1
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Francisco A, Ascensão L. Osmophore Structure and Labellum Micromorphology in Ophrys speculum (Orchidaceae): New Interpretations of Floral Features and Implications for a Specific Sexually Deceptive Pollination Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1413. [PMID: 38794483 PMCID: PMC11125028 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Pollination by sexual deception specifically attracts male insects, through the floral scent and particular morphological features of the flower that serve as visual and tactile stimuli. The unique bond between the Ophrys speculum orchid and the male Dasyscolia ciliata wasp primarily stems from a few distinctive semiochemicals that mimic the female wasp's sex pheromone, although the floral scent comprises a variety of compounds. An osmophore producing highly volatile compounds has been documented in four close relatives of O. speculum and is now being also investigated in this species. Given the existing debates regarding the structure of the labellum and stigmatic cavity in O. speculum, this study details their micromorphology. Additionally, comparisons of O. speculum flowers and female D. ciliata wasps under stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are conducted to seek new evidence of visual and tactile mimicry. The findings confirm that (i) an osmophore is present at the apical margin of the labellum in O. speculum flowers; (ii) the labellum features a distinct basal field homologous to those found in other Ophrys species; and (iii) the basal labellum region closely mimics the female wasp's thorax and wings. The implications of these novel floral features are discussed within an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Francisco
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lia Ascensão
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Sánchez‐Collazo XM, Figueroa‐Castro DM, Cruz JA, Castañeda‐Posadas C. Relative importance of two bat species as pollinators of
Neobuxbaumia tetetzo
(Cactaceae): Evidences from morphometric and pollen load analyses. Ecol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Alberto Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Moneda 16, Col. Centro, Del. Cuauhtémoc Mexico
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3
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Kolanowska M, Michalska E. The effect of global warming on the Australian endemic orchid Cryptostylis leptochila and its pollinator. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280922. [PMID: 36716308 PMCID: PMC9886262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological stability together with the suitability of abiotic conditions are crucial for long-term survival of any organism and the maintenance of biodiversity and self-sustainable ecosystems relies on species interactions. By influencing resource availability plants affect the composition of plant communities and ultimately ecosystem functioning. Plant-animal interactions are very complex and include a variety of exploitative and mutualistic relationships. One of the most important mutualistic interactions is that between plants and their pollinators. Coevolution generates clustered links between plants and their pollen vectors, but the pollination and reproductive success of plants is reduced by increase in the specialization of plant-animal interactions. One of the most specialized types of pollination is sexual deception, which occurs almost exclusively in Orchidaceae. In this form of mimicry, male insects are attracted to orchid flowers by chemical compounds that resemble insect female sex pheromones and pollinate the flowers during attempted copulations. These interactions are often species-specific with each species of orchid attracting only males of one or very few closely related species of insects. For sexually deceptive orchids the presence of a particular pollen vector is crucial for reproductive success and any reduction in pollinator availability constitutes a threat to the orchid. Because global warming is rapidly becoming the greatest threat to all organisms by re-shaping the geographical ranges of plants, animals and fungi, this paper focuses on predicting the effect of global warming on Cryptostylis leptochila, a terrestrial endemic in eastern Australia that is pollinated exclusively via pseudo copulation with Lissopimpla excelsa. As a species with a single pollinator this orchid is a perfect model for studies on the effect of global warming on plants and their pollen vectors. According to our predictions, global warming will cause a significant loss of suitable niches for C. leptochila. The potential range of this orchid will be 36%-75% smaller than currently and as a result the Eastern Highlands will become unsuitable for C. leptochila. On the other hand, some new niches will become available for this species in Tasmania. Simultaneously, climate change will result in a substantial expansion of niches suitable for the pollinator (44-82%). Currently ca. 71% of the geographical range of the orchid is also suitable for L. excelsa, therefore, almost 30% of the areas occupied by C. leptochila already lack the pollen vector. The predicted availability of the pollen vector increased under three of the climate change scenarios analysed. The predicted habitat loss is a serious threat to this orchid even with the potential colonization of Tasmania by this plant. In the reduced range of C. leptochila the pollen vector will also be present assuring fruit set in populations of this orchid. The genetic pool of the populations in New South Wales and Queensland will probably be lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolanowska
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, University of Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ewa Michalska
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, University of Lodz, Poland
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4
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Brunton‐Martin AL, Gaskett AC, Kokko H. Resilience of haplodiploids to being exploited by sexually deceptive plants. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne. C. Gaskett
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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5
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Russell AL, Sanders SR, Wilson LA, Papaj DR. The Size of it: Scant Evidence That Flower Size Variation Affects Deception in Intersexual Floral Mimicry. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.724712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualisms involve cooperation, but also frequently involve conflict. Plant-pollinator mutualisms are no exception. To facilitate animal pollination, flowering plants often offer pollen (their male gametes) as a food reward. Since plants benefit by maximizing pollen export to conspecific flowers, we might expect plants to cheat on pollen rewards. In intersexual floral mimicry, rewarding pollen-bearing male flowers (models) are mimicked by rewardless female flowers (mimics) on the same plant. Pollinators should therefore learn to avoid the unrewarding mimics. Plants might impede such learning by producing phenotypically variable flowers that cause bees to generalize among models and mimics during learning. In this laboratory study, we used partially artificial flowers (artificial petals, live reproductive parts) modeled after Begonia odorata to test whether variation in the size of rewarding male flowers (models) and unrewarding female flowers (mimics) affected how quickly bees learned both to recognize models and to reject mimics. Live unrewarding female flowers have 33% longer petals and have 31% greater surface area than live rewarding male flowers, which bees should easily discriminate. Yet while bees rapidly learned to reduce foraging effort on mimics, learning was not significantly affected by the degree to which flower size varied. Additionally, we found scant evidence that this was a result of bees altering response speed to maintain decision accuracy. Our study failed to provide evidence that flower size variation in intersexual floral mimicry systems exploits pollinator cognition, though we cannot rule out that other floral traits that are variable may be important. Furthermore, we propose that contrary to expectation, phenotypic variability in a Batesian mimicry system may not necessarily have significant effects on whether receivers effectively learn to discriminate models and mimics.
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6
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Brunton Martin AL, O'Hanlon JC, Gaskett AC. Orchid sexual deceit affects pollinator sperm transfer. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Brunton Martin
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland Central New Zealand
| | - James C. O'Hanlon
- School of Environmental and Rural Science The University of New England Armidale NSW Australia
| | - Anne C. Gaskett
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland Central New Zealand
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7
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Bohman B, Weinstein AM, Phillips RD, Peakall R, Flematti GR. 2-(Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetic Acid and Ester Derivatives as Long-Range Pollinator Attractants in the Sexually Deceptive Orchid Cryptostylis ovata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1107-1113. [PMID: 30920220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive orchids achieve pollination by luring male insects to flowers through chemical and sometimes visual mimicry of females. An extreme example of this deception occurs in Cryptostylis, one of only two genera where sexual deception is known to induce pollinator ejaculation. In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionations of Cryptostylis solvent extracts in combination with field bioassays were implemented to isolate and identify floral volatiles attractive to the pollinator Lissopimpla excelsa. ( S)-2-(Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetic acid [( S)-1] and the ester derivatives methyl ( S)-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetate [( S)-2] and ethyl ( S)-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetate [( S)-3], all previously unknown semiochemicals, were confirmed to attract L. excelsa males in field bioassays. Chiral-phase GC and HPLC showed that the natural product 1 comprised a single enantiomer, its S-configuration being confirmed by synthesis of the two enantiomers from known enantiomers of tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bohman
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Alyssa M Weinstein
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions , Kings Park Science , 1 Kattidj Close , West Perth , WA , Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
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8
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de Jager ML, Peakall R. Experimental examination of pollinator-mediated selection in a sexually deceptive orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:347-354. [PMID: 29878057 PMCID: PMC6344214 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Selection exerted by pollinators on flowers is predicted to occur along two distinct axes. While pollinator attraction to flowers is governed by pollinator preferences, pollen transfer efficiency is mediated by the mechanical fit of pollinators to flower morphology. Although pollinator attraction in sexually deceptive orchids is typically underpinned by floral odour, morphological traits are expected to play a vital role in mechanical fit during floral contact with pollinators. METHODS Here we utilize a comprehensive and novel procedure to test for pollinator-mediated selection through mechanical fit with the flower labellum in the orchid Chiloglottis trapeziformis. This approach combines detailed pollinator observations related to plant reproductive fitness with complementary experimental manipulation and phenotypic selection analysis. KEY RESULTS Experiments with virgin flowers revealed that pollen removal occurs only during vigorous pseudocopulation. This behaviour involves male wasps that grasp the insectiform callus structure on the labellum while probing the labellum tip in a forward orientation. Both orientation and duration of pseudocopulation were significant predictors of pollen removal, confirming a direct relationship between pollinator behaviour and plant fitness. Controlled floral manipulation that either shortened or elongated the distance between the callus and the labellum tip detected no change in pollinator attraction. The duration of pseudocopulation, however, was significantly reduced on flowers with shortened or elongated callus-tip distances, consistent with stabilizing selection. Phenotypic selection analysis confirmed this prediction in natural populations by uncovering evidence for stabilizing selection on the distance between the callus and the labellum tip. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental manipulations and selection analysis in natural populations thus demonstrate stabilizing selection on the distance from the callus to the labellum tip, and illustrate the utility of employing multiple approaches to confirm selection exerted by pollinators on floral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus L de Jager
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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9
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Rakosy D, Cuervo M, Paulus HF, Ayasse M. Looks matter: changes in flower form affect pollination effectiveness in a sexually deceptive orchid. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1978-1993. [PMID: 28787530 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many species of the sexually deceptive genus Ophrys are characterized by insect-like flowers. Their form has been traditionally considered to play an important role in pollinator attraction and manipulation. Yet, the evolution of the floral form remains insufficiently understood. We hypothesize that pollinator-mediated selection is essential for driving floral form evolution in Ophrys, but that form components are being subjected to varying selection pressures depending on their role in mediating interactions with pollinators. By using the Eucera-pollinated Ophrys leochroma as a model, our aim has been to assess whether and in what manner pollination effectiveness is altered by experimental manipulation of the flower form. Our results show that floral form plays an essential and, so far, underestimated role in ensuring effective pollination by mechanically guiding pollinators towards the reproductive structures of the flower. Pollinators are significantly less effective in interacting with flowers having forms altered to resemble those of species pollinated by different hymenopteran genera. Further, those components used by pollinators as gripping points were found to be more effective in ensuring pollinia transfer than those with which pollinators do not directly interact. Thus, mechanically active and inactive components appear to be under different selection pressures. As a consequence, mechanically active components of the flower form could reflect adaptations to the interaction with particular pollinator groups, whereas mechanically inactive components can vary more freely. Disentangling selection patterns between the functionally different components of flower form may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms driving the morphological diversification of sexually deceptive pollination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rakosy
- Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Cuervo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H F Paulus
- Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Phillips RD, Brown GR, Dixon KW, Hayes C, Linde CC, Peakall R. Evolutionary relationships among pollinators and repeated pollinator sharing in sexually deceptive orchids. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1674-1691. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority; West Perth WA Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
| | - G. R. Brown
- Museum and Art Gallery of Northern Territory; Darwin NT Australia
- Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Darwin NT Australia
| | - K. W. Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority; West Perth WA Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Environment; Curtin University; Perth WA Australia
| | - C. Hayes
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - C. C. Linde
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - R. Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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11
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Gervasi DDL, Selosse MA, Sauve M, Francke W, Vereecken NJ, Cozzolino S, Schiestl FP. Floral scent and species divergence in a pair of sexually deceptive orchids. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6023-6034. [PMID: 28808562 PMCID: PMC5551101 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Speciation is typically accompanied by the formation of isolation barriers between lineages. Commonly, reproductive barriers are separated into pre‐ and post‐zygotic mechanisms that can evolve with different speed. In this study, we measured the strength of different reproductive barriers in two closely related, sympatric orchids of the Ophrys insectifera group, namely Ophrys insectifera and Ophrys aymoninii to infer possible mechanisms of speciation. We quantified pre‐ and post‐pollination barriers through observation of pollen flow, by performing artificial inter‐ and intraspecific crosses and analyzing scent bouquets. Additionally, we investigated differences in mycorrhizal fungi as a potential extrinsic factor of post‐zygotic isolation. Our results show that floral isolation mediated by the attraction of different pollinators acts apparently as the sole reproductive barrier between the two orchid species, with later‐acting intrinsic barriers seemingly absent. Also, the two orchids share most of their fungal mycorrhizal partners in sympatry, suggesting little or no importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in reproductive isolation. Key traits underlying floral isolation were two alkenes and wax ester, present predominantly in the floral scent of O. aymoninii. These compounds, when applied to flowers of O. insectifera, triggered attraction and a copulation attempt of the bee pollinator of O. aymoninii and thus led to the (partial) breakdown of floral isolation. Based on our results, we suggest that adaptation to different pollinators, mediated by floral scent, underlies species isolation in this plant group. Pollinator switches may be promoted by low pollination success of individuals in dense patches of plants, an assumption that we also confirmed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D L Gervasi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Marc-Andre Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Sorbonne Universités Paris France.,Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation University of Gdansk Gdańsk Poland
| | - Mathieu Sauve
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Sorbonne Universités Paris France
| | - Wittko Francke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Nicolas J Vereecken
- Agroecology and Pollination Group Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
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12
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Cuervo M, Rakosy D, Martel C, Schulz S, Ayasse M. Sexual Deception in the Eucera-Pollinated Ophrys leochroma: A Chemical Intermediate between Wasp- and Andrena-Pollinated Species. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:469-479. [PMID: 28536987 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ophrys flowers mimic sex pheromones of attractive females of their pollinators and attract males, which attempt to copulate with the flower and thereby pollinate it. Virgin females and orchid flowers are known to use the same chemical compounds in order to attract males. The composition of the sex pheromone and its floral analogue, however, vary between pollinator genera. Wasp-pollinated Ophrys species attract their pollinators by using polar hydroxy acids, whereas Andrena-pollinated species use a mixture of non-polar hydrocarbons. The phylogeny of Ophrys shows that its evolution was marked by episodes of rapid diversification coinciding with shifts to different pollinator groups: from wasps to Eucera and consequently to Andrena and other bees. To gain further insights, we studied pollinator attraction in O. leochroma in the context of intra- and inter-generic pollinator shifts, radiation, and diversification in the genus Ophrys. Our model species, O. leochroma, is pollinated by Eucera kullenbergi males and lies in the phylogeny between the wasp and Andrena-pollinated species; therefore, it is a remarkable point to understand pollinator shifts. We collected surface extracts of attractive E. kullenbergi females and labellum extracts of O. leochroma and analyzed them by using gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also performed field bioassays. Our results show that O. leochroma mimics the sex pheromone of its pollinator's female by using aldehydes, alcohols, fatty acids, and non-polar compounds (hydrocarbons). Therefore, in terms of the chemistry of pollinator attraction, Eucera-pollinated Ophrys species might represent an intermediate stage between wasp- and Andrena-pollinated orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cuervo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10-1, Containerstadt, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Demetra Rakosy
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos Martel
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10-1, Containerstadt, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10-1, Containerstadt, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Weinstein AM, Davis BJ, Menz MHM, Dixon KW, Phillips RD. Behaviour of sexually deceived ichneumonid wasps and its implications for pollination inCryptostylis(Orchidaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M. Weinstein
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Belinda J. Davis
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Myles H. M. Menz
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Environment; Curtin University; Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Ryan D. Phillips
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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14
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Mokkonen M, Lindstedt C. The evolutionary ecology of deception. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:1020-1035. [PMID: 26118820 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Through dishonest signals or actions, individuals often misinform others to their own benefit. We review recent literature to explore the evolutionary and ecological conditions for deception to be more likely to evolve and be maintained. We identify four conditions: (1) high misinformation potential through perceptual constraints of perceiver; (2) costs and benefits of responding to deception; (3) asymmetric power relationships between individuals and (4) exploitation of common goods. We discuss behavioural and physiological mechanisms that form a deception continuum from secrecy to overt signals. Deceptive tactics usually succeed by being rare and are often evolving under co-evolutionary arms races, sometimes leading to the evolution of polymorphism. The degree of deception can also vary depending on the environmental conditions. Finally, we suggest a conceptual framework for studying deception and highlight important questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Mokkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Carita Lindstedt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
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15
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Gianoli E, Carrasco-Urra F. Leaf mimicry in a climbing plant protects against herbivory. Curr Biol 2014; 24:984-7. [PMID: 24768053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mimicry refers to adaptive similarity between a mimic organism and a model. Mimicry in animals is rather common, whereas documented cases in plants are rare, and the associated benefits are seldom elucidated [1, 2]. We show the occurrence of leaf mimicry in a climbing plant endemic to a temperate rainforest. The woody vine Boquila trifoliolata mimics the leaves of its supporting trees in terms of size, shape, color, orientation, petiole length, and/or tip spininess. Moreover, sequential leaf mimicry occurs when a single individual vine is associated with different tree species. Leaves of unsupported vines differed from leaves of climbing plants closely associated with tree foliage but did not differ from those of vines climbing onto leafless trunks. Consistent with an herbivory-avoidance hypothesis, leaf herbivory on unsupported vines was greater than that on vines climbing on trees but was greatest on vines climbing onto leafless trunks. Thus, B. trifoliolata gains protection against herbivory not merely by climbing and thus avoiding ground herbivores [3] but also by climbing onto trees whose leaves are mimicked. Unlike earlier cases of plant mimicry or crypsis, in which the plant roughly resembles a background or color pattern [4-7] or mimics a single host [8, 9], B. trifoliolata is able to mimic several hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Gianoli
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Casilla 554, La Serena, Chile; Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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Herberstein ME, Baldwin HJ, Gaskett AC. Deception down under: is Australia a hot spot for deception? Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Papadopulos AST, Powell MP, Pupulin F, Warner J, Hawkins JA, Salamin N, Chittka L, Williams NH, Whitten WM, Loader D, Valente LM, Chase MW, Savolainen V. Convergent evolution of floral signals underlies the success of Neotropical orchids. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130960. [PMID: 23804617 PMCID: PMC3712443 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The great majority of plant species in the tropics require animals to achieve pollination, but the exact role of floral signals in attraction of animal pollinators is often debated. Many plants provide a floral reward to attract a guild of pollinators, and it has been proposed that floral signals of non-rewarding species may converge on those of rewarding species to exploit the relationship of the latter with their pollinators. In the orchid family (Orchidaceae), pollination is almost universally animal-mediated, but a third of species provide no floral reward, which suggests that deceptive pollination mechanisms are prevalent. Here, we examine floral colour and shape convergence in Neotropical plant communities, focusing on certain food-deceptive Oncidiinae orchids (e.g. Trichocentrum ascendens and Oncidium nebulosum) and rewarding species of Malpighiaceae. We show that the species from these two distantly related families are often more similar in floral colour and shape than expected by chance and propose that a system of multifarious floral mimicry—a form of Batesian mimicry that involves multiple models and is more complex than a simple one model–one mimic system—operates in these orchids. The same mimetic pollination system has evolved at least 14 times within the species-rich Oncidiinae throughout the Neotropics. These results help explain the extraordinary diversification of Neotropical orchids and highlight the complexity of plant–animal interactions.
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Savriama Y, Gómez JM, Perfectti F, Klingenberg CP. Geometric morphometrics of corolla shape: dissecting components of symmetric and asymmetric variation in Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:945-954. [PMID: 22988918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry is an important feature of floral structure, and floral symmetries are diverse and often complex. We use a new morphometric approach for analysing shapes with complex types of symmetry, which partitions shape variation into a component of symmetric variation and different components of asymmetry. This approach, based on the mathematical theory of symmetry groups, can be used for landmark configurations with any type of symmetry and is therefore promising as a general framework for morphometric analyses of floral symmetry and asymmetry. We demonstrate this approach by quantifying floral shape variation in a wild population of Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). Flowers of this species are disymmetric, so that the symmetry in the left-right and adaxial-abaxial directions can be considered separately and in combination. Both principal component analysis and Procrustes ANOVA indicate that symmetric variation accounts for most of the total variance and that adaxial-abaxial asymmetry is the dominant component of fluctuating asymmetry. Each component is associated with specific patterns of shape variation. These results illustrate the potential of the new method and suggest new areas for future research. The new morphometric approach is promising for further analyses of floral symmetry and asymmetry in evolutionary and developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Savriama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- UMR 7205 CP 50 Entomologie/service Hyménoptères, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences St. Albert Hall, Rm 272 St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - José María Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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