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Tu H, Li H, Wang Y, Niyyati M, Wang Y, Leshin J, Levine M. Low Red Blood Cell Vitamin C Concentrations Induce Red Blood Cell Fragility: A Link to Diabetes Via Glucose, Glucose Transporters, and Dehydroascorbic Acid. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1735-50. [PMID: 26870799 PMCID: PMC4740302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to prevent diabetic microvascular angiopathy focus on the vascular endothelium. Because red blood cells (RBCs) are less deformable in diabetes, we explored an original concept linking decreased RBC deformability to RBC ascorbate and hyperglycemia. We characterized ascorbate concentrations from human and mouse RBCs and plasma, and showed an inverse relationship between RBC ascorbate concentrations and deformability, measured by osmotic fragility. RBCs from ascorbate deficient mice were osmotically sensitive, appeared as spherocytes, and had decreased β-spectrin. These aberrancies reversed with ascorbate repletion in vivo. Under physiologic conditions, only ascorbate's oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), a substrate for facilitated glucose transporters, was transported into mouse and human RBCs, with immediate intracellular reduction to ascorbate. In vitro, glucose inhibited entry of physiologic concentrations of dehydroascorbic acid into mouse and human RBCs. In vivo, plasma glucose concentrations in normal and diabetic mice and humans were inversely related to respective RBC ascorbate concentrations, as was osmotic fragility. Human RBC β-spectrin declined as diabetes worsened. Taken together, hyperglycemia in diabetes produced lower RBC ascorbate with increased RBC rigidity, a candidate to drive microvascular angiopathy. Because glucose transporter expression, DHA transport, and its inhibition by glucose differed for mouse versus human RBCs, human experimentation is indicated.
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Key Words
- 3-O-MG, 3-O-methylglucose
- AA, ascorbic acid
- Ascorbic Acid
- DHA, dehydroascorbic acid
- Dehydroascorbic Acid
- Diabetes
- GLUT, facilitated glucose transporter
- Glucose Transport
- Gulo-/-, gulonolactone oxidase knockout mouse unable to synthesize ascorbate
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RIPA, Western blot cell lysis buffer
- Red Blood Cells
- SVCT, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter
- TCEP, Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
- WT, wildtype mouse
- β-Spectrin
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Tu
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIDDK, NIH)
| | - Hongyan Li
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIDDK, NIH)
| | - Yu Wang
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIDDK, NIH)
| | - Mahtab Niyyati
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIDDK, NIH)
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIDDK, NIH)
| | - Jonathan Leshin
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIDDK, NIH)
| | - Mark Levine
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIDDK, NIH)
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