperkeratosis) may be categorized into three groups: defects in the α-helical rod pattern, defects outside the α-helical rod domain, and disorders of keratin-associated proteins. Understanding the process of keratinization is essential for the pathogenesis of many dermatological diseases because improper desquamation and epidermopoiesis/keratinization (due to genetic mutations of factors or due to immune pathological processes) can lead to various conditions (ichthyoses, palmoplantar keratodermas, psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pondeljak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lucija Tomić
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ena Parać
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lovre Pedić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Elvira Lazić-Mosler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Cherkashina OL, Morgun EI, Rippa AL, Kosykh AV, Alekhnovich AV, Stoliarzh AB, Terskikh VV, Vorotelyak EA, Kalabusheva EP. Blank Spots in the Map of Human Skin: The Challenge for Xenotransplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12769. [PMID: 37628950 PMCID: PMC10454653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the knowledge about human skin homeostasis, development, wound healing, and diseases has been accumulated from human skin biopsy analysis by transferring from animal models and using different culture systems. Human-to-mouse xenografting is one of the fundamental approaches that allows the skin to be studied in vivo and evaluate the ongoing physiological processes in real time. Humanized animals permit the actual techniques for tracing cell fate, clonal analysis, genetic modifications, and drug discovery that could never be employed in humans. This review recapitulates the novel facts about mouse skin self-renewing, regeneration, and pathology, raises issues regarding the gaps in our understanding of the same options in human skin, and postulates the challenges for human skin xenografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. Cherkashina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Morgun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra L. Rippa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Alekhnovich
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey B. Stoliarzh
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V. Terskikh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kalabusheva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Stabell AR, Lee GE, Jia Y, Wong KN, Wang S, Ling J, Nguyen SD, Sen GL, Nie Q, Atwood SX. Single-cell transcriptomics of human-skin-equivalent organoids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112511. [PMID: 37195865 PMCID: PMC10348600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several methods for generating human-skin-equivalent (HSE) organoid cultures are in use to study skin biology; however, few studies thoroughly characterize these systems. To fill this gap, we use single-cell transcriptomics to compare in vitro HSEs, xenograft HSEs, and in vivo epidermis. By combining differential gene expression, pseudotime analyses, and spatial localization, we reconstruct HSE keratinocyte differentiation trajectories that recapitulate known in vivo epidermal differentiation pathways and show that HSEs contain major in vivo cellular states. However, HSEs also develop unique keratinocyte states, an expanded basal stem cell program, and disrupted terminal differentiation. Cell-cell communication modeling shows aberrant epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated signaling pathways that alter upon epidermal growth factor (EGF) supplementation. Last, xenograft HSEs at early time points post transplantation significantly rescue many in vitro deficits while undergoing a hypoxic response that drives an alternative differentiation lineage. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of organoid cultures and identifies areas for potential innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Stabell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Grace E Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yunlong Jia
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kirsten N Wong
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ji Ling
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandrine D Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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4
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Nanba D, Sakabe JI, Mosig J, Brouard M, Toki F, Shimokawa M, Kamiya M, Braschler T, Azzabi F, Droz-Georget Lathion S, Johnsson K, Roy K, Schmid CD, Bureau JB, Rochat A, Barrandon Y. Low temperature and mTOR inhibition favor stem cell maintenance in human keratinocyte cultures. EMBO Rep 2023:e55439. [PMID: 37139607 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult autologous human epidermal stem cells can be extensively expanded ex vivo for cell and gene therapy. Identifying the mechanisms involved in stem cell maintenance and defining culture conditions to maintain stemness is critical, because an inadequate environment can result in the rapid conversion of stem cells into progenitors/transient amplifying cells (clonal conversion), with deleterious consequences on the quality of the transplants and their ability to engraft. Here, we demonstrate that cultured human epidermal stem cells respond to a small drop in temperature through thermoTRP channels via mTOR signaling. Exposure of cells to rapamycin or a small drop in temperature induces the nuclear translocation of mTOR with an impact on gene expression. We also demonstrate by single-cell analysis that long-term inhibition of mTORC1 reduces clonal conversion and favors the maintenance of stemness. Taken together, our results demonstrate that human keratinocyte stem cells can adapt to environmental changes (e.g., small variations in temperature) through mTOR signaling and constant inhibition of mTORC1 favors stem cell maintenance, a finding of high importance for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nanba
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Aging and Regeneration, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakabe
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital and A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Johannes Mosig
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Brouard
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fujio Toki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Aging and Regeneration, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimokawa
- Division of Aging and Regeneration, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Braschler
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fahd Azzabi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Droz-Georget Lathion
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Keya Roy
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital and A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Christoph D Schmid
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bureau
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Rochat
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Barrandon
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital and A*STAR Skin Research Labs, Singapore City, Singapore
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5
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Shen Z, Sun L, Liu Z, Li M, Cao Y, Han L, Wang J, Wu X, Sang S. Rete ridges: Morphogenesis, function, regulation, and reconstruction. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:19-34. [PMID: 36427683 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rete ridges (RRs) are distinct undulating microstructures at the junction of the dermis and epidermis in the skin of humans and certain animals. This structure is essential for enhancing the mechanical characteristics of skin and preserving homeostasis. With the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, artificial skin grafts have made great progress in the field of skin healing. However, the restoration of RRs has been often disregarded or absent in artificial skin grafts, which potentially compromise the efficacy of tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, this review collates recent research advances in understanding the structural features, function, morphogenesis, influencing factors, and reconstruction strategies pertaining to RRs. In addition, the preparation methods and limitations of tissue-engineered skin with RRs are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The technology for the development of tissue-engineered skin (TES) is widely studied and reported; however, the preparation of TES containing rete ridges (RRs) is often ignored, with no literature reviews on the structural reconstruction of RRs. This review focuses on the progress pertaining to RRs and focuses on the reconstruction methods for RRs. In addition, it discusses the limitations of existing reconstruction methods. Therefore, this review could be a valuable reference for transferring TES with RR structure from the laboratory to clinical applications in skin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Shen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zixian Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Meng Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yanyan Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Lu Han
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- General Hospital of TISCO, North Street, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan 030809, China
| | - Xunwei Wu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China; Engineering Laboratory for Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo, China.
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
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6
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Human Basal and Suprabasal Keratinocytes Are Both Able to Generate and Maintain Dermo-Epidermal Skin Substitutes in Long-Term In Vivo Experiments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142156. [PMID: 35883599 PMCID: PMC9319791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal layer of human interfollicular epidermis has been described to harbour both quiescent keratinocyte stem cells and a transit amplifying cell population that maintains the suprabasal epidermal layers. We performed immunofluorescence analyses and revealed that the main proliferative keratinocyte pool in vivo resides suprabasally. We isolated from the human epidermis two distinct cell populations, the basal and the suprabasal keratinocytes, according to the expression of integrin β4 (iβ4). We compared basal iβ4+ or suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes with respect to their proliferation and colony-forming ability and their Raman spectral properties. In addition, we generated dermo-epidermal substitutes using freshly isolated and sorted basal iβ4+ or suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes and transplanted them on immuno-compromised rats. We show that suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes acquire a similar proliferative capacity as basal iβ4+ keratinocytes after two weeks of culture in vitro, with expression of high levels of iβ4 and downregulation of K10 expression. In addition, both basal iβ4+ and suprabasal iβ4- keratinocytes acquire authentic self-renewing properties during the in vitro 3D-culture phase and are able to generate and maintain a fully stratified epidermis for 16 weeks in vivo. Therefore, against the leading dogma, we propose that human suprabasal keratinocytes can retro-differentiate into true basal stem cells in a wound situation and/or when in contact with the basement membrane.
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Watson VE, Faniel ML, Kamili NA, Krueger LD, Zhu C. Immune-mediated alopecias and their mechanobiological aspects. Cells Dev 2022; 170:203793. [PMID: 35649504 PMCID: PMC10681075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2022.203793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia is a non-specific term for hair loss clinically diagnosed by the hair loss pattern and histological analysis of patient scalp biopsies. The immune-mediated alopecia subtypes, including alopecia areata, lichen planopilaris, frontal fibrosing alopecia, and central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, are common, significant forms of alopecia subtypes. For example, alopecia areata is the most common autoimmune disease with a lifetime incidence of approximately 2% of the world's population. In this perspective, we discuss major results from studies of immune-mediated alopecia subtypes. These studies suggest the key event in disease onset as the collapse in immune privilege, which alters the hair follicle microenvironment, e.g., upregulation of major histocompatibility complex molecules and increase of cytokine production, and results in immune cell infiltration, inflammatory responses, and damage of hair follicles. We note that previous studies have established that the hair follicle has a complex mechanical microenvironment, which may regulate the function of not only tissue cells but also immune cell infiltrates. This suggests a potential for mechanobiology to contribute to alopecia research by adding new methods, new approaches, and new ways of thinking, which is missing in the existing literature. To fill this a gap in the alopecia research space, we develop a mechanobiological hypothesis that alterations in the hair follicle microenvironment, specifically in the mechanically responsive tissues and cells, partially due to loss of immune privilege, may be contributors to disease pathology. We further focus our discussion on the potential for applying mechanoimmunology to the study of T cell infiltrates in the hair follicle, as they are considered primary contributors to alopecia pathology. To establish the connection between the mechanoimmunological hypothesis and immune-mediated alopecia subtypes, we discuss what is known about the role of T cells in immune-mediated alopecia subtypes, using the most extensively studied AA as our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valencia E Watson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Bioengineering PhD Program, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Makala L Faniel
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Bioengineering PhD Program, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Loren D Krueger
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Bioengineering PhD Program, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Pontiggia L, Van Hengel IAJ, Klar A, Rütsche D, Nanni M, Scheidegger A, Figi S, Reichmann E, Moehrlen U, Biedermann T. Bioprinting and plastic compression of large pigmented and vascularized human dermo-epidermal skin substitutes by means of a new robotic platform. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221088513. [PMID: 35495096 PMCID: PMC9044789 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221088513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive availability of engineered autologous dermo-epidermal skin substitutes (DESS) with functional and structural properties of normal human skin represents a goal for the treatment of large skin defects such as severe burns. Recently, a clinical phase I trial with this type of DESS was successfully completed, which included patients own keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Yet, two important features of natural skin were missing: pigmentation and vascularization. The first has important physiological and psychological implications for the patient, the second impacts survival and quality of the graft. Additionally, accurate reproduction of large amounts of patient’s skin in an automated way is essential for upscaling DESS production. Therefore, in the present study, we implemented a new robotic unit (called SkinFactory) for 3D bioprinting of pigmented and pre-vascularized DESS using normal human skin derived fibroblasts, blood- and lymphatic endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and melanocytes. We show the feasibility of our approach by demonstrating the viability of all the cells after printing in vitro, the integrity of the reconstituted capillary network in vivo after transplantation to immunodeficient rats and the anastomosis to the vascular plexus of the host. Our work has to be considered as a proof of concept in view of the implementation of an extended platform, which fully automatize the process of skin substitution: this would be a considerable improvement of the treatment of burn victims and patients with severe skin lesions based on patients own skin derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pontiggia
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingmar AJ Van Hengel
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Klar
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Rütsche
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monica Nanni
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ernst Reichmann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Li L, Chen H, He S, Sa G. The adhesive heterogeneity of different compartments of oral mucosal rete ridges. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:413-419. [PMID: 34665894 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rete ridges play a critical role in maintaining epidermal structure and mechanical properties. Notably, rete ridges can be divided into three compartments: the base, slope and tip. The present study aims to explore whether these three compartments have distinct adhesive functions. We collected 28 normal masticatory mucosae to prepare paraffin-embedded sections. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent staining were used to analyse the expression pattern of integrin α6 and β4 in different compartments of the rete ridges. To observe whether the different compartments had distinct adhesive forces, dermal-epidermal junction separation experiments were performed by peeling the oral epithelium from the lamina propria after treatment with cold saline for 72 h. The results showed that integrin α6 and β4 prefer the basal layer keratinocytes closely adjacent to the base compartment of the rete ridges. The oral mucosal epithelium separated from the underlying lamina propria at the tip of rete ridges when they were peeled after the cold saline treatment. In conclusion, the adhesive force of the basal layer keratinocytes at the base of the rete ridges is stronger than at the tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sangang He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Sa
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Chen H, Luo T, He S, Sa G. Regulatory mechanism of oral mucosal rete peg formation. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:859-868. [PMID: 34463917 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rete pegs are finger-like structures that are formed during the development and wound healing process of the skin and oral mucosa, and they provide better mechanical resistance and nutritional supply between the epithelium and dermis. An increasing number of studies have shown that rete pegs have physiological functions, such as resisting bacterial invasion, body fluid loss, and other harmful changes, which indicate that rete pegs are important structures in natural skin and oral mucosa. Although a great deal of progress has been made in scaffold materials and construction methods for tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa in recent years, construction of the oral mucosa with functional rete pegs remains a major challenge. In this review, we summarized current research on the progress on formation of rete pegs in human oral mucosa as well as its molecular basis and regulatory mechanism, which might provide new ideas for functional construction of tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Sangang He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China.
| | - Guoliang Sa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China.
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11
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Lichtenberger BM, Kasper M. Cellular heterogeneity and microenvironmental control of skin cancer. J Intern Med 2021; 289:614-628. [PMID: 32976658 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Healthy tissues harbour a surprisingly high number of cells that carry well-known cancer-causing mutations without impacting their physiological function. In recent years, strong evidence accumulated that the immediate environment of mutant cells profoundly impact their prospect of malignant progression. In this review, focusing on the skin, we investigate potential key mechanisms that ensure tissue homeostasis despite the presence of mutant cells, as well as critical factors that may nudge the balance from homeostasis to tumour formation. Functional in vivo studies and single-cell transcriptome analyses have revealed a tremendous cellular heterogeneity and plasticity within epidermal (stem) cells and their respective niches, revealing for example wild-type epithelial cells, fibroblasts or immune-cell subsets as critical in preventing cancer formation and malignant progression. It's the same cells, however, that can drive carcinogenesis. Therefore, understanding the abundance and molecular variation of cell types in health and disease, and how they interact and modulate the local signalling environment will thus be key for new therapeutic avenues in our battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lichtenberger
- From the, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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12
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Wagner RN, Piñón Hofbauer J, Wally V, Kofler B, Schmuth M, De Rosa L, De Luca M, Bauer JW. Epigenetic and metabolic regulation of epidermal homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1009-1022. [PMID: 33600038 PMCID: PMC8359218 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuous exposure of the skin to environmental, mechanical and chemical stress necessitates constant self‐renewal of the epidermis to maintain its barrier function. This self‐renewal ability is attributed to epidermal stem cells (EPSCs), which are long‐lived, multipotent cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis. Epidermal homeostasis – coordinated proliferation and differentiation of EPSCs – relies on fine‐tuned adaptations in gene expression which in turn are tightly associated with specific epigenetic signatures and metabolic requirements. In this review, we will briefly summarize basic concepts of EPSC biology and epigenetic regulation with relevance to epidermal homeostasis. We will highlight the intricate interplay between mitochondrial energy metabolism and epigenetic events – including miRNA‐mediated mechanisms – and discuss how the loss of epigenetic regulation and epidermal homeostasis manifests in skin disease. Discussion of inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) and disorders of cornification will focus on evidence for epigenetic deregulation and failure in epidermal homeostasis, including stem cell exhaustion and signs of premature ageing. We reason that the epigenetic and metabolic component of epidermal homeostasis is significant and warrants close attention. Charting epigenetic and metabolic complexities also represents an important step in the development of future systemic interventions aimed at restoring epidermal homeostasis and ameliorating disease burden in severe skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland N Wagner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura De Rosa
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", Modena, Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Kalabusheva EP, Rippa AL, Tsitrina AA, Pinto A, Terskikh AV, Chermnykh ES, Vorotelyak EA. Xenotransplantation of a Full-Layer Human Skin Strip as a Model for Studying Skin Regeneration and the Hair Follicle Cycle. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Zhang L, Cen Y, Huang Q, Li H, Mo X, Meng W, Chen J. Computational flow cytometric analysis to detect epidermal subpopulations in human skin. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:22. [PMID: 33596908 PMCID: PMC7891025 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The detection and dissection of epidermal subgroups could lead to an improved understanding of skin homeostasis and wound healing. Flow cytometric analysis provides an effective method to detect the surface markers of epidermal cells while producing high-dimensional data files. Methods A 9-color flow cytometric panel was optimized to reveal the heterogeneous subgroups in the epidermis of human skin. The subsets of epidermal cells were characterized using automated methods based on dimensional reduction approaches (viSNE) and clustering with Spanning-tree Progression Analysis of Density-normalized Events (SPADE). Results The manual analysis revealed differences in epidermal distribution between body sites based on a series biaxial gating starting with the expression of CD49f and CD29. The computational analysis divided the whole epidermal cell population into 25 clusters according to the surface marker phenotype with SPADE. This automatic analysis delineated the differences between body sites. The consistency of the results was confirmed with PhenoGraph. Conclusion A multicolor flow cytometry panel with a streamlined computational analysis pipeline is a feasible approach to delineate the heterogeneity of the epidermis in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Cen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaorong Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentong Meng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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15
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Chen H, Li L, He S, Sa G. Podosome formation in the murine palatal mucosae: Its proteolytic role in rete peg formation. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151703. [PMID: 33600951 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basement membrane remodeling is an indispensable factor for oral mucosal rete peg formation, but how the basement membrane is remodeled remains unclear. Our previous study indicated that keratinocyte growth factor induces the assembly of podosomes, which are dynamic organelles critical for matrix remodeling in human immortalized oral epithelial cells. This study explores podosome formation and its role in basement membrane remodeling during murine oral mucosal rete peg formation. METHODS Perinatal murine palatal tissue slices were obtained from embryonic day 17.5 (E 17.5) to postnatal day 10.5 (P 10.5) BALB/c mice. Rete peg formation was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Proteolysis of the basement membrane was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The assembly of podosomes and their correlation with basement membrane proteolysis were investigated by laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS The shape of basal layer keratinocytes at the sites of emerging rete pegs changed from typically polygonal to spindle-shaped. Basement membrane proteolysis, indicated by decreased type IV collagen (Col IV) staining, was detected during rete peg formation. Classical markers for podosomes, including cortactin/Tks5, WASP, and matrix metalloproteinase foci, were easily observed at the spindle-shaped cells. Podosomes were visible in regions where there was a significant decrease in Col IV staining. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicated that podosomes form at the front of the emerging rete peg and may play a pivotal role in basement membrane remodeling during rete peg formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sangang He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guoliang Sa
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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16
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Spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression defines subpopulations of epidermal stem cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2839-2850. [PMID: 33170265 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The search for epidermal stem cells has gained the momentum as they possess unique biological characteristics and a potential in regeneration therapies. Several transcription factors and miRNAs have been identified as epidermal stem cell markers. However, the separation of epidermal stem cells from their progeny remains challenging. The introduction of single-cell transcriptomics pointed to the high degree of heterogeneity in epidermal stem cells imbedded within subpopulations of keratinocytes. Pseudotime inference, RNA velocity, and cellular entropy further enhanced our knowledge of stem cells, allowing for the discovery of the epidermal stem cell plasticity. We explore the main findings that lead to the discovery of the plastic trait within the epidermal stem cells and the implications of cell plasticity in regenerative medicine.
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17
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Roig-Rosello E, Rousselle P. The Human Epidermal Basement Membrane: A Shaped and Cell Instructive Platform That Aging Slowly Alters. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1607. [PMID: 33260936 PMCID: PMC7760980 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important functions of skin is to act as a protective barrier. To fulfill this role, the structural integrity of the skin depends on the dermal-epidermal junction-a complex network of extracellular matrix macromolecules that connect the outer epidermal layer to the underlying dermis. This junction provides both a structural support to keratinocytes and a specific niche that mediates signals influencing their behavior. It displays a distinctive microarchitecture characterized by an undulating pattern, strengthening dermal-epidermal connectivity and crosstalk. The optimal stiffness arising from the overall molecular organization, together with characteristic anchoring complexes, keeps the dermis and epidermis layers extremely well connected and capable of proper epidermal renewal and regeneration. Due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, a large number of structural and biological changes accompany skin aging. These changes progressively weaken the dermal-epidermal junction substructure and affect its functions, contributing to the gradual decline in overall skin physiology. Most changes involve reduced turnover or altered enzymatic or non-enzymatic post-translational modifications, compromising the mechanical properties of matrix components and cells. This review combines recent and older data on organization of the dermal-epidermal junction, its mechanical properties and role in mechanotransduction, its involvement in regeneration, and its fate during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Roig-Rosello
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS-Université Lyon 1, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France;
- Roger Gallet SAS, 4 rue Euler, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS-Université Lyon 1, SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France;
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18
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Wang S, Drummond ML, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Tarapore E, MacLean AL, Stabell AR, Wu SC, Gutierrez G, That BT, Benavente CA, Nie Q, Atwood SX. Single cell transcriptomics of human epidermis identifies basal stem cell transition states. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4239. [PMID: 32843640 PMCID: PMC7447770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How stem cells give rise to epidermis is unclear despite the crucial role the epidermis plays in barrier and appendage formation. Here we use single cell-RNA sequencing to interrogate basal stem cell heterogeneity of human interfollicular epidermis and find four spatially distinct stem cell populations at the top and bottom of rete ridges and transitional positions between the basal and suprabasal epidermal layers. Cell-cell communication modeling suggests that basal cell populations serve as crucial signaling hubs to maintain epidermal communication. Combining pseudotime, RNA velocity, and cellular entropy analyses point to a hierarchical differentiation lineage supporting multi-stem cell interfollicular epidermal homeostasis models and suggest that transitional basal stem cells are stable states essential for proper stratification. Finally, alterations in differentially expressed transitional basal stem cell genes result in severe thinning of human skin equivalents, validating their essential role in epidermal homeostasis and reinforcing the critical nature of basal stem cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Michael L Drummond
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Eric Tarapore
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Adam L MacLean
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Adam R Stabell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Stephanie C Wu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guadalupe Gutierrez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bao T That
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Claudia A Benavente
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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19
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Piedrafita G, Kostiou V, Wabik A, Colom B, Fernandez-Antoran D, Herms A, Murai K, Hall BA, Jones PH. A single-progenitor model as the unifying paradigm of epidermal and esophageal epithelial maintenance in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1429. [PMID: 32188860 PMCID: PMC7080751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In adult skin epidermis and the epithelium lining the esophagus cells are constantly shed from the tissue surface and replaced by cell division. Tracking genetically labelled cells in transgenic mice has given insight into cell behavior, but conflicting models appear consistent with the results. Here, we use an additional transgenic assay to follow cell division in mouse esophagus and the epidermis at multiple body sites. We find that proliferating cells divide at a similar rate, and place bounds on the distribution cell cycle times. By including these results in a common analytic approach, we show that data from eight lineage tracing experiments is consistent with tissue maintenance by a single population of proliferating cells. The outcome of a given cell division is unpredictable but, on average, the likelihood of producing proliferating and differentiating cells is equal, ensuring cellular homeostasis. These findings are key to understanding squamous epithelial homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Piedrafita
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, 29029, Spain
| | - Vasiliki Kostiou
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Albert Herms
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kasumi Murai
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Benjamin A Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
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20
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Helling AL, Viswanathan P, Cheliotis KS, Mobasseri SA, Yang Y, El Haj AJ, Watt FM. Dynamic Culture Substrates That Mimic the Topography of the Epidermal-Dermal Junction. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:214-223. [PMID: 30280972 PMCID: PMC6388717 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT In human skin the junction between the epidermis and dermis undulates. Epidermal stem cells pattern according to their position relative to those undulations. Here we describe a rig in which epidermal cells are cultured on a collagen-coated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) membrane. When a vacuum is applied the membrane is induced to undulate. Stem cells cluster in response to the vacuum, whereas differentiating cells do not. Rho kinase inhibition results in loss of clustering, suggesting a role for Rho family members in the process. This dynamic platform is a new tool for investigating changes in the skin with age and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen L Helling
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priyalakshmi Viswanathan
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina S Cheliotis
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seyedeh Atefeh Mobasseri
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Yang
- 2 Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- 2 Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Watt
- 1 Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Basal Cell Carcinoma Arises from Interfollicular Layer of Epidermis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2018; 2018:3098940. [PMID: 30356421 PMCID: PMC6178174 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3098940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background BCC is currently the most common type of skin cancer in humans. Although having a low-grade malignancy and metastatic potential, BCC is locally aggressive and destructive. Despite numerous studies, the origin of BCC, whether arising from the follicular or interfollicular layer, remains controversial. Objectives This study aims to evaluate whether BCC arises from the follicular or interfollicular layer by using immunohistochemical staining. Methods Twenty-three specimens of superficial and nodular BCC at its very early stage were examined. The samples were immunohistochemically stained using BerEP4 antibody. The stained specimens were then examined and scored by 2 independent observers. Results BerEP4 was found to be strongly positive in all BCC lesions, including a very early lesions budding off the basal layer of the epidermis. Conclusion This study confirmed that the origin site of BCC is basal layer of epidermis. This finding suggests that BCC arises from the interfollicular epidermis.
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22
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Chermnykh E, Kalabusheva E, Vorotelyak E. Extracellular Matrix as a Regulator of Epidermal Stem Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041003. [PMID: 29584689 PMCID: PMC5979429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells reside within the specific anatomic location, called niche, which is a microenvironment that interacts with stem cells to regulate their fate. Regulation of many important processes, including maintenance of stem cell quiescence, self-renewal, and homeostasis, as well as the regulation of division and differentiation, are common functions of the stem cell niche. As it was shown in multiple studies, extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes a lot to stem cell niches in various tissues, including that of skin. In epidermis, ECM is represented, primarily, by a highly specialized ECM structure, basement membrane (BM), which separates the epidermal and dermal compartments. Epidermal stem cells contact with BM, but when they lose the contact and migrate to the overlying layers, they undergo terminal differentiation. When considering all of these factors, ECM is of fundamental importance in regulating epidermal stem cells maintenance, proper mobilization, and differentiation. Here, we summarize the remarkable progress that has recently been made in the research of ECM role in regulating epidermal stem cell fate, paying special attention to the hair follicle stem cell niche. We show that the destruction of ECM components impairs epidermal stem cell morphogenesis and homeostasis. A deep understanding of ECM molecular structure as well as the development of in vitro system for stem cell maintaining by ECM proteins may bring us to developing new approaches for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Chermnykh
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Kalabusheva
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Petrović A, Petrović V, Jovanović D, Antović A, Milić M, Kocić H. LIGHT - MICROSCOPIC AND MORP HOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ARGYROPHILIC NUCLEOL AR ORGANIZING REGION S IN DEEP EPIDERMAL RIDGES OF HUMAN THICK SKIN. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2018. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lee P, Gund R, Dutta A, Pincha N, Rana I, Ghosh S, Witherden D, Kandyba E, MacLeod A, Kobielak K, Havran WL, Jamora C. Stimulation of hair follicle stem cell proliferation through an IL-1 dependent activation of γδT-cells. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29199946 PMCID: PMC5714500 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous wound-healing program is a product of a complex interplay among diverse cell types within the skin. One fundamental process that is mediated by these reciprocal interactions is the mobilization of local stem cell pools to promote tissue regeneration and repair. Using the ablation of epidermal caspase-8 as a model of wound healing in Mus musculus, we analyzed the signaling components responsible for epithelial stem cell proliferation. We found that IL-1α and IL-7 secreted from keratinocytes work in tandem to expand the activated population of resident epidermal γδT-cells. A downstream effect of activated γδT-cells is the preferential proliferation of hair follicle stem cells. By contrast, IL-1α-dependent stimulation of dermal fibroblasts optimally stimulates epidermal stem cell proliferation. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the regulation and function of epidermal cell–immune cell interactions and into how components that are classically associated with inflammation can differentially influence distinct stem cell niches within a tissue. The skin is a physical barrier that protects the body from the outside world. If the skin is injured, the body mounts a “wound healing” response to rapidly mend and restore this protective barrier. Wound healing is a complex process and relies on the different types of cells in the skin communicating with each other. Stem cells provide tissues, like the skin, with new cells. Normally, stem cells are in a resting or inactive state. Yet, during wound healing, stem cells near the injured area are awakened and start producing more cells to repair the wound. Understanding how stem cells become activated in a wound has proved challenging because only a small number of cells near a damaged site will respond, and it is difficult to distinguish their response from that of other cells slightly further away. Now, Lee et al. overcome this hurdle by analyzing a genetically engineered mouse in which the entire skin displays a wound healing response, even without any injury or trauma. In these mice, most of the stem cells in the skin are awakened from their normal resting state and behave as if there is a wound to heal. It turns out that a protein called interleukin-1, which is released from damaged skin cells known as keratinocytes, can activate two different groups of stem cells in the skin to help repair the injured tissue. One group lives in the hair follicle and is normally responsible for replacing the hair that falls from the body. Lee et al. found that when the skin is wounded interleukin-1 activates certain immune cells (called γδT-cells). These immune cells then awaken the resting stem cells in the hair follicle to multiply and travel to the wound site to repair the injury. The other group of stem cells resides in the outermost layer of the skin. Interleukin-1 can also activate so-called fibroblast cells, which then stimulate this second group of stem cells to divide and cover the open wound. Quickly healing wounds has many health benefits such as preventing infection and shortening the time to recover from an injury. These new findings may help to repair injured skin in diseases such as diabetes, where wounds can take months to heal and often leads to permanent tissue damage. The next challenge is to identify the cues that instruct the stem cells to travel to the wound site and turn into the specific cells that are required to replace the damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lee
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Rupali Gund
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhik Dutta
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Neha Pincha
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Isha Rana
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Subhasri Ghosh
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Deborah Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Eve Kandyba
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Amanda MacLeod
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
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Immunohistochemical distribution of Ki67 in epidermis of thick glabrous skin of human digits. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 310:85-93. [PMID: 29119273 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The glabrous skin on the flexor sides of hands and feet, compared to other integument regions, has thicker epidermis and more complex pattern of epidermal ridges, wherefore in microscopy is denominated as thick skin. The epidermis of this skin type has individually unique and permanent superficial patterns, called dermatoglyphics, which are maintained by regenerative potential of deep epidermal rete ridges, that interdigitate with adjacent dermis. Using light microscopy, we analyzed cadaveric big toes thick skin samples, described histology of deep epidermal ridges (intermediate, limiting, and transverse), and quantitatively evidenced their pattern of proliferation by immunohistochemical assessment of Ki67. Immunohistochemical distribution of Ki67 was confined to basal and suprabasal layers, with pattern of distribution specific for intermediate, limiting and transverse ridges that gradually transform within epidermal height. Deep epidermal ridges, interdigitating with dermal papillae, participate in construction of intricate epidermal base, whose possible role in epidermal regeneration was also discussed. Having a prominent morphology, this type of epidermis offers the best morphological insight in complexities of skin organization, and its understanding could challenge and improve currently accepted models of epidermal organization.
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D'Arcangelo D, Tinaburri L, Dellambra E. The Role of p16 INK4a Pathway in Human Epidermal Stem Cell Self-Renewal, Aging and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071591. [PMID: 28737694 PMCID: PMC5536078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is a self-renewing tissue. The balance between proliferation and differentiation processes is tightly regulated to ensure the maintenance of the stem cell (SC) population in the epidermis during life. Aging and cancer may be considered related endpoints of accumulating damages within epidermal self-renewing compartment. p16INK4a is a potent inhibitor of the G1/S-phase transition of the cell cycle. p16INK4a governs the processes of SC self-renewal in several tissues and its deregulation may result in aging or tumor development. Keratinocytes are equipped with several epigenetic enzymes and transcription factors that shape the gene expression signatures of different epidermal layers and allow dynamic and coordinated expression changes to finely balance keratinocyte self-renewal and differentiation. These factors converge their activity in the basal layer to repress p16INK4a expression, protecting cells from senescence, and preserving epidermal homeostasis and regeneration. Several stress stimuli may activate p16INK4a expression that orchestrates cell cycle exit and senescence response. In the present review, we discuss the role of p16INK4a regulators in human epidermal SC self-renewal, aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Arcangelo
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti (FLMM), via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Tinaburri
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti (FLMM), via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti (FLMM), via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
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27
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Tomaić V. Functional Roles of E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in HPV-Induced Malignancies at Diverse Anatomical Sites. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100095. [PMID: 27775564 PMCID: PMC5082385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect human epithelial cells, of which the alpha and beta types have been the most extensively studied. Alpha HPV types mainly infect mucosal epithelia and a small group of these causes over 600,000 cancers per year worldwide at various anatomical sites, especially anogenital and head-and-neck cancers. Of these the most important is cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in many parts of the world. Beta HPV types infect cutaneous epithelia and may contribute towards the initiation of non-melanoma skin cancers. HPVs encode two oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which are directly responsible for the development of HPV-induced carcinogenesis. They do this cooperatively by targeting diverse cellular pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle control, of apoptosis and of cell polarity control networks. In this review, the biological consequences of papillomavirus targeting of various cellular substrates at diverse anatomical sites in the development of HPV-induced malignancies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Tomaić
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Martin MT, Vulin A, Hendry JH. Human epidermal stem cells: Role in adverse skin reactions and carcinogenesis from radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:349-368. [PMID: 27919341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In human skin, keratinopoiesis is based on a functional hierarchy among keratinocytes, with rare slow-cycling stem cells responsible for the long-term maintenance of the tissue through their self-renewal potential, and more differentiated daughter progenitor cells actively cycling to permit epidermal renewal and turn-over every month. Skin is a radio-responsive tissue, developing all types of radiation damage and pathologies, including early tissue reactions such as dysplasia and denudation in epidermis, and later fibrosis in the dermis and acanthosis in epidermis, with the TGF-beta 1 pathway as a known master switch. Also there is a risk of basal cell carcinoma, which arises from epidermal keratinocytes, notably after oncogenic events in PTCH1 or TP53 genes. This review will cover the mechanisms of adverse human skin reactions and carcinogenesis after various types of exposures to ionizing radiation, with comparison with animal data when necessary, and will discuss the possible role of stem cells and their progeny in the development of these disorders. The main endpoints presented are basal cell intrinsic radiosensitivity, genomic stability, individual factors of risk, dose specific responses, major molecular pathways involved and the cellular origin of skin reactions and cancer. Although major advances have been obtained in recent years, the precise implications of epidermal stem cells and their progeny in these processes are not yet fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle T Martin
- CEA/DRF/IRCM/LGRK, 91057 Evry, France; INSERM U967, 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, Cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France.
| | - Adeline Vulin
- CEA/DRF/IRCM/LGRK, 91057 Evry, France; INSERM U967, 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, Cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France
| | - Jolyon H Hendry
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering, Christie Hospital and University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Rompolas P, Mesa KR, Kawaguchi K, Park S, Gonzalez D, Brown S, Boucher J, Klein AM, Greco V. Spatiotemporal coordination of stem cell commitment during epidermal homeostasis. Science 2016; 352:1471-4. [PMID: 27229141 PMCID: PMC4958018 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf7012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult tissues replace lost cells via pools of stem cells. However, the mechanisms of cell self-renewal, commitment, and functional integration into the tissue remain unsolved. Using imaging techniques in live mice, we captured the lifetime of individual cells in the ear and paw epidermis. Our data suggest that epidermal stem cells have equal potential to either divide or directly differentiate. Tracking stem cells over multiple generations reveals that cell behavior is not coordinated between generations. However, sibling cell fate and lifetimes are coupled. We did not observe regulated asymmetric cell divisions. Lastly, we demonstrated that differentiating stem cells integrate into preexisting ordered spatial units of the epidermis. This study elucidates how a tissue is maintained by both temporal and spatial coordination of stem cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kailin R. Mesa
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kyogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sangbum Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Samara Brown
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan Boucher
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Allon M. Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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30
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Peng H, Park JK, Katsnelson J, Kaplan N, Yang W, Getsios S, Lavker RM. microRNA-103/107 Family Regulates Multiple Epithelial Stem Cell Characteristics. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1642-56. [PMID: 25639731 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell niche is thought to affect cell cycle quiescence, proliferative capacity, and communication between stem cells and their neighbors. How these activities are controlled is not completely understood. Here we define a microRNA family (miRs-103/107) preferentially expressed in the stem cell-enriched limbal epithelium that regulates and integrates these stem cell characteristics. miRs-103/107 target the ribosomal kinase p90RSK2, thereby arresting cells in G0/G1 and contributing to a slow-cycling phenotype. Furthermore, miRs-103/107 increase the proliferative capacity of keratinocytes by targeting Wnt3a, which enhances Sox9 and YAP1 levels and thus promotes a stem cell phenotype. This miRNA family also regulates keratinocyte cell-cell communication by targeting: (a) the scaffolding protein NEDD9, preserving E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion; and (b) the tyrosine phosphatase PTPRM, which negatively regulates connexin 43-based gap junctions. We propose that such regulation of cell communication and adhesion molecules maintains the integrity of the stem cell niche ultimately preserving self-renewal, a hallmark of epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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31
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Mitchell SJ, Jeyapalina S, Nichols FR, Agarwal J, Bachus KN. Negative pressure wound therapy limits downgrowth in percutaneous devices. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:35-44. [PMID: 26487170 PMCID: PMC4805517 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a soft tissue seal around percutaneous devices is challenged by the downgrowth of periprosthetic tissues-a gateway to potential infection. As negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is used clinically to facilitate healing of complex soft tissue pathologies, it was hypothesized that NPWT could limit downgrowth of periprosthetic tissues. To test this hypothesis, 20 hairless guinea pigs were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 5/group). Using a One-Stage (Groups 1 and 3) or a Two-Stage (Groups 2 and 4) surgical procedure, each animal was implanted with a titanium-alloy subdermal device porous-coated with commercially pure, medical grade titanium. Each subdermal device had a smooth titanium-alloy percutaneous post. The One-Stage procedure encompassed insertion of a fully assembled device during a single surgery. The Two-Stage procedure involved the implantation of a subdermal device during the first surgery, and then three weeks later, insertion of a percutaneous post. Groups 1 and 2 served as untreated controls and Groups 3 and 4 received NPWT. Four weeks postimplantation of the post, the devices and surrounding tissues were harvested, and histologically evaluated for downgrowth. Within the untreated control groups, the Two-Stage surgical procedure significantly decreased downgrowth (p = 0.027) when compared with the One-Stage procedure. Independent of the surgical procedures performed, NPWT significantly limited downgrowth (p ≤ 0.05) when compared with the untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranne J. Mitchell
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Research Service, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sujee Jeyapalina
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Research Service, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Francesca R. Nichols
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Research Service, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jayant Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kent N. Bachus
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Research Service, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
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Hill DS, Robinson NDP, Caley MP, Chen M, O'Toole EA, Armstrong JL, Przyborski S, Lovat PE. A Novel Fully Humanized 3D Skin Equivalent to Model Early Melanoma Invasion. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2665-73. [PMID: 26330548 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remains incurable, emphasizing the acute need for improved research models to investigate the underlying biologic mechanisms mediating tumor invasion and metastasis, and to develop more effective targeted therapies to improve clinical outcome. Available animal models of melanoma do not accurately reflect human disease and current in vitro human skin equivalent models incorporating melanoma cells are not fully representative of the human skin microenvironment. We have developed a robust and reproducible, fully humanized three-dimensional (3D) skin equivalent comprising a stratified, terminally differentiated epidermis and a dermal compartment consisting of fibroblast-generated extracellular matrix. Melanoma cells incorporated into the epidermis were able to invade through the basement membrane and into the dermis, mirroring early tumor invasion in vivo. Comparison of our novel 3D melanoma skin equivalent with melanoma in situ and metastatic melanoma indicates that this model accurately recreates features of disease pathology, making it a physiologically representative model of early radial and vertical growth-phase melanoma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hill
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D P Robinson
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Caley
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London SMD, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Chen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edel A O'Toole
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London SMD, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane L Armstrong
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom. Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | - Penny E Lovat
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Human Papillomaviruses; Epithelial Tropisms, and the Development of Neoplasia. Viruses 2015; 7:3863-90. [PMID: 26193301 PMCID: PMC4517131 DOI: 10.3390/v7072802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses have evolved over many millions of years to propagate themselves at specific epithelial niches in a range of different host species. This has led to the great diversity of papillomaviruses that now exist, and to the appearance of distinct strategies for epithelial persistence. Many papillomaviruses minimise the risk of immune clearance by causing chronic asymptomatic infections, accompanied by long-term virion-production with only limited viral gene expression. Such lesions are typical of those caused by Beta HPV types in the general population, with viral activity being suppressed by host immunity. A second strategy requires the evolution of sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms, and allows some HPV types to cause prominent and persistent papillomas, even in immune competent individuals. Some Alphapapillomavirus types have evolved this strategy, including those that cause genital warts in young adults or common warts in children. These strategies reflect broad differences in virus protein function as well as differences in patterns of viral gene expression, with genotype-specific associations underlying the recent introduction of DNA testing, and also the introduction of vaccines to protect against cervical cancer. Interestingly, it appears that cellular environment and the site of infection affect viral pathogenicity by modulating viral gene expression. With the high-risk HPV gene products, changes in E6 and E7 expression are thought to account for the development of neoplasias at the endocervix, the anal and cervical transformation zones, and the tonsilar crypts and other oropharyngeal sites. A detailed analysis of site-specific patterns of gene expression and gene function is now prompted.
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Haftek M. 'Memory' of the stratum corneum: exploration of the epidermis' past. Br J Dermatol 2015; 171 Suppl 3:6-9. [PMID: 25234171 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) is the final product of the process of epidermal differentiation. Besides its crucial protective role as a physical permeability barrier, this composite structure made of cornified keratinocytes embedded in a layered lipid matrix is also, by nature, a tissue that keeps track of past events occurring in the outermost living layers. In normal human epidermis, formation of the SC is very rapid, and during this cornification process several structures expressed by the last granular layer of keratinocytes become entrapped and immobilized at the cells' periphery. Cell-cell junctions are obvious targets of transglutaminases that cross-link junctions' components within the corneocyte envelopes. Thus, desmosomes and tight junctions (TJs) in living cells become fixed at the corneocyte periphery and cannot be recycled anymore. We have quantified the TJ-like structures residing in the SC of human skin explants subjected to environmental stress and compared these results with fresh skin controls. Significant overexpression of TJ-like cell-cell envelope fusions has been observed in the stressed epidermis and in two different hereditary skin diseases characterized by increased SC cohesion. Quantitation of TJ-like structures has contributed to the interpretation of the diseases' physiopathology. Other examples of information retrieved from the SC concern fluctuating lipid expression in the course of atopic dermatitis and patterns of corneodesmosome breakdown influencing SC desquamation. It is, therefore, possible to analyse and quantify the traces left in the SC and to draw conclusions on the dynamics of living tissue over the past several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haftek
- University of Lyon 1, EA4169 'Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function', SFR Lyon-Est Santé INSERM US 7- CNRS UMS 3453, Lyon, France
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35
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Adams MP, Mallet DG, Pettet GJ. Towards a quantitative theory of epidermal calcium profile formation in unwounded skin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116751. [PMID: 25625723 PMCID: PMC4308082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose and mathematically examine a theory of calcium profile formation in unwounded mammalian epidermis based on: changes in keratinocyte proliferation, fluid and calcium exchange with the extracellular fluid during these cells’ passage through the epidermal sublayers, and the barrier functions of both the stratum corneum and tight junctions localised in the stratum granulosum. Using this theory, we develop a mathematical model that predicts epidermal sublayer transit times, partitioning of the epidermal calcium gradient between intracellular and extracellular domains, and the permeability of the tight junction barrier to calcium ions. Comparison of our model’s predictions of epidermal transit times with experimental data indicates that keratinocytes lose at least 87% of their volume during their disintegration to become corneocytes. Intracellular calcium is suggested as the main contributor to the epidermal calcium gradient, with its distribution actively regulated by a phenotypic switch in calcium exchange between keratinocytes and extracellular fluid present at the boundary between the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum. Formation of the extracellular calcium distribution, which rises in concentration through the stratum granulosum towards the skin surface, is attributed to a tight junction barrier in this sublayer possessing permeability to calcium ions that is less than 15 nm s−1 in human epidermis and less than 37 nm s−1 in murine epidermis. Future experimental work may refine the presented theory and reduce the mathematical uncertainty present in the model predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Adams
- Mathematical Sciences School and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel G. Mallet
- Mathematical Sciences School and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Pettet
- Mathematical Sciences School and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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36
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CD271 mediates stem cells to early progeny transition in human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:786-795. [PMID: 25330297 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD271 is the low-affinity neurotrophin (p75NTR) receptor that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Because in human epidermis, CD271 is predominantly expressed in transit-amplifying (TA) cells, we evaluated the role of this receptor in keratinocyte differentiation and in the transition from keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) to progeny. Calcium induced an upregulation of CD271 in subconfluent keratinocytes, which was prevented by CD271 small interfering RNA. Furthermore, CD271 overexpression provoked the switch of KSCs to TA cells, whereas silencing CD271 induced TA cells to revert to a KSC phenotype, as shown by the expression of β1-integrin and by the increased clonogenic ability. CD271(+) keratinocytes sorted from freshly isolated TA cells expressed more survivin and keratin 15 (K15) compared with CD271(-) cells and displayed a higher proliferative capacity. Early differentiation markers and K15 were more expressed in the skin equivalent generated from CD271(+) TA than from those derived from CD271(-) TA cells. By contrast, late differentiation markers were more expressed in skin equivalents from CD271(-) than in reconstructs from CD271(+) TA cells. Finally, skin equivalents originated from CD271(-) TA cells displayed a psoriatic phenotype. These results indicate that CD271 is critical for keratinocyte differentiation and regulates the transition from KSCs to TA cells.
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Symonette CJ, Kaur Mann A, Tan XC, Tolg C, Ma J, Perera F, Yazdani A, Turley EA. Hyaluronan-phosphatidylethanolamine polymers form pericellular coats on keratinocytes and promote basal keratinocyte proliferation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:727459. [PMID: 25276814 PMCID: PMC4172883 DOI: 10.1155/2014/727459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aged keratinocytes have diminished proliferative capacity and hyaluronan (HA) cell coats, which are losses that contribute to atrophic skin characterized by reduced barrier and repair functions. We formulated HA-phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine, HA-PE) polymers that form pericellular coats around cultured dermal fibroblasts independently of CD44 or RHAMM display. We investigated the ability of these HA-PE polymers to penetrate into aged mouse skin and restore epidermal function in vivo. Topically applied Alexa(647)-HA-PE penetrated into the epidermis and dermis, where it associated with both keratinocytes and fibroblasts. In contrast, Alexa(647)-HA was largely retained in the outer cornified layer of the epidermis and quantification of fluorescence confirmed that significantly more Alexa(647)-HA-PE penetrated into and was retained within the epidermis than Alexa(647)-HA. Multiple topical applications of HA-PE to shaved mouse skin significantly stimulated basal keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickness compared to HA or vehicle cream alone. HA-PE had no detectable effect on keratinocyte differentiation and did not promote local or systemic inflammation. These effects of HA-PE polymers are similar to those reported for endogenous epidermal HA in youthful skin and show that topical application of HA-PE polymers can restore some of the impaired functions of aged epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J. Symonette
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Aman Kaur Mann
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Room A4-931A, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada N6A 4L6
| | - Xiao Cherie Tan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Room A4-931A, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada N6A 4L6
| | - Cornelia Tolg
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Room A4-931A, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada N6A 4L6
| | - Jenny Ma
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Room A4-931A, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada N6A 4L6
| | - Francisco Perera
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Room A4-931A, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada N6A 4L6
| | - Arjang Yazdani
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
- London Health Science Center, Victoria Hospital, Room E2-647, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada N6A 4G5
| | - Eva A. Turley
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Room A4-931A, 790 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada N6A 4L6
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38
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Candi E, Amelio I, Agostini M, Melino G. MicroRNAs and p63 in epithelial stemness. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:12-21. [PMID: 25168241 PMCID: PMC4262770 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that suppress the expression of protein-coding genes by repressing protein translation. Although the roles that miRs and the miR processing machinery have in regulating epithelial stem cell biology are not fully understood, their fundamental contributions to these processes have been demonstrated over the last few years. The p53-family member p63 is an essential transcription factor for epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis. p63 functions as a determinant for keratinocyte cell fate and helps to regulate the balance between stemness, differentiation and senescence. An important factor that regulates p63 function is the reciprocal interaction between p63 and miRs. Some miRs control p63 expression, and p63 regulates the miR expression profile in the epidermis. p63 controls miR expression at different levels. It directly regulates the transcription of several miRs and indirectly regulates their processing by regulating the expression of the miR processing components Dicer and DGCR8. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on the miR–p63 interaction in epidermal biology, particularly focusing on the ΔNp63-dependent regulation of DGCR8 recently described in the ΔNp63−/− mouse. We provide a unified view of the current knowledge and discuss the apparent discrepancies and perspective therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Candi
- 1] Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, Rome 00133, Italy [2] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - I Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - M Agostini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - G Melino
- 1] Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, Rome 00133, Italy [2] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy [3] Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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39
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Hsu YC, Li L, Fuchs E. Emerging interactions between skin stem cells and their niches. Nat Med 2014; 20:847-56. [PMID: 25100530 PMCID: PMC4358898 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin protects mammals from insults, infection and dehydration and enables thermoregulation and sensory perception. Various skin-resident cells carry out these diverse functions. Constant turnover of cells and healing upon injury necessitate multiple reservoirs of stem cells. Thus, the skin provides a model for studying interactions between stem cells and their microenvironments, or niches. Advances in genetic and imaging tools have brought new findings about the lineage relationships between skin stem cells and their progeny and about the mutual influences between skin stem cells and their niches. Such knowledge may offer novel avenues for therapeutics and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chieh Hsu
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. [2]
| | - Lishi Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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40
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Mechanisms of natural gene therapy in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2097-2104. [PMID: 24577406 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Revertant mosaicism has been reported in several inherited diseases, including the genetic skin fragility disorder epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Here, we describe the largest cohort of seven patients with revertant mosaicism and dystrophic EB (DEB), associated with mutations in the COL7A1 gene, and determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. We show that revertant mosaicism occurs both in autosomal dominantly and recessively inherited DEB. We found that null mutations resulting in complete loss of collagen VII and severe disease, as well as missense or splice-site mutations associated with some preserved collagen VII function and a milder phenotype, were corrected by revertant mosaicism. The mutation, subtype, and severity of the disease are thus not decisive for the presence of revertant mosaicism. Although collagen VII is synthesized and secreted by both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, evidence for reversion was only found in keratinocytes. The reversion mechanisms included back mutations/mitotic recombinations in 70% of the cases and second-site mutations affecting splicing in 30%. We conclude that revertant mosaicism is more common than previously assumed in patients with DEB, and our findings will have implications for future therapeutic strategies using the patient's naturally corrected cells as a source for cell-based therapies.
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41
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Abstract
Lineage tracing involves labeling cells to track their subsequent behavior within the normal tissue environment. The advent of genetic lineage tracing and cell proliferation assays, together with high resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging and quantitative methods to infer cell behavior from lineage-tracing data, has transformed our understanding of murine epidermal stem and progenitor cells. Here, we review recent insights that reveal how a progenitor cell population maintains interfollicular epidermis, whereas stem cells, quiescent under homeostatic conditions, are mobilized in response to wounding. We discuss progress in understanding how the various stem cell populations of the hair follicle sustain this complex and highly dynamic structure, and recent analysis of stem cells in sweat and sebaceous glands. The extent to which insights from mouse studies can be applied to human epidermis is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Alcolea
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
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42
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Xiong X, Wu T, He S. Physical forces make rete ridges in oral mucosa. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:883-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Li X, Upadhyay AK, Bullock AJ, Dicolandrea T, Xu J, Binder RL, Robinson MK, Finlay DR, Mills KJ, Bascom CC, Kelling CK, Isfort RJ, Haycock JW, MacNeil S, Smallwood RH. Skin stem cell hypotheses and long term clone survival--explored using agent-based modelling. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1904. [PMID: 23712735 PMCID: PMC3664904 DOI: 10.1038/srep01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial renewal in skin is achieved by the constant turnover and differentiation of keratinocytes. Three popular hypotheses have been proposed to explain basal keratinocyte regeneration and epidermal homeostasis: 1) asymmetric division (stem-transit amplifying cell); 2) populational asymmetry (progenitor cell with stochastic fate); and 3) populational asymmetry with stem cells. In this study, we investigated lineage dynamics using these hypotheses with a 3D agent-based model of the epidermis. The model simulated the growth and maintenance of the epidermis over three years. The offspring of each proliferative cell was traced. While all lineages were preserved in asymmetric division, the vast majority were lost when assuming populational asymmetry. The third hypothesis provided the most reliable mechanism for self-renewal by preserving genetic heterogeneity in quiescent stem cells, and also inherent mechanisms for skin ageing and the accumulation of genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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44
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Genetic correction of stem cells in the treatment of inherited diseases and focus on xeroderma pigmentosum. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20019-36. [PMID: 24113582 PMCID: PMC3821600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic stem cells ensure tissue renewal along life and healing of injuries. Their safe isolation, genetic manipulation ex vivo and reinfusion in patients suffering from life threatening immune deficiencies (for example, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)) have demonstrated the efficacy of ex vivo gene therapy. Similarly, adult epidermal stem cells have the capacity to renew epidermis, the fully differentiated, protective envelope of our body. Stable skin replacement of severely burned patients have proven life saving. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a devastating disease due to severe defects in the repair of mutagenic DNA lesions introduced upon exposure to solar radiations. Most patients die from the consequences of budding hundreds of skin cancers in the absence of photoprotection. We have developed a safe procedure of genetic correction of epidermal stem cells isolated from XP patients. Preclinical and safety assessments indicate successful correction of XP epidermal stem cells in the long term and their capacity to regenerate a normal skin with full capacities of DNA repair.
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45
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Szabo AZ, Fong S, Yue L, Zhang K, Strachan LR, Scalapino K, Mancianti ML, Ghadially R. The CD44+ ALDH+ population of human keratinocytes is enriched for epidermal stem cells with long-term repopulating ability. Stem Cells 2013; 31:786-99. [PMID: 23335266 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Like for other somatic tissues, isolation of a pure population of stem cells has been a primary goal in epidermal biology. We isolated discrete populations of freshly obtained human neonatal keratinocytes (HNKs) using previously untested candidate stem cell markers aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and CD44 as well as the previously studied combination of integrin α6 and CD71. An in vivo transplantation assay combined with limiting dilution analysis was used to quantify enrichment for long-term repopulating cells in the isolated populations. The ALDH(+) CD44(+) population was enriched 12.6-fold for long-term repopulating epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) and the integrin α6(hi) CD71(lo) population was enriched 5.6-fold, over unfractionated cells. In addition to long-term repopulation, CD44(+) ALDH(+) keratinocytes exhibited other stem cell properties. CD44(+) ALDH(+) keratinocytes had self-renewal ability, demonstrated by increased numbers of cells expressing nuclear Bmi-1, serial transplantation of CD44(+) ALDH(+) cells, and holoclone formation in vitro. CD44(+) ALDH(+) cells were multipotent, producing greater numbers of hair follicle-like structures than CD44(-) ALDH(-) cells. Furthermore, 58% ± 7% of CD44(+) ALDH(+) cells exhibited label-retention. In vitro, CD44(+) ALDH(+) cells showed enhanced colony formation, in both keratinocyte and embryonic stem cell growth media. In summary, the CD44(+) ALDH(+) population exhibits stem cell properties including long-term epidermal regeneration, multipotency, label retention, and holoclone formation. This study shows that it is possible to quantify the relative number of EpiSCs in human keratinocyte populations using long-term repopulation as a functional test of stem cell nature. Future studies will combine isolation strategies as dictated by the results of quantitative transplantation assays, in order to achieve a nearly pure population of EpiSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Z Szabo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service, San Francisco, California, USA
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46
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Solanas G, Benitah SA. Regenerating the skin: a task for the heterogeneous stem cell pool and surrounding niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:737-48. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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47
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Hida T, Yamashita T. Pigmented mammary Paget's disease presenting with dermoscopic features of multiple dots. Australas J Dermatol 2013; 55:260-2. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokimasa Hida
- Department of Dermatology; Sapporo Medical University; Sapporo Japan
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48
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Wu T, Xiong X, Zhang W, Zou H, Xie H, He S. Morphogenesis of Rete Ridges in Human Oral Mucosa: A Pioneering Morphological and Immunohistochemical Study. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:239-48. [DOI: 10.1159/000342926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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49
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Isolation and cultivation of human scalp interfollicular epidermal stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 989:11-9. [PMID: 23483383 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-330-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Skin regeneration is intricately controlled by epidermal stem cells. In human skin, the long-lived, slow-cycling, and highly proliferative stem cells are located in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis (IFE). The ability to isolate and culture human IFE stem cells (IFESCs) offers fascinating therapeutic potential for skin diseases as well as epithelial tissue engineering. Here we describe a straightforward strategy for generation of β1 integrin(+)/CD24(-) IFESCs from scalp with defined, serum-free, feeder-free medium and collagen I-coated culture plates. The use of defined media throughout isolation and cultivation allows for detailed investigation of the molecular events involved in ESC self-renewal and differentiation as well as provides a safe source for clinical use.
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50
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Mascré G, Dekoninck S, Drogat B, Youssef KK, Broheé S, Sotiropoulou PA, Simons BD, Blanpain C. Distinct contribution of stem and progenitor cells to epidermal maintenance. Nature 2012; 489:257-62. [PMID: 22940863 DOI: 10.1038/nature11393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The skin interfollicular epidermis (IFE) is the first barrier against the external environment and its maintenance is critical for survival. Two seemingly opposite theories have been proposed to explain IFE homeostasis. One posits that IFE is maintained by long-lived slow-cycling stem cells that give rise to transit-amplifying cell progeny, whereas the other suggests that homeostasis is achieved by a single committed progenitor population that balances stochastic fate. Here we probe the cellular heterogeneity within the IFE using two different inducible Cre recombinase–oestrogen receptor constructs targeting IFE progenitors in mice. Quantitative analysis of clonal fate data and proliferation dynamics demonstrate the existence of two distinct proliferative cell compartments arranged in a hierarchy involving slow-cycling stem cells and committed progenitor cells. After wounding, only stem cells contribute substantially to the repair and long-term regeneration of the tissue, whereas committed progenitor cells make a limited contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Mascré
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
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