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Quicke DLJ, Ghafouri Moghaddam M, Butcher BA. Dietary Challenges for Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea); Coping with Toxic Hosts, or Not? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:424. [PMID: 37505693 PMCID: PMC10467097 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insects defend themselves against predation by being distasteful or toxic. The chemicals involved may be sequestered from their diet or synthesized de novo in the insects' body tissues. Parasitoid wasps are a diverse group of insects that play a critical role in regulating their host insect populations such as lepidopteran caterpillars. The successful parasitization of caterpillars by parasitoid wasps is contingent upon their aptitude for locating and selecting suitable hosts, thereby determining their efficacy in parasitism. However, some hosts can be toxic to parasitoid wasps, which can pose challenges to their survival and reproduction. Caterpillars employ a varied array of defensive mechanisms to safeguard themselves against natural predators, particularly parasitoid wasps. These defenses are deployed pre-emptively, concurrently, or subsequently during encounters with such natural enemies. Caterpillars utilize a range of strategies to evade detection or deter and evade attackers. These tactics encompass both measures to prevent being noticed and mechanisms aimed at repelling or eluding potential threats. Post-attack strategies aim to eliminate or incapacitate the eggs or larvae of parasitoids. In this review, we investigate the dietary challenges faced by parasitoid wasps when encountering toxic hosts. We first summarize the known mechanisms through which insect hosts can be toxic to parasitoids and which protect caterpillars from parasitization. We then discuss the dietary adaptations and physiological mechanisms that parasitoid wasps have evolved to overcome these challenges, such as changes in feeding behavior, detoxification enzymes, and immune responses. We present new analyses of all published parasitoid-host records for the Ichneumonoidea that attack Lepidoptera caterpillars and show that classically toxic host groups are indeed hosts to significantly fewer species of parasitoid than most other lepidopteran groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Buntika A. Butcher
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.L.J.Q.); (M.G.M.)
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de Alvarenga AMSB, Borges ME, Jorge LR, Varassin IG, Araújo SBL. Consumers' active choice behaviour promotes coevolutionary units in antagonistic networks. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:134-145. [PMID: 34758181 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individual behaviour and local context can influence the evolution of ecological interactions and how they structure into networks. In trophic interactions, consumers can increase their fitness by actively choosing resources that they are more likely to explore successfully. Mathematical modelling is often employed in theoretical studies to understand the coevolutionary dynamics between consumers and resources. However, they often disregard the individual consumer behaviour since the complexity of these systems usually requires simplifying assumptions about interaction details. Using an individual-based model, we model a community of several species that interact antagonistically. Each individual has a trait (attack or defence) that is explicitly modelled and the probability of the interaction to occur successfully increases with increased trait-matching. In addition, consumers can actively choose resources that guarantee greater fitness. We show that active consumer choice can generate coevolutionary units over time. It means that the traits of both consumers and resources converge into multiple groups with similar traits and the species interactions stay restricted to these groups over time. We also observed that network structure is more dependent on the parameter that delimits active consumer choice than on the intensity of selective pressure. Thus, our results support the idea that consumer active choice behaviour plays an important role in the ecological and evolutionary processes that structure interacting communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonardo Ré Jorge
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Isabela Galarda Varassin
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Borges Lino Araújo
- Laboratório de Interações Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Silva-Brandão KL, Freitas AVL, Cardoso MZ, Cogni R, de Morais ABB. The Chemistry and Chemical Ecology of Lepidopterans as Investigated in Brazil. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 116:37-66. [PMID: 34698945 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80560-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The interdisciplinary field of Chemical Ecology in Brazil is currently composed of groups that emerged through the pioneering studies of Keith Spalding Brown Jr. and José Tércio Barbosa Ferreira. Following Keith Brown 's steps, José Roberto Trigo continued investigating the role of plant natural products in mediating the association among insects and their host plants, mainly in the Order Lepidoptera. The role of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in those associations was investigated extensively by Brown and Trigo, and most of what is currently known on this subject is based on their studies. The present work acknowledges their contribution to the Brazilian chemical ecology field and on insect-plant communication studies mediated by different chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Silva-Brandão
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Candido Rondom, 400, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - André V L Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu da Diversidade Biológica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Zikán Cardoso
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cogni
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-090, Brazil
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Hippee AC, Beer MA, Bagley RK, Condon MA, Kitchen A, Lisowski EA, Norrbom AL, Forbes AA. Host shifting and host sharing in a genus of specialist flies diversifying alongside their sunflower hosts. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:364-379. [PMID: 33190382 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congeneric parasites are unlikely to specialize on the same tissues of the same host species, likely because of strong multifarious selection against niche overlap. Exceptions where >1 congeneric species use the same tissues reveal important insights into ecological factors underlying the origins and maintenance of diversity. Larvae of sunflower maggot flies in the genus Strauzia feed on plants in the family Asteraceae. Although Strauzia tend to be host specialists, some species specialize on the same hosts. To resolve the origins of host sharing among these specialist flies, we used reduced representation genomic sequencing to infer the first multilocus phylogeny of genus Strauzia. Our results show that Helianthus tuberosus and Helianthus grosseserratus each host three different Strauzia species and that the flies co-occurring on a host are not one another's closest relatives. Though this pattern implies that host sharing is most likely the result of host shifts, these may not all be host shifts in the conventional sense of an insect moving onto an entirely new plant. Many hosts of Strauzia belong to a clade of perennial sunflowers that arose 1-2 MYA and are noted for frequent introgression and hybrid speciation events. Our divergence time estimates for all of the Helianthus-associated Strauzia are within this same time window (<1 MYA), suggesting that rapid and recent adaptive introgression and speciation in Helianthus may have instigated the diversification of Strauzia, with some flies converging upon a single plant host after their respective ancestral host plants hybridized to form a new sunflower species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaine C Hippee
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marc A Beer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Robin K Bagley
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Lima, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Marty A Condon
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA, USA
| | - Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Allen L Norrbom
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, PSI, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Nakayama T, Honda K. An Oviposition Stimulant for a Magnoliaceae-Feeding Swallowtail Butterfly, Graphium doson, from its Primary Host Plant, Michelia compressa. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:926-933. [PMID: 31758292 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemical examination of plant constituents responsible for oviposition by a Magnoliaceae-feeding butterfly, Graphium doson, was conducted using its major host plant, Michelia compressa. A methanol extract prepared from young leaves of the plant elicited a strong oviposition response from females. The methanolic extract was then separated by solvent partition into three fractions: CHCl3, i-BuOH, and aqueous fractions. Active substance(s) resided in both i-BuOH- and water-soluble fractions. Bioassay-guided further fractionation of the water-soluble substances by means of various chromatographic techniques led to the isolation of an oviposition stimulant. The stimulant was identified as D-(+)-pinitol on the basis of 13C NMR spectra and physicochemical properties. D-(+)-Pinitol singly exhibited a moderate oviposition-stimulatory activity at a dose of 150 μg/cm2. This compound was present also in another host plant, Magnolia grandiflora, in a sufficient amount to induce oviposition behavior of G. doson females. Certain cyclitols including D-(+)-pinitol have been reported to be involved in stimulation of oviposition by some Aristolochiaceae- and Rutaceae-feeding papilionid butterflies. A possible pathway of phytochemical-mediated host shifts in the Papilionidae, in which certain cyclitols could enact important mediators, is discussed in relation to the evolution of cyclitol biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Nakayama
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.,Drug Engineering division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-1, Ukima, 5-Chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
| | - Keiichi Honda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8528, Japan. .,Saijo Ecology Institute, 1387-38 Iida, Hachihonmatsu, Higashihiroshima, 739-0141, Japan.
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Patterns of Lepidoptera herbivory on conifers in the New World. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Swanson EM, Espeset A, Mikati I, Bolduc I, Kulhanek R, White WA, Kenzie S, Snell-Rood EC. Nutrition shapes life-history evolution across species. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20152764. [PMID: 27412282 PMCID: PMC4947880 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is a key component of life-history theory, yet we know little about how diet quality shapes life-history evolution across species. Here, we test whether quantitative measures of nutrition are linked to life-history evolution across 96 species of butterflies representing over 50 independent diet shifts. We find that butterflies feeding on high nitrogen host plants as larvae are more fecund, but their eggs are smaller relative to their body size. Nitrogen and sodium content of host plants are also both positively related to eye size. Some of these relationships show pronounced lineage-specific effects. Testis size is not related to nutrition. Additionally, the evolutionary timing of diet shifts is not important, suggesting that nutrition affects life histories regardless of the length of time a species has been adapting to its diet. Our results suggest that, at least for some lineages, species with higher nutrient diets can invest in a range of fitness-related traits like fecundity and eye size while allocating less to each egg as offspring have access to a richer diet. These results have important implications for the evolution of life histories in the face of anthropogenic changes in nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli M Swanson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Anne Espeset
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA Department of Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89509, USA
| | - Ihab Mikati
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Isaac Bolduc
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Robert Kulhanek
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - William A White
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Susan Kenzie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Condamine FL, Silva-Brandão KL, Kergoat GJ, Sperling FAH. Biogeographic and diversification patterns of Neotropical Troidini butterflies (Papilionidae) support a museum model of diversity dynamics for Amazonia. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:82. [PMID: 22690927 PMCID: PMC3464124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The temporal and geographical diversification of Neotropical insects remains poorly understood because of the complex changes in geological and climatic conditions that occurred during the Cenozoic. To better understand extant patterns in Neotropical biodiversity, we investigated the evolutionary history of three Neotropical swallowtail Troidini genera (Papilionidae). First, DNA-based species delimitation analyses were conducted to assess species boundaries within Neotropical Troidini using an enlarged fragment of the standard barcode gene. Molecularly delineated species were then used to infer a time-calibrated species-level phylogeny based on a three-gene dataset and Bayesian dating analyses. The corresponding chronogram was used to explore their temporal and geographical diversification through distinct likelihood-based methods. RESULTS The phylogeny for Neotropical Troidini was well resolved and strongly supported. Molecular dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that the extant lineages of Neotropical Troidini have a late Eocene (33-42 Ma) origin in North America. Two independent lineages (Battus and Euryades+Parides) reached South America via the GAARlandia temporary connection, and later became extinct in North America. They only began substantive diversification during the early Miocene in Amazonia. Macroevolutionary analysis supports the "museum model" of diversification, rather than Pleistocene refugia, as the best explanation for the diversification of these lineages. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that: (i) current Neotropical biodiversity may have originated ex situ; (ii) the GAARlandia bridge was important in facilitating invasions of South America; (iii) colonization of Amazonia initiated the crown diversification of these swallowtails; and (iv) Amazonia is not only a species-rich region but also acted as a sanctuary for the dynamics of this diversity. In particular, Amazonia probably allowed the persistence of old lineages and contributed to the steady accumulation of diversity over time with constant net diversification rates, a result that contrasts with previous studies on other South American butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien L Condamine
- INRA, UMR Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, CBGP, (INRA/IRD/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- CNRS, UMR 7641 Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées (École Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Karina L Silva-Brandão
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Padua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 13418-900
| | - Gael J Kergoat
- INRA, UMR Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, CBGP, (INRA/IRD/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Felix AH Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
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Fordyce JA. Host shifts and evolutionary radiations of butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:3735-43. [PMID: 20610430 PMCID: PMC2992698 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlich and Raven proposed a model of coevolution where major host plant shifts of butterflies facilitate a burst of diversification driven by their arrival to a new adaptive zone. One prediction of this model is that reconstructions of historical diversification of butterflies should indicate an increase in diversification rate following major host shifts. Using reconstructed histories of 15 butterfly groups, I tested this prediction and found general agreement with Ehrlich and Raven's model. Butterfly lineages with an inferred major historical host shift showed evidence of diversification rate variation, with a significant acceleration following the host shift. Lineages without an inferred major host shift generally agreed with a constant-rate model of diversification. These results are consistent with the view that host plant associations have played a profound role in the evolutionary history of butterflies, and show that major shifts to chemically distinct plant groups leave a historical footprint that remains detectable today.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Reichard M, Polačik M, Tarkan AS, Spence R, Gaygusuz O, Ercan E, Ondračková M, Smith C. The bitterling-mussel coevolutionary relationship in areas of recent and ancient sympatry. Evolution 2010; 64:3047-56. [PMID: 20482611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite relationships are often characterized by the rapid evolution of parasite adaptations to exploit their host, and counteradaptations in the host to avoid the costs imposed by parasitism. Hence, the current coevolutionary state between a parasite and its hosts is predicted to vary according to the history of sympatry and local abundance of interacting species. We compared a unique reciprocal coevolutionary relationship of a fish, the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) and freshwater mussels (Unionidae) between areas of recent (Central Europe) and ancient (Turkey) sympatry. Bitterling parasitize freshwater mussels by laying their eggs in the gills of mussel and, in turn, mussel larvae (glochidia) parasitize the fish. We found that all bitterling from both regions avoided one mussel species. Preferences among other mussel species tended to be related to local mussel abundance rather than duration of sympatry. Individual fish were not consistent in their oviposition choices, precluding the evolution of host-specific lineages. Mussels were demonstrated to have evolved strong defenses to bitterling parasitism in the area of ancient sympatry, but have no such defenses in the large areas of Europe where bitterling are currently invasive. Bitterling avoided glochidia infection irrespective of the duration of sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reichard
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom.
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Forero D. Revision and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hadronema Group (Miridae: Orthotylinae: Orthotylini), With Descriptions of New Genera and New Species, and Comments on the Neotropical Genus Tupimiris. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2008. [DOI: 10.1206/312.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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