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Gural-Sverlova N, Gural R. Shell colouration and different introductions of the land snail Cepaea hortensis (Gastropoda: Helicidae) into Western Ukraine. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.030.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary introduction of C. hortensis into Western Ukraine, most likely in the second half of the 20th century, led to the formation of many populations characterised not only by a reduced phenotypic composition, but also by a peculiar phenotypic marker (absence of banded shells with a non-white ground colour). White banded shells, common in Western Ukraine, are also found in different parts of the present species range, but less frequently than yellow banded ones. When studying the shell colour and banding polymorphism in C. hortensis, white shells are often combined into one group with yellow ones. Therefore, the findings of these two phenotypes as well as white unbanded shells in Europe were mapped based on the analysis of more than 7 thousand photographs from citizen science database iNaturalist. The results of later introductions of C. hortensis to Western Ukraine, which may occur through different garden centres, are easily distinguished by the presence of yellow banded and/or pink shells. And the presence of a dark lip in all pink shells can be a phenotypic marker of snails, whose ancestors were introduced to the west of Ukraine through the garden centre “Club of Plants” near Lviv. Only near this garden centre were also found three brown-shelled snails not known for other introduced Eastern European populations of C. hortensis.
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Proćków M, Kuźnik-Kowalska E, Żeromska A, Mackiewicz P. Temporal variation in climatic factors influences phenotypic diversity of Trochulus land snails. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12357. [PMID: 35853920 PMCID: PMC9296580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms with limited dispersal capabilities should show phenotypic plasticity in situ to keep pace with environmental changes. Therefore, to study the influence of environmental variation on the phenotypic diversity, we chose land snails, Trochulus hispidus and T. sericeus, characterized by high population variability. We performed long-term field studies as well as laboratory and common garden experiments, which revealed that temporal environmental changes generate visible variation in shell size and shape of these snails. Many shell measurements of T. hispidus varied significantly with temperature and humidity in individual years. According to this, the first generation of T. hispidus, bred in controlled laboratory conditions, became significantly different in higher spire and narrower umbilicus from its wild parents. Interestingly, offspring produced by this generation and transplanted to wild conditions returned to the ‘wild’ flat and wide-umbilicated shell shape. Moreover, initially different species T. hispidus and T. sericeus transferred into common environment conditions revealed rapid and convergent shell modifications within one generation. Such morphological flexibility and high genetic variation can be evolutionarily favored, when the environment is heterogeneous in time. The impact of climate change on the shell morphometry can lead to incorrect taxonomic classification or delimitation of artificial taxa in land snails. These findings have also important implications in the context of changing climate and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Proćków
- Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland. .,Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Kuźnik-Kowalska
- Department of Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Żeromska
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Köhler H, Capowiez Y, Mazzia C, Eckstein H, Kaczmarek N, Bilton MC, Burmester JKY, Capowiez L, Chueca LJ, Favilli L, Florit Gomila J, Manganelli G, Mazzuca S, Moreno‐Rueda G, Peschke K, Piro A, Quintana Cardona J, Sawallich L, Staikou AE, Thomassen HA, Triebskorn R. Experimental simulation of environmental warming selects against pigmented morphs of land snails. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1111-1130. [PMID: 33598118 PMCID: PMC7863387 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial snails, thermal selection acts on shell coloration. However, the biological relevance of small differences in the intensity of shell pigmentation and the associated thermodynamic, physiological, and evolutionary consequences for snail diversity within the course of environmental warming are still insufficiently understood. To relate temperature-driven internal heating, protein and membrane integrity impairment, escape behavior, place of residence selection, water loss, and mortality, we used experimentally warmed open-top chambers and field observations with a total of >11,000 naturally or experimentally colored individuals of the highly polymorphic species Theba pisana (O.F. MÜller, 1774). We show that solar radiation in their natural Mediterranean habitat in Southern France poses intensifying thermal stress on increasingly pigmented snails that cannot be compensated for by behavioral responses. Individuals of all morphs acted neither jointly nor actively competed in climbing behavior, but acted similarly regardless of neighbor pigmentation intensity. Consequently, dark morphs progressively suffered from high internal temperatures, oxidative stress, and a breakdown of the chaperone system. Concomitant with increasing water loss, mortality increased with more intense pigmentation under simulated global warming conditions. In parallel with an increase in mean ambient temperature of 1.34°C over the past 30 years, the mortality rate of pigmented individuals in the field is, currently, about 50% higher than that of white morphs. A further increase of 1.12°C, as experimentally simulated in our study, would elevate this rate by another 26%. For 34 T. pisana populations from locations that are up to 2.7°C warmer than our experimental site, we show that both the frequency of pigmented morphs and overall pigmentation intensity decrease with an increase in average summer temperatures. We therefore predict a continuing strong decline in the frequency of pigmented morphs and a decrease in overall pigmentation intensity with ongoing global change in areas with strong solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz‐R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | | | - Christophe Mazzia
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE) UMR 7263AMU, CNRSUniversité d´AvignonAvignon Cedex 9France
| | - Helene Eckstein
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Nils Kaczmarek
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Mark C. Bilton
- Namibian University of Science and TechnologyWindhoekNamibia
| | - Janne K. Y. Burmester
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | | | - Luis J. Chueca
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell BiologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
| | - Leonardo Favilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'AmbienteSezione di Scienze AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di SienaSienaItaly
| | | | - Giuseppe Manganelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'AmbienteSezione di Scienze AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di SienaSienaItaly
| | - Silvia Mazzuca
- Lab of Plant Biology and Plant ProteomicsDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | | | - Katharina Peschke
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Amalia Piro
- Lab of Plant Biology and Plant ProteomicsDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Josep Quintana Cardona
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel CrusafontUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaEdifici ICTA‐ICP, campus de la UABBarcelonaSpain
- Ciutadella de MenorcaIlles BalearsSpain
| | - Lilith Sawallich
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Alexandra E. Staikou
- Department of ZoologySchool of BiologyAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Henri A. Thomassen
- Comparative ZoologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Steinbeis‐Transfer Centre for Ecotoxicology and EcophysiologyRottenburgGermany
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4
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Rosin ZM, Kwieciński Z, Lesicki A, Skórka P, Kobak J, Szymańska A, Osiejuk TS, Kałuski T, Jaskulska M, Tryjanowski P. Shell colour, temperature, (micro)habitat structure and predator pressure affect the behaviour of Cepaea nemoralis. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2018; 105:35. [PMID: 29744635 PMCID: PMC5942350 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although shell colour polymorphism of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis is a well-known phenomenon, proximate and ultimate factors driving its evolution remain uncertain. Polymorphic species show variation in behavioural responses to selective forces. Therefore, we estimated effects of various environmental factors (temperature, humidity, food availability, (micro)habitat structure and predatory pressure) on behavioural response (frequency of locomotion, climbing and hiding) of C. nemoralis morphs, in experimental and natural conditions. In the experimental part of study, the frequency of locomotion was negatively affected by temperature and the presence of food and positively influenced by the presence of light. Morphs significantly differed in behavioural responses to environmental variability. Pink mid-banded and yellow five-banded morphs climbed less often and hide in shelter more often than yellow and pink unbanded individuals when temperature was low and food was absent. Snails fed most often at moderate temperature compared to low and high temperatures. Field investigations partially confirmed differences among morphs in frequency of climbing, but not in terms of probability of hiding in sheltered sites. In natural colonies, temperature and (micro)habitat structure significantly affected frequency of climbing as well as hiding in shelter. Snails more often hid in sheltered sites where thrushes preyed on Cepaea. Tendency of unbanded morphs to climb trees may have evolved under avian predatory pressure as thrushes forage on a ground. Tendency of banded morphs to hide in sheltered sites may reflect prey preferences for cryptic background. The results implicate that differential behaviour of C. nemoralis morphs compensate for their morphological and physiological limitations of adaptation to habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M Rosin
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Se, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zbigniew Kwieciński
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lesicki
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Skórka
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Szymańska
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz S Osiejuk
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kałuski
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Research Centre of Quarantine, Invasive and Genetically Modified Organisms, Wl. Wegorka 20, 60-318, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Jaskulska
- Department of Entomology, Animal Pests & Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Wladyslawa Wegorka 20, 60-318, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
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5
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Kramarenko SS. Patterns of spatio-temporal variation in land snails: a multi-scale approach. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.024.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Schilthuizen M, Kellermann V. Contemporary climate change and terrestrial invertebrates: evolutionary versus plastic changes. Evol Appl 2013; 7:56-67. [PMID: 24454548 PMCID: PMC3894898 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To forecast the responses of species to future climate change, an understanding of the ability of species to adapt to long-term shifts in temperature is crucial. We present a review on evolutionary adaptation and phenotypic plasticity of temperature-related traits in terrestrial invertebrates. The evidence for adaptive evolution in melanization is good, but we caution that genetic determination needs to be tested in each individual species, and complex genetic correlations may exist. For phenological traits allochronic data sets provide powerful means to track climate-induced changes; however, rarely are responses deconstructed into evolutionary and plastic responses. Laboratory studies suggest climate change responses in these traits will be driven by both. For stress resistance, the evidence for shifts in traits is poor. Studies leaning heavily on Drosophila have demonstrated potential limits to evolutionary responses in desiccation and heat resistance. Quantifying the capacity for these species to respond plastically and extending this work to other taxa will be an important next step. We also note that, although not strictly speaking a species trait, the response of endosymbionts to heat stress requires further study. Finally, while clearly genetic, and possibly adaptive, the anonymous nature of latitudinal shifts in clines of genetic markers in Drosophila prevents further interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Schilthuizen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, The Netherlands ; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands ; Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Kellermann
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University Clayton, Vic., Australia
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7
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Rosin ZM, Kobak J, Lesicki A, Tryjanowski P. Differential shell strength of Cepaea nemoralis colour morphs--implications for their anti-predator defence. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2013; 100:843-51. [PMID: 23921905 PMCID: PMC3753478 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most spectacular evolutionary forces is predation, evidenced to stimulate polymorphism in many prey species. Shell colour polymorphism of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis is a well-known model in evolutionary research. Nevertheless, the knowledge on the ecological causes driving its evolution remains incomplete and proximal factors shaping predatory pressure on C. nemoralis morphs are unknown. We evaluated shell crushing resistance and thickness, constituting crucial snail anti-predator defences in two shell areas (the apex and labium) of eight C. nemoralis morphotypes differing in shell colour and banding pattern. A GLM showed a significant effect of shell colour, banding pattern and shell thickness on shell strength. Pink shells were stronger than yellow ones, and banded forms had stronger shells than unbanded snails. The labium (usually attacked by mice) was generally thicker and more resistant than the apex (usually crushed by birds). Thicker shells were more resistant to crushing, and the rate of shell strength increase per unit of shell thickness was greater in pink and banded individuals compared to yellow and unbanded ones. Yellow and unbanded morphs have been found to be preferred by mice in the previous studies, which suggests that shell strength may be an important trait used in prey selection by these shell-crushing predators. The differences in potential anti-predator defences among snail morphs, found in the present study, justify future research on direct effect of C. nemoralis morphs shell strength on predator selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M Rosin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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8
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Surmacki A, Ożarowska-Nowicka A, Rosin ZM. Color polymorphism in a land snail Cepaea nemoralis (Pulmonata: Helicidae) as viewed by potential avian predators. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2013; 100:533-40. [PMID: 23649558 PMCID: PMC3689469 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian predation is one of the most probable factors maintaining polymorphism of shell coloration in Cepaea nemoralis. This assumption is justified by the fact that birds frequently forage on snails and their prey choice varies with morph coloration. However, in all preceding studies, the conspicuousness of morphs was determined only by using human vision which is significantly different from birds' visual perception. In this study, we assessed how birds perceive colors of four Cepaea nemoralis morphs using physiological models of avian color vision. We calculated combined chromatic and achromatic contrast between shells and three habitat background types as a measure of shell conspicuousness. The degree of background color matching in Cepaea nemoralis depended on both shell morph and habitat type. On average, banded morphs were more conspicuous than unbanded morphs. Morphs were the most cryptic against dry vegetation and the most conspicuous on bare ground. We also found a significant interaction between habitat type and color morph. The relative conspicuousness of shell morphs depended on habitat and was the most variable against green vegetation. Our study provides the first insight into how potential avian predators view Cepaea nemoralis morphs. The results are discussed in light of multiple hypotheses explaining selective predation on Cepaea nemoralis morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Surmacki
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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9
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Ajuria Ibarra H, Reader T. Reasons to be different: do conspicuous polymorphisms in invertebrates persist because rare forms are fitter? J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Reader
- School of Biology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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10
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Köhler HR, Schultz C, Scheil AE, Triebskorn R, Seifan M, Di Lellis MA. Historic data analysis reveals ambient temperature as a source of phenotypic variation in populations of the land snailTheba pisana. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
| | | | - Alexandra E. Scheil
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
| | | | - Merav Seifan
- Plant Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 3; D-72076; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Maddalena A. Di Lellis
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
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11
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Cameron RAD, Cook LM, Greenwood JJD. Change and stability in a steep morph-frequency cline in the snailCepaea nemoralis(L.) over 43 years. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. D. Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 4TN UK
- Department of Zoology; The Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Laurence M. Cook
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Jeremy J. D. Greenwood
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling; University of St Andrews; St Andrews KY16 9LZ UK
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12
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Cameron RAD, Cook LM. Temporal morph frequency changes in sand-dune populations ofCepaea nemoralis(L.). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence M. Cook
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester; M13 9PT; UK
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13
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Shell polymorphism in the land-snail Cepaea nemoralis (L.) along a West-East transect in continental Europe. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10125-012-0015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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15
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Johnson MS. Epistasis, phenotypic disequilibrium and contrasting associations with climate in the land snail Theba pisana. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 108:229-35. [PMID: 21811302 PMCID: PMC3282386 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hotter conditions favour effectively unbanded (EUB) shells in the snail Theba pisana. T. pisana is also polymorphic for colour of the shell's apex, determined by a pair of alleles at a locus linked to the banding locus. Apex colour is epistatic to shell banding, such that banded snails with a dark apex have darker bands. Annual censuses over 22 years across an ecotone between a sheltered Acacia thicket and open dune vegetation showed a persistent association of both EUB shells and pale apex with the Open habitat. The parallel variation was due partly to strong phenotypic disequilibrium, as the combination of EUB with dark apex was rare. Nevertheless, in fully banded shells the frequency of pale apex was also higher in the Open habitat, confirming independent, parallel associations of the two contributors to paleness. Within the Acacia habitat, temporal variation of the frequencies of banding morphs was much greater than for apex colour, and EUB shells were associated with hotter summers. Consistent with its primary effect only on the very small snails, apex colour did not vary with summer conditions, but instead, higher frequencies of pale apices were associated with sunnier winters. The intensity of selection was lower on apex colour than shell banding, due partly to the constraint of phenotypic disequilibrium. The shell traits in T. pisana are an example of complex responses to climatic variation, in which phenotypic disequilibrium constrains evolution of apex colour, but separate mechanisms of selection are evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Johnson
- School of Animal Biology (M092), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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OŻGO MAŁGORZATA, BOGUCKI ZDZISŁAW. Colonization, stability, and adaptation in a transplant experiment of the polymorphic land snailCepaea nemoralis(Gastropoda: Pulmonata) at the edge of its geographical range. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Silvertown J, Cook L, Cameron R, Dodd M, McConway K, Worthington J, Skelton P, Anton C, Bossdorf O, Baur B, Schilthuizen M, Fontaine B, Sattmann H, Bertorelle G, Correia M, Oliveira C, Pokryszko B, Ożgo M, Stalažs A, Gill E, Rammul Ü, Sólymos P, Féher Z, Juan X. Citizen science reveals unexpected continental-scale evolutionary change in a model organism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18927. [PMID: 21556137 PMCID: PMC3083392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms provide some of the most sensitive indicators of climate change and evolutionary responses are becoming apparent in species with short generation times. Large datasets on genetic polymorphism that can provide an historical benchmark against which to test for recent evolutionary responses are very rare, but an exception is found in the brown-lipped banded snail (Cepaea nemoralis). This species is sensitive to its thermal environment and exhibits several polymorphisms of shell colour and banding pattern affecting shell albedo in the majority of populations within its native range in Europe. We tested for evolutionary changes in shell albedo that might have been driven by the warming of the climate in Europe over the last half century by compiling an historical dataset for 6,515 native populations of C. nemoralis and comparing this with new data on nearly 3,000 populations. The new data were sampled mainly in 2009 through the Evolution MegaLab, a citizen science project that engaged thousands of volunteers in 15 countries throughout Europe in the biggest such exercise ever undertaken. A known geographic cline in the frequency of the colour phenotype with the highest albedo (yellow) was shown to have persisted and a difference in colour frequency between woodland and more open habitats was confirmed, but there was no general increase in the frequency of yellow shells. This may have been because snails adapted to a warming climate through behavioural thermoregulation. By contrast, we detected an unexpected decrease in the frequency of Unbanded shells and an increase in the Mid-banded morph. Neither of these evolutionary changes appears to be a direct response to climate change, indicating that the influence of other selective agents, possibly related to changing predation pressure and habitat change with effects on micro-climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Silvertown
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
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Populations of Cepaea Hortensis (O. F. Müller, 1774) polymorphic for the colour of shell lip in north-western Poland and north-central Germany. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10125-010-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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OŻGO MAŁGORZATA. Rapid evolution in unstable habitats: a success story of the polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Few continuous, long-term studies have measured the intensity and variability of natural selection within a framework of clear adaptive hypotheses. In the snail Theba pisana, the proportion of effectively unbanded shells is higher in exposed habitats than in adjacent acacia thickets, which has been explained by microclimatic selection. Comparisons across an ecotone for 34 consecutive years determined the combined effects on morph frequencies of habitat and changes in weather conditions during summer. The long-term average (±s.e.) frequency of effectively unbanded shells was 0.577±0.011 in the open habitat when compared with 0.353±0.005 in the acacia. The persistent association of shell banding with habitat accounted for 34% of the variation in morph frequencies. Differences among years were also large, representing 23% of the variation. Higher proportions of effectively unbanded snails were associated with hotter, sunnier summers. Thus, temporal variation supports the hypothesis of microclimatic selection, consistent with the spatial association with habitat. Based on observed rates of change, the mean annual selection on this polymorphism was about 0.13, but with a large variance: s was as high as 0.5, but 0.05 in about 40% of the years. The large variance and frequent reversals in direction of selection indicate a potential for rapid genetic change, but with little net change in morph frequencies over three decades, highlighting the value of long-term continuous studies of populations facing natural environmental variation.
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Galeotti P, Rubolini D, Sacchi R, Fasola M. Global changes and animal phenotypic responses: melanin-based plumage redness of scops owls increased with temperature and rainfall during the last century. Biol Lett 2009; 5:532-4. [PMID: 19411274 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological effects of global climate changes include shifts of species' distribution and changes in migration strategies and phenotype. Colour polymorphism, which can be envisaged as a species' evolutionary response to alternating conditions or to a wide range of habitats, may be affected by climate changes as well. The scops owl (Otus scops) shows two main colour morphs, dark- and pale-reddish, as well as intermediate morphs. We investigated temporal trends in an index of plumage colour of Italian scops owls from museum collections (1870-2007). We found a significant increase in plumage redness over the last century, which was correlated with an increase in temperature and rainfall of the years before specimen collection. However, the temporal increase in plumage redness persisted after controlling for climatic variables, suggesting that other environmental factors could be involved. Our study indicates that ongoing climate changes might have either shifted the selective balance between colour morphs, or differentially affected migration and movement patterns of colour morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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CAMERON ROBERTAD, POKRYSZKO BEATAM, HORSÁK MICHAL. Contrasting patterns of variation in urban populations of Cepaea (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): a tale of two cities. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Adaptation. Evolution 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-8274-2233-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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