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Meira OM, Beutel RG, Pohl H, van de Kamp T, Almeida EAB, Boudinot BE. Bee morphology: A skeletomuscular anatomy of Thyreus (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Morphol 2024; 285:e21751. [PMID: 39041670 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Although the knowledge of the skeletal morphology of bees has progressed enormously, a corresponding advance has not happened for the muscular system. Most of the knowledge about bee musculature was generated over 50 years ago, well before the digital revolution for anatomical imaging, including the application of microcomputed tomography. This technique, in particular, has made it possible to dissect small insects digitally, document anatomy efficiently and in detail, and visualize these data three dimensionally. In this study, we document the skeletomuscular system of a cuckoo bee, Thyreus albomaculatus and, with that, we provide a 3D atlas of bee skeletomuscular anatomy. The results obtained for Thyreus are compared with representatives of two other bee families (Andrenidae and Halictidae), to evaluate the generality of our morphological conclusions. Besides documenting 199 specific muscles in terms of origin, insertion, and structure, we update the interpretation of complex homologies in the maxillolabial complex of bee mouthparts. We also clarify the complicated 3D structure of the cephalic endoskeleton, identifying the tentorial, hypostomal, and postgenal structures and their connecting regions. We describe the anatomy of the medial elevator muscles of the head, precisely identifying their origins and insertions as well as their homologs in other groups of Hymenoptera. We reject the hypothesis that the synapomorphic propodeal triangle of Apoidea is homologous with the metapostnotum, and instead recognize that this is a modification of the third phragma. We recognize two previously undocumented metasomal muscle groups in bees, clarifying the serial skeletomusculature of the metasoma and revealing shortcomings of Snodgrass' "internal-external" terminological system for the abdomen. Finally, we elucidate the muscular structure of the sting apparatus, resolving previously unclear interpretations. The work conducted herein not only provides new insights into bee morphology but also represents a source for future phenomic research on Hymenoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odair M Meira
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Pohl
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas van de Kamp
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Eduardo A B Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brendon E Boudinot
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
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Wang Z, Vilhelmsen L, Rasnitsyn AP, Viertler A, Shih C, Wen S, Yang H, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Ren D, Gao T. Specialized ovipositor sensilla of Cretaceous wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera) possibly reveal a unique way of host detection. Cladistics 2024. [PMID: 38712908 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects have evolved complex sensory systems that are important for feeding, defence and reproduction. Parasitoid wasps often spend much time and effort in searching for concealed hosts with the help of specialized sensilla. However, the early evolution of such behaviour and sensilla is poorly known. We describe two fossil female wasps, †Tichostephanus kachinensis sp. nov. and †Tichostephanus longus sp. nov., from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological data retrieved †Tichostephanus as deeply nested within Evanioidea and closely related to extant Gasteruptiidae and Evaniidae. Both of these Cretaceous wasps possess features, e.g. coronal tubercles and flexible ovipositor sheaths, that indicate that they might have laid eggs in wood where their larvae possibly parasitized insect larvae. They have a peculiar and unique 'bottle brush' of sensilla close to the apex of their ovipositor sheaths, which has not been observed in any extant parasitoid wasps. These sensilla comprise many regularly arranged plate-shaped setae, attached in relatively large sockets and with rows of longitudinal ridges. Such specialized sensilla perhaps served to enhance the ability to detect hosts inside wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandr P Rasnitsyn
- A. A. Borissiak Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647, Moscow, Russia
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alexandra Viertler
- Natural History Museum Basel, Augustinerstrasse 2, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Shanshan Wen
- Huxuan Museum, 58-10 Maanshanlu, Shizhong District, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Hongru Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Taiping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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3
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Dal Pos D, Mikó I, Talamas EJ, Vilhelmsen L, Sharanowski BJ. A revised terminology for male genitalia in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a special emphasis on Ichneumonoidea. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15874. [PMID: 37868054 PMCID: PMC10588719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying consistent terminology for morphological traits across different taxa is a highly pertinent task in the study of morphology and evolution. Different terminologies for the same traits can generate bias in phylogeny and prevent correct homology assessments. This situation is exacerbated in the male genitalia of Hymenoptera, and specifically in Ichneumonoidea, in which the terminology is not standardized and has not been fully aligned with the rest of Hymenoptera. In the current contribution, we review the terms used to describe the skeletal features of the male genitalia in Hymenoptera, and provide a list of authors associated with previously used terminology. We propose a unified terminology for the male genitalia that can be utilized across the order and a list of recommended terms. Further, we review and discuss the genital musculature for the superfamily Ichneumonoidea based on previous literature and novel observations and align the terms used for muscles across the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Dal Pos
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, United States of America
| | - István Mikó
- Don Chandler Entomological Collection, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
| | - Elijah J Talamas
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara J Sharanowski
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, United States of America
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4
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Huber JT, Bolte K, Read JD. The morphological diversity of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera): an atlas of scanning electron micrographs. Part 2. Structure of the mesosoma. Zootaxa 2023; 5337:1-70. [PMID: 38221070 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5337.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This is the second in a series of studies that aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the morphological diversity of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) or fairyflies, a monophyletic family of small parasitic wasps postulated to be the sister group of all other Chalcidoidea. The external morphology of the mesosoma of about 6575 taxa, representing 5565% of the 115 currently valid described genera and subgenera, is described and illustrated with almost 269 scanning electron micrographs, including 77 micrographs of the dorsal, 71 micrographs of the lateral, 59 micrographs of the ventral, 53 micrographs of the anterior, and 9 micrographs of the posterior views of the mesosoma. Twenty annotated figures of the external and major internal structures are given. Two appendices list the morphological terms used, and names of the 75 genera and subgenera of Mymaridae illustrated. The variety of characters and their features that could be used to help define morphologically the genera, and possibly also the species, of Mymaridae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Huber
- Natural Resources Canada c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects; Arachnids and Nematodes; K.W. Neatby Building; 960 Carling Ave.; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada.
| | - Klaus Bolte
- Natural Resources Canada c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects; Arachnids and Nematodes; K.W. Neatby Building; 960 Carling Ave.; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada.
| | - Jennifer D Read
- Natural Resources Canada c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects; Arachnids and Nematodes; K.W. Neatby Building; 960 Carling Ave.; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada.
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Eggs B, Fischer S, Csader M, Mikó I, Rack A, Betz O. Terebra steering in chalcidoid wasps. Front Zool 2023; 20:26. [PMID: 37553687 PMCID: PMC10408236 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various chalcidoid wasps can actively steer their terebra (= ovipositor shaft) in diverse directions, despite the lack of terebral intrinsic musculature. To investigate the mechanisms of these bending and rotational movements, we combined microscopical and microtomographical techniques, together with videography, to analyse the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of the ectoparasitoid pteromalid wasp Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster, 1841) and the employment of its terebra during oviposition. The ovipositor consists of three pairs of valvulae, two pairs of valvifers and the female T9 (9th abdominal tergum). The paired 1st and the 2nd valvulae are interlocked via the olistheter system, which allows the three parts to slide longitudinally relative to each other, and form the terebra. The various ovipositor movements are actuated by a set of nine paired muscles, three of which (i.e. 1st valvifer-genital membrane muscle, ventral 2nd valvifer-venom gland reservoir muscle, T9-genital membrane muscle) are described here for the first time in chalcidoids. The anterior and posterior 2nd valvifer-2nd valvula muscles are adapted in function. (1) In the active probing position, they enable the wasps to pull the base of each of the longitudinally split and asymmetrically overlapping halves of the 2nd valvula that are fused at the apex dorsally, thus enabling lateral bending of the terebra. Concurrently, the 1st valvulae can be pro- and retracted regardless of this bending. (2) These muscles can also rotate the 2nd valvula and therefore the whole terebra at the basal articulation, allowing bending in various directions. The position of the terebra is anchored at the puncture site in hard substrates (in which drilling is extremely energy- and time-consuming). A freely steerable terebra increases the chance of contacting a potential host within a concealed cavity. The evolution of the ability actively to steer the terebra can be considered a key innovation that has putatively contributed to the acquisition of new hosts to a parasitoid's host range. Such shifts in host exploitation, each followed by rapid radiations, have probably aided the evolutionary success of Chalcidoidea (with more than 500,000 species estimated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eggs
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Structural Microscopy Core Facility (TSM), University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Csader
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraße 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and Other Arthropods, University of New Hampshire, Spaulding Hall, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Structure of Materials Group - ID19, CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Oliver Betz
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Blaimer BB, Santos BF, Cruaud A, Gates MW, Kula RR, Mikó I, Rasplus JY, Smith DR, Talamas EJ, Brady SG, Buffington ML. Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1212. [PMID: 36869077 PMCID: PMC9984522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, sawflies, and bees) represents one of the most diverse animal lineages, but whether specific key innovations have contributed to its diversification is still unknown. We assembled the largest time-calibrated phylogeny of Hymenoptera to date and investigated the origin and possible correlation of particular morphological and behavioral innovations with diversification in the order: the wasp waist of Apocrita; the stinger of Aculeata; parasitoidism, a specialized form of carnivory; and secondary phytophagy, a reversal to plant-feeding. Here, we show that parasitoidism has been the dominant strategy since the Late Triassic in Hymenoptera, but was not an immediate driver of diversification. Instead, transitions to secondary phytophagy (from parasitoidism) had a major influence on diversification rate in Hymenoptera. Support for the stinger and the wasp waist as key innovations remains equivocal, but these traits may have laid the anatomical and behavioral foundations for adaptations more directly associated with diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blaimer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany.
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael W Gates
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert R Kula
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David R Smith
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elijah J Talamas
- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1911 SW 34th St, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew L Buffington
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
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Brito CDD, Lanes GDO, Azevedo CO. Morphology and evolution of the mesopleuron in Bethylidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) mapped on a molecular phylogeny. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 71:101214. [PMID: 36306638 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mesopleuron of Bethylidae has morphostructural characters that remain poorly understood, explored, and defined. The wide range of variability of this sclerite has generated confusion both in taxonomic and cladistic studies. Aiming to solve this issue, we describe the general mesopleural anatomy of Bethylidae. Our goal is to propose primary homologies by matching external and internal structures (muscles and apodemes). We reconstruct the ancestral state of the main mesopleural structures by applying the maximum-likelihood method on ten selected character states. The phylogeny of Bethylidae is built by analyzing a dataset of COI and 28S sequences, using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The Bethylidae and all subfamilies are recovered as monophyletic in both resulting phylogenies, with high clade support values. Although the two analyses yielded similar results, we used the tree resulting from the Bayesian inference to map the evolution of the morphological characters, as it is better supported. The study of mesopleural anatomy allows exploration and discussion of the evolution of characters and their present states in Bethylidae and Hymenoptera in general. Reconstruction of the ancestral states shows that many characters arose independently in Bethylidae subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirlei D de Brito
- Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | | | - Celso O Azevedo
- Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Niu G, Budak M, Korkmaz EM, Doğan Ö, Nel A, Wan S, Cai C, Jouault C, Li M, Wei M. Phylogenomic Analyses of the Tenthredinoidea Support the Familial Rank of Athaliidae (Insecta, Tenthredinoidea). INSECTS 2022; 13:858. [PMID: 36292806 PMCID: PMC9604231 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The systematic status of the genus Athalia and related genera is a perennial controversy in sawfly taxonomy. Several authors have hypothesized that the placement of Athalia within the Tenthredinidae is artificial, but no studies have focused on this topic. If the hypothesis that Athalia does not belong to Tenthredinidae can be supported, the taxonomic framework of Tenthredinoidea needs revision. We present a comprehensive phylogenomic study of Tenthredinoidae, focusing on the positions of Athalia and related genera by sampling 80 representatives mainly of the Tenthredinoidea, including Heptamelinae and Blasticotomidae. Our phylogenetic reconstructions based on nuclear genes and mitochondrial (mt) sequences support Athalia and related genera as a distinct clade sister to Tenthredinidae + (Cimbicidae + Diprionidae). A comparison of symphytan mitochondrial genomes reveals an innovative gene rearrangement pattern in Athaliidae, in which Dentathalia demonstrates a more ancestral pattern than Athalia and Hypsathalia. The lineage specificity of mt rRNA secondary structures also provides sufficient support to consider Athaliidae as a separate family. In summary, the phylogeny and genomic structural changes unanimously support the taxonomic treatment of Athaliidae as a family and the re-establishment of Dentathalia as a valid genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyun Niu
- Laboratory of Insect Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Mahir Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - Ertan Mahir Korkmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - Özgül Doğan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Siying Wan
- Laboratory of Insect Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Chenyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Corentin Jouault
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, F-35000 Rennes, France
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Min Li
- Laboratory of Insect Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Meicai Wei
- Laboratory of Insect Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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9
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Huang L, Sun HQ, Li CJ, Zhao WX, Yao YX. The complete mitochondrial genome of Platygaster robiniae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae): A novel tRNA secondary structure, gene rearrangements and phylogenetic implications. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:249-259. [PMID: 35800109 PMCID: PMC9253838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Platygaster robiniae is economically important as a highly specific parasitoid of the invasive pest Obolodiplosis robiniae which was introduced into the Euro-Asia region in the last decade. Despite being a critical and specific parasitoid of the invasive pest O. robiniae and its use as an effective biocontrol agent, the absence of sequence information from P. robiniae have limited its genetic applications for pest management in forests. Mitochondrial (mt) genomes generally contain abundant nucleotide information and thus are helpful for understanding species history. Here, we sequenced the complete mt genome of P. robiniae using next generation sequencing, and annotated 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes and a 702 bp noncoding region. Comparative analysis indicated that this mt genome has a normal A + T content and codons use, however possessed both the expected and unique rearrangements. Ten tRNAs at four gene blocks COII-ATP8, COIII-ND3, ND3-ND5 and the A + T-rich region-ND2 were rearranged, including gene shuffles, transpositions and inversions. Notably, two genes tRNASer(UCN) and tRNALeu(CUN) had undergone long-range inversions, which is the first record of this rearrangement type in the superfamily Platygastroidea. The D-loops of both tRNAIle and tRNALeu(CUN) were absent from the tRNA secondary structure, which has not been reported from hymenopteran previously. Phylogenetic analysis based with the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods showed that P. robiniae grouped with other species of Platygastridae, and that the superfamily Platygastridea is sister to the other Proctotrupomorpha superfamilies. Our tree strongly supports the monophyly of the five superfamilies of Proctotrupomorpha. This study discovered some unique characters of P. robiniae, and contributes to our understanding of genome rearrangements in the order Hymenoptera. Assemble the complete mitochondria genome of the obligate parasitoid (Platygaster robiniae) of Obolodiplosis robiniae. Discover some unique tRNA secondary structures. Discover some unique rearrangements of Platygaster robiniae and Platygastroidea. The abundance rearrangements in the order Hymenoptera.
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10
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van de Kamp T, Mikó I, Staniczek AH, Eggs B, Bajerlein D, Faragó T, Hagelstein L, Hamann E, Spiecker R, Baumbach T, Janšta P, Krogmann L. Evolution of flexible biting in hyperdiverse parasitoid wasps. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212086. [PMID: 35078362 PMCID: PMC8790333 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One key event in insect evolution was the development of mandibles with two joints, which allowed powerful biting but restricted their movement to a single degree of freedom. These mandibles define the Dicondylia, which constitute over 99% of all extant insect species. It was common doctrine that the dicondylic articulation of chewing mandibles remained unaltered for more than 400 million years. We report highly modified mandibles overcoming the restrictions of a single degree of freedom and hypothesize their major role in insect diversification. These mandibles are defining features of parasitoid chalcid wasps, one of the most species-rich lineages of insects. The shift from powerful chewing to precise cutting likely facilitated adaptations to parasitize hosts hidden in hard substrates, which pose challenges to the emerging wasps. We reveal a crucial step in insect evolution and highlight the importance of comprehensive studies even of putatively well-known systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas van de Kamp
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen, Germany,Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Arnold H. Staniczek
- Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Eggs
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daria Bajerlein
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61‐614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomáš Faragó
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lea Hagelstein
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Elias Hamann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Spiecker
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen, Germany,Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Petr Janšta
- Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Krogmann
- Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany,Institute of Biology, Systematic Entomology (190n), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Haas M, Baur H, Schweizer T, Monje JC, Moser M, Bigalk S, Krogmann L. Tiny wasps, huge diversity - A review of German Pteromalidae with new generic and species records (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e77092. [PMID: 34916873 PMCID: PMC8671368 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e77092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their ecological and economic importance, hymenopteran parasitoids are severely understudied. Even in countries with a long taxonomic history such as Germany, dating back to the 18th century and including prolific figures like Christian Gottfired Nees von Esenbeck and Otto Schmiedeknecht, those species-rich groups are seldom the subject of comprehensive research efforts, leaving their true diversity unknown. This is often due to their small size of a few millimetres on average, leading to difficulties in their identification and examination. The chalcidoid family Pteromalidae is no exception to this neglect. So far, 735 species have been reported from Germany. Estimating the diversity of this group is not possible, but it has to be assumed that many more species are still to be discovered in Germany. New information With this study, we improve the knowledge on pteromalid diversity and present new records of 17 genera and 41 species, previously unknown to occur in Germany. We also match and describe previously unknown sexes of two species, based on DNA barcode data. The results of this study were generated as part of the German Barcode of Life Project. The newly-recorded species are illustrated and notes on the biology and distribution are given. The ecological significance of Pteromalidae and potential value as indicators for nature conservation efforts are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haas
- Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Germany.,Systematic Entomology (190n), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Systematic Entomology (190n), University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
| | - Hannes Baur
- Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern Bern Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schweizer
- Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Germany
| | - Juan Carlos Monje
- Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Germany
| | - Marina Moser
- Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Germany.,Systematic Entomology (190n), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Systematic Entomology (190n), University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sonia Bigalk
- Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Germany
| | - Lars Krogmann
- Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Germany.,Systematic Entomology (190n), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Systematic Entomology (190n), University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
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12
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Jouault C, Maréchal A, Condamine FL, Wang B, Nel A, Legendre F, Perrichot V. Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth–death process. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Using a fossilized birth–death model, a new phylogeny of the superfamily Evanioidea (including ensign wasps, nightshade wasps and hatchet wasps) is proposed, with estimates of divergence times for its constitutive families and for corroborating the monophyly of Evanioidea. Additionally, our Bayesian analyses demonstrate the monophyly of †Anomopterellidae, †Othniodellithidae, †Andreneliidae, Aulacidae, Gasteruptiida and Evaniidae, whereas †Praeaulacidae and †Baissidae appear to be paraphyletic. Vectevania vetula and Hyptiogastrites electrinus are transferred to Aulacidae. We estimate the divergence time of Evanioidea to be in the Late Triassic (~203 Mya). Additionally, three new othniodellithid wasps are described and figured from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber as the new genus Keratodellitha, with three new species: Keratodellitha anubis sp. nov., Keratodellitha basilisci sp. nov. and Keratodellitha kirin sp. nov. We also document a temporal shift in relative species richness between Ichneumonoidea and Evanioidea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Legendre
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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13
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Porto DS, Almeida EAB, Pennell MW. Investigating Morphological Complexes Using Informational Dissonance and Bayes Factors: A Case Study in Corbiculate Bees. Syst Biol 2021; 70:295-306. [PMID: 32722788 PMCID: PMC7882150 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that different regions of a genome often have different evolutionary histories and that ignoring this variation when estimating phylogenies can be misleading. However, the extent to which this is also true for morphological data is still largely unknown. Discordance among morphological traits might plausibly arise due to either variable convergent selection pressures or else phenomena such as hemiplasy. Here, we investigate patterns of discordance among 282 morphological characters, which we scored for 50 bee species particularly targeting corbiculate bees, a group that includes the well-known eusocial honeybees and bumblebees. As a starting point for selecting the most meaningful partitions in the data, we grouped characters as morphological modules, highly integrated trait complexes that as a result of developmental constraints or coordinated selection we expect to share an evolutionary history and trajectory. In order to assess conflict and coherence across and within these morphological modules, we used recently developed approaches for computing Bayesian phylogenetic information allied with model comparisons using Bayes factors. We found that despite considerable conflict among morphological complexes, accounting for among-character and among-partition rate variation with individual gamma distributions, rate multipliers, and linked branch lengths can lead to coherent phylogenetic inference using morphological data. We suggest that evaluating information content and dissonance among partitions is a useful step in estimating phylogenies from morphological data, just as it is with molecular data. Furthermore, we argue that adopting emerging approaches for investigating dissonance in genomic datasets may provide new insights into the integration and evolution of anatomical complexes. [Apidae; entropy; morphological modules; phenotypic integration; phylogenetic information.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego S Porto
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA), Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Eduardo A B Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA), Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Matthew W Pennell
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Abstract
Abstract
The evolution of eusociality has led to considerable changes in the general hymenopteran body plan. In particular, the evolution of reproductive division of labour caused the worker caste to be largely freed from the demands involved in reproduction. As a consequence, workers were able to evolve highly specialized morphologies for foraging and colony maintenance, whereas the reproductive caste became specialized for reproduction. Despite these important changes, little is known about the general patterns of morphological evolution within the ant reproductive caste. Our goals here were to characterize morphological variation in the ant reproductive caste and to test whether different sexes display variation in their evolutionary rates. We obtained measurements of 897 specimens from a total of 678 ant species. The shapes of the size distributions were similar between sexes, with queens being larger than males in all traits except for eye length. Contrary to the expectation based on Rensch’s rule, although queens were larger, the degree of dimorphism increased with body size. Finally, there was strong evidence for an accelerated tempo of morphological evolution in queens in relation to males. These results represent the first comprehensive treatment of morphological variation in the ant reproductive caste and provide important new insights into their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Divieso
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago S R Silva
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcio R Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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15
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Beutel RG, Richter A, Keller RA, Hita Garcia F, Matsumura Y, Economo EP, Gorb SN. Distal leg structures of the Aculeata (Hymenoptera): A comparative evolutionary study of Sceliphron (Sphecidae) and Formica (Formicidae). J Morphol 2020; 281:737-753. [PMID: 32364646 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The distal parts of the legs of Sceliphron caementarium (Sphecidae) and Formica rufa (Formicidae) are documented and discussed with respect to phylogenetic and functional aspects. The prolegs of Hymenoptera offer an array of evolutionary novelties, mainly linked with two functional syndromes, walking efficiently on different substrates and cleaning the body surface. The protibial-probasitarsomeral cleaning device is almost always well-developed. A complex evolutionary innovation is a triple set of tarsal and pretarsal attachment devices, including tarsal plantulae, probasitarsomeral spatulate setae, and an arolium with an internal spring-like arcus, a dorsal manubrium, and a ventral planta. The probasitarsal adhesive sole and a complex arolium are almost always preserved, whereas the plantulae are often missing. Sceliphron has retained most hymenopteran ground plan features of the legs, and also Formica, even though the adhesive apparatus of Formicidae shows some modifications, likely linked to ground-oriented habits of most ants. Plantulae are always absent in extant ants, and the arolium is often reduced in size, and sometimes vestigial. The arolium contains resilin in both examined species. Additionally, resilin enriched regions are also present in the antenna cleaners of both species, although they differ in which of the involved structures is more flexible, the calcar in Sceliphron and the basitarsal comb in Formica. Functionally, the hymenopteran distal leg combines (a) interlocking mechanisms (claws, spine-like setae) and (b) adhesion mechanisms (plantulae, arolium). On rough substrate, claws and spine-like setae interlock with asperities and secure a firm grip, whereas the unfolding arolium generates adhesive contact on smooth surfaces. Differences of the folded arolium of Sceliphron and Formica probably correlate with differences in the mechanism of folding/unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Roberto A Keller
- Museu Nacional de Historia Natural e da Ciência and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Hita Garcia
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Alajmi R, Haddadi R, Abdel-Gaber R, Alkuriji M. Molecular phylogeny of Monomorium pharaonis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on rRNA sequences of mitochondrial gene. J Genet 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-020-1186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Comparative mitogenomics of Hymenoptera reveals evolutionary differences in structure and composition. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 144:460-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Panina IV, Potapov MB, Polilov AA. Effects of miniaturization in the anatomy of the minute springtail Mesaphorura sylvatica (Hexapoda: Collembola: Tullbergiidae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e8037. [PMID: 31741793 PMCID: PMC6858819 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smaller animals display pecular characteristics related to their small body size, and miniaturization has recently been intensely studied in insects, but not in other arthropods. Collembola, or springtails, are abundant soil microarthropods and form one of the four basal groups of hexapods. Many of them are notably smaller than 1 mm long, which makes them a good model for studying miniaturization effects in arthropods. In this study we analyze for the first time the anatomy of the minute springtail Mesaphorura sylvatica (body length 400 µm). It is described using light and scanning electron microscopy and 3D computer reconstruction. Possible effects of miniaturization are revealed based on a comparative analysis of data from this study and from studies on the anatomy of larger collembolans. Despite the extremely small size of M. sylvatica, some organ systems, e.g., muscular and digestive, remain complex. On the other hand, the nervous system displays considerable changes. The brain has two pairs of apertures with three pairs of muscles running through them, and all ganglia are shifted posteriad by one segment. The relative volumes of the skeleton, brain, and musculature are smaller than those of most microinsects, while the relative volumes of other systems are greater than or the same as in most microinsects. Comparison of the effects of miniaturization in collembolans with those of insects has shown that most of the miniaturization-related features of M. sylvatica have also been found in microinsects (shift of the brain into the prothorax, absent heart, absence of midgut musculature, etc.), but also has revealed unique features (brain with two apertures and three pairs of muscles going through them), which have not been described before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Panina
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail B Potapov
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia.,Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Alexey A Polilov
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Silva TSR, Feitosa RM. Using controlled vocabularies in anatomical terminology: A case study with Strumigenys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 52:100877. [PMID: 31357032 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Morphological studies of insects can help us to understand the concomitant or sequential functionality of complex structures and may be used to hypothetize distinct levels of phylogenetic relationship among groups. Traditional morphological works, generally, have encompassed a set of elements, including descriptions of structures and their respective conditions, literature references and images, all combined in a single document. Fast forward to the digital era, it is now possible to release this information simultaneously but also independently as data sets linked to the original publication in an external environment. In order to link data from various fields of knowledge, disseminating morphological information in an open environment, it is important to use tools that enhance interoperability. For example, semantic annotations facilitate the dissemination and retrieval of phenotypic data in digital environments. The integration of semantic (i.e. web-based) components with anatomic treatments can be used to generate a traditional description in natural language along with a set of semantic annotations. The ant genus Strumigenys currently comprises about 840 described species distributed worldwide. In the Neotropical region, almost 200 species are currently known, but it is possible that much of the species' diversity there remains unexplored and undescribed. The morphological diversity in the genus is high, reflecting an extreme generic reclassification that occurred in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Here we define the anatomical concepts in this highly diverse group of ants using semantic annotations to enrich the anatomical ontologies available online, focussing on the definition of terms through subjacent conceptualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S R Silva
- Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Francisco Heráclito dos Santos Ave., Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo M Feitosa
- Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Francisco Heráclito dos Santos Ave., Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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20
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Porto DS, Almeida EAB. A comparative study of the pharyngeal plate of Apoidea (Hymenoptera: Aculeata), with implications for the understanding of phylogenetic relationships of bees. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 50:64-77. [PMID: 31002960 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pharyngeal plate is a morphological complex with extensive anatomical variation among bees and, therefore, potential as a source of phylogenetic information. The pharyngeal plate of bees is divided into four morphologically distinct regions: sitophore, hypopharyngeal lobe, pharyngeal rods, and median oral plate. In this work we illustrate and document in detail for the first time the pharyngeal plate of 43 bee species, providing descriptions of the morphological variation and contrasting these findings with representatives of apoid wasps (Crabronidae and Sphecidae). We evaluate and discuss the potential of this structure as a rich source of morphological information in the context of bee phylogeny and any research potentially impacted by comparative morphological data. The shape of the hypopharyngeal lobe is highly variable among suprageneric taxa of bees and can be readily employed to characterise taxa at various levels. We argue that the global patterns in the variation of the pharyngeal plate can provide information for phylogenetic inference within bees and constructed and coded 10 characters that encompass the most noticeable morphological differences discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego S Porto
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA) - Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A B Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA) - Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Tang P, Zhu JC, Zheng BY, Wei SJ, Sharkey M, Chen XX, Vogler AP. Mitochondrial phylogenomics of the Hymenoptera. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 131:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Niu G, Korkmaz EM, Doğan Ö, Zhang Y, Aydemir MN, Budak M, Du S, Başıbüyük HH, Wei M. The first mitogenomes of the superfamily Pamphilioidea (Hymenoptera: Symphyta): Mitogenome architecture and phylogenetic inference. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:185-199. [PMID: 30448489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Pamphilioidea represents a small superfamily of the phytophagous suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Here, nearly complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of three pamphilioid species: Chinolyda flagellicornis (Pamphiliidae), Megalodontes spiraeae and M. cephalotes (Megalodontesidae) were newly sequenced using next generation sequencing and comparatively analysed with the previously reported symphytan mitogenomes. A positive AT skew (0.013) and a negative GC skew (-0.194) were found in pamphilioid mitogenome, and a deviation from strand asymmetry was also observed in the PCGs encoded on both strands. Several gene rearrangement events were observed in four tRNA gene clusters (WCY, IQM, ARNS1EF and TP clusters), which have not been reported from symphytan mitogenomes to date. As the most parsimonious explanation, compared with the inferred insect ancestral mitogenome architecture, the occurrence of gene rearrangements in pamphilioid mitogenomes requires totally five evolutionary steps, including four transpositions and one inversion. The predicted secondary structures of tRNAs, rrnS and rrnL genes are mostly consistent with reported hymenopteran species. Phylogenetic analyses recovered the monophyly of superfamily Pamphilioidea and indicated the relationship Tenthredinoidea + (Pamphilioidea + (Cephoidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita))) with strong nodal supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyun Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, PR China
| | - Ertan Mahir Korkmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Özgül Doğan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Central South University of Forestry and Technology), Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Merve Nur Aydemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mahir Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Shiyu Du
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees (Central South University of Forestry and Technology), Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | | | - Meicai Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, PR China
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23
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Eggs B, Birkhold AI, Röhrle O, Betz O. Structure and function of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of an ichneumonid wasp. BMC ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-018-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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24
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van Noort S, Triapitsyn SV. Revision of the Polynemadikobraz species-group with description of a remarkable new species from South Africa (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae). Zookeys 2018; 783:67-84. [PMID: 30275727 PMCID: PMC6160806 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.783.26872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Afrotropical species of Polynema Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), Polynema (Polynema) sagittaria van Noort & Triapitsyn, sp. n., is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the Cape Floral region in south-western South Africa. This species is morphologically closely related to the recently described Polynema (Polynema) dikobraz Triapitsyn, 2017 from Madagascar, both species possessing enlarged spine-like microtrichia on the fore wing disc that are unique among all the known world fairyflies. This new species belongs to the informal dikobraz species-group of the nominate subgenus of Polynema, which previously was only known from Madagascar. In addition, P.sagittaria has the ovipositor extending ventrally under the mesosoma to well in front of the head, in a bow-like curve, and housed in a narrow, anterior elongation of the metasoma, the basal sac. Occurrence and possible significance of such a bizarre ovipositor in other Mymaridae is discussed. All images and online keys are available on www.waspweb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon van Noort
- Research and Exhibitions Department, Iziko South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South AfricaIziko South African MuseumCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South AfricaUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
| | - Serguei V. Triapitsyn
- Entomology Research Museum, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USAUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUnited States of America
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Mikó I, van de Kamp T, Trietsch C, Ulmer JM, Zuber M, Baumbach T, Deans AR. A new megaspilid wasp from Eocene Baltic amber (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea), with notes on two non-ceraphronoid families: Radiophronidae and Stigmaphronidae. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5174. [PMID: 30140594 PMCID: PMC6103384 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceraphronoids are some of the most commonly collected hymenopterans, yet they remain rare in the fossil record. Conostigmus talamasi Mikó and Trietsch, sp. nov. from Baltic amber represents an intermediate form between the type genus, Megaspilus, and one of the most species-rich megaspilid genera, Conostigmus. We describe the new species using 3D data collected with synchrotron-based micro-CT equipment. This non-invasive technique allows for quick data collection in unusually high resolution, revealing morphological traits that are otherwise obscured by the amber. In describing this new species, we revise the diagnostic characters for Ceraphronoidea and discuss possible reasons why minute wasps with a pterostigma are often misidentified as ceraphronoids. Based on the lack of ceraphronoid characteristics, we remove Dendrocerus dubitatus Brues, 1937, Stigmaphronidae, and Radiophronidae from Ceraphronoidea and consider them as incertae sedis. We also provide some guidance for their future classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Mikó
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Thomas van de Kamp
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carolyn Trietsch
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Jonah M. Ulmer
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Marcus Zuber
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrew R. Deans
- Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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Chen HY, Talamas EJ, Valerio AA, Masner L, Johnson NF. Revision of the World species of the genus Chromoteleia Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Scelioninae). Zookeys 2018; 778:1-95. [PMID: 30104914 PMCID: PMC6082922 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.778.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Chromoteleia Ashmead is revised. Twenty-seven species are recognized, of which six species are redescribed: C.congoana (Risbec), C.connectens Kieffer, C.fuscicornis Kieffer, C.longitarsis Kieffer, C.semicyanea Ashmead, C.tricarinata Kieffer; and twenty-one species are described as new: C.aequalis Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.alternata Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.bidens Chen & Masner, sp. n., C.copiosa Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.cuneus Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.curta Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.depilis Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.dispar Chen & Masner, sp. n., C.feng Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.fossa Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.ingens Chen & Masner, sp. n., C.levitas Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.longa Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.maura Chen & Masner, sp. n., C.parvitas Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.pilus Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.plana Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.rara Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.robusta Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.semilutea Chen & Johnson, sp. n., C.sparsa Chen & Johnson, sp. n.Chromoteleiarufithorax Kieffer remains a valid species, but its identity and status are unclear. All species are known only from the Neotropical region except for Chromoteleiacongoana (Resbec) which only occurs in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-yan Chen
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USAThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States of America
| | - Elijah J. Talamas
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, The Doyle Conner Building, 1911 SW 34th St, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAFlorida Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesGainesvilleUnited States of America
| | - Alejandro A. Valerio
- Central American Institute for Biological Research and Conservation (CIBRC), P.O. Box 2398-2050 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose, Costa RicaCentral American Institute for Biological Research and ConservationSan JoseCosta Rica
| | - Lubomír Masner
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food CanadaOttawaCanada
| | - Norman F. Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USAThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States of America
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA
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27
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Shen ZC, Chen L, Chen L, Li YX. Information from the mitochondrial genomes of two egg parasitoids, Gonatocerus sp. and Telenomus sp., reveals a controversial phylogenetic relationship between Mymaridae and Scelionidae. Genomics 2018; 111:1059-1065. [PMID: 31533898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomic status and phylogenetic affinities of Mymaridae and Scelionidae are controversial, based on similarities between these families in the characteristics of adults, larvae, and eggs. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of representatives from these two families and found that the derived secondary structure of tRNA-Arg was the same in each family due to the absence of the D-stem. The segment of "cox1 trnL2cox2 trnK trnD atp8 atp6 cox3" in Gonatocerus sp. (Mymaridae) is conserved and distinct from those of four other species of Chalcidoidea but similar to that in Proctotrupoidea and Platygastroidea. However, phylogenetic analysis indicated that Gonatocerus sp. was sister group to other species of Chalcidoidea. Comparisons based on complete gene orders may be more useful in a phylogenetic and systematic context, as different branches may exhibit partially homoplastic gene orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Can Shen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Xi Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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28
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Tvedte ES, Forbes AA, Logsdon JM. Retention of Core Meiotic Genes Across Diverse Hymenoptera. J Hered 2018; 108:791-806. [PMID: 28992199 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms of meiosis are critical for proper gamete formation in sexual organisms. Functional studies in model organisms have identified genes essential for meiosis, yet the extent to which this core meiotic machinery is conserved across non-model systems is not fully understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether deviation from canonical modes of sexual reproduction is accompanied by modifications in the genetic components involved in meiosis. We used a robust approach to identify and catalogue meiosis genes in Hymenoptera, an insect order typically characterized by haplodiploid reproduction. Using newly available genome data, we searched for 43 genes involved in meiosis in 18 diverse hymenopterans. Seven of eight genes with roles specific to meiosis were found across a majority of surveyed species, suggesting the preservation of core meiotic machinery in haplodiploid hymenopterans. Phylogenomic analyses of the inventory of meiosis genes and the identification of shared gene duplications and losses provided support for the grouping of species within Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Aculeata clades, along with a paraphyletic Symphyta. The conservation of meiosis genes across Hymenoptera provides a framework for studying transitions between reproductive modes in this insect group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Tvedte
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - John M Logsdon
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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29
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Chen HY, Talamas EJ, Masner L, Johnson NF. Revision of the world species of the genus Habroteleia Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Scelioninae). Zookeys 2018; 730:87-122. [PMID: 29416398 PMCID: PMC5799745 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.730.21846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Habroteleia Kieffer is revised. Seven species are recognized, three are redescribed: H. flavipes Kieffer, H. persimilis (Kozlov & Kononova), H. ruficoxa (Kieffer); and four species are described as new: H. mutabilis Chen & Talamas, sp. n., H. salebra Chen & Talamas, sp. n., H. soa Chen & Talamas, sp. n., and H. spinosa Chen & Johnson, sp. n. Four species are treated as junior synonyms of Habroteleia flavipes Kieffer: Chrestoteleia bakeri Kieffer, syn. n., Habroteleia bharatensis Saraswat, syn. n., Habroteleia browni Crawford, syn. n., and Habroteleia kotturensis (Sharma), syn. n.Habroteleia dagavia (Kozlov & Lê), syn. n. is treated as junior synonym of Habroteleia persimilis (Kozlov & Kononova). Baryconus vindhiensis (Sharma), comb. n. is transferred out of Habroteleia Kieffer. Habroteleia impressa (Kieffer) and H. scapularis (Kieffer) remain valid species but their identity and status are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-yan Chen
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, U.S.A.
| | - Elijah J. Talamas
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, The Doyle Conner Building, 1911 SW 34th St, Gainesville, Florida 32608, U.S.A.
| | - Lubomír Masner
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Norman F. Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, U.S.A.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, U.S.A.
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30
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Meira OM, Gonçalves RB. The relevance of the mesosomal internal structures to the phylogeny of Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictinae). ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odair M. Meira
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
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31
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Pessôa MB, Izzo TJ, Vaz-de-Mello FZ. Assemblage and functional categorization of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) from the Pantanal. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3978. [PMID: 29134142 PMCID: PMC5681849 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pantanal is one of the world’s largest tropical wetland areas and harbors high mammal biomass. There is no formal list of dung beetle species, and studies on their functional roles have never being carried out in Pantanal. In this study, we identified dung beetle species occurring in the north Pantanal region (Poconé sub-region, Brazil) and studied their functional organization, by measuring morphological, behavioral and phenological traits. We collected 25,278 individuals belonging to 17 genera and 35 species. We identified eight functional groups in the habitat: Noturnal Telecoprids, Diurnal Telecoprids, Nesting Endocoprids, Small Nonrollers, Nocturnal Nester Paracoprids, Big Nesters Paracoprids, Non Nesters Paracoprids and Diurnal Nesters Paracoprids. The functional groups were defined mostly by two reproductive traits and two niche differentiation traits related to the use of fecal resources. This high diversification of both species and functional roles shows the importance of the group in a habitat with strong variation in availability of habitat and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Pessôa
- Department of Ecology/Progama de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Thiago J Izzo
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
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32
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Anatomy of adult Megaphragma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), one of the smallest insects, and new insight into insect miniaturization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175566. [PMID: 28467417 PMCID: PMC5414980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The body size, especially in cases of extreme reduction, is an important characteristic that strongly determines the morphology, physiology, and biology of animals. Miniaturization is a widespread trend in animal evolution and one of the principal directions of evolution in insects. Miniaturization-related features of insect morphology have been subject to intensive studies during the last few years, but the structure of the smallest insects remains insufficiently known. It is especially important to study hymenopterans of the genus Megaphragma, which include the smallest flying insects and a species in which an almost anucleate nervous system was recently discovered. This article is the first detailed study of the external and internal morphology of adults of Megaphragma mymaripenne and M. amalphitanum using histological methods, 3D computer modeling and other techniques. It is shown that in spite of the extremely small size the organization of Megaphragma retains a considerkable level of structural complexity. On the other hand, miniaturization leads to re-organizations of several organ systems. Unique structural features related to miniaturization have been found in both species: lysis of cell bodies and nuclei of neurons at late stages of pupal development, absence of the heart, and considerable reductions in the set of muscles. Comparative analysis of structure in the smallest insects representing different taxa has revealed common features of the evolutionary process of miniaturization in insects.
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Peters RS, Krogmann L, Mayer C, Donath A, Gunkel S, Meusemann K, Kozlov A, Podsiadlowski L, Petersen M, Lanfear R, Diez PA, Heraty J, Kjer KM, Klopfstein S, Meier R, Polidori C, Schmitt T, Liu S, Zhou X, Wappler T, Rust J, Misof B, Niehuis O. Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1013-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Chen HY, Masner L, Johnson NF. New World species of the genus Calliscelio Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Scelioninae). Zookeys 2017; 648:1-136. [PMID: 28325969 PMCID: PMC5345382 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.648.10935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Calliscelio Ashmead is presumed to be a diverse group of parasitoids of the eggs of crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). A least one species has been found to be an important factor in depressing cricket pest populations. The New World species of Calliscelio are revised. Forty-two species are recognized, 3 are redescribed: Calliscelio bisulcatus (Kieffer), Calliscelio laticinctus Ashmead, Calliscelio rubriclavus (Ashmead), comb. n.; and 38 are described as new: Calliscelio absconditum Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio absum Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio alcoa Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio amadoi Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio armila Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio bidens Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio brachys Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio brevinotaulus Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio brevitas Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio carinigena Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio crater Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio crena Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio eboris Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio extenuatus Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio flavicauda Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio foveolatus Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio gatineau Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio glaber Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio granulatus Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio latifrons Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio levis Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio longius Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio magnificus Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio migma Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio minutia Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio paraglaber Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio pararemigio Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio prolixus Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio punctatifrons Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio remigio Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio ruga Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio rugicoxa Chen & Masner, sp. n., Calliscelio sfina Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio storea Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio suni Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio telum Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio torqueo Chen & Johnson, sp. n., Calliscelio virga Chen & Johnson, sp. n. Four species are treated as junior synonyms of Calliscelio rubriclavus (Ashmead): Anteris nigriceps Ashmead, syn. n., Caloteleia marlattii Ashmead, syn. n., Caloteleia grenadensis Ashmead, syn. n., and Macroteleia ruskini Girault, syn. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-yan Chen
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, U.S.A.
| | - Lubomír Masner
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Norman F. Johnson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, U.S.A.
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35
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Engel MS. New Evanioid Wasps from the Cenomanian of Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Othniodellithidae, Aulacidae), with a Summary of Family-Group Names Among Evanioidea. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1206/3871.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Borowiec ML. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zookeys 2016; 608:1-280. [PMID: 27559303 PMCID: PMC4982377 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.608.9427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The generic classification of the ant subfamily Dorylinae is revised, with the aim of facilitating identification of easily-diagnosable monophyletic genera. The new classification is based on recent molecular phylogenetic evidence and a critical reappraisal of doryline morphology. New keys and diagnoses based on workers and males are provided, along with reviews of natural history and phylogenetic relationships, distribution maps, and a list of valid species for each lineage. Twenty-eight genera (27 extant and 1 extinct) are recognized within the subfamily, an increase from 20 in the previous classification scheme. Species classified in the polyphyletic Cerapachys and Sphinctomyrmex prior to this publication are here distributed among 9 and 3 different genera, respectively. Amyrmex and Asphinctanilloides are synonymized under Leptanilloides and the currently recognized subgenera are synonymized for Dorylus. No tribal classification is proposed for the subfamily, but several apparently monophyletic genus-groups are discussed. Valid generic names recognized here include: Acanthostichus (= Ctenopyga), Aenictogiton, Aenictus (= Paraenictus, Typhlatta), Cerapachys (= Ceratopachys), Cheliomyrmex, Chrysapace gen. rev., Cylindromyrmex (= Holcoponera, Hypocylindromyrmex, Metacylindromyrmex), Dorylus (= Alaopone syn. n., Anomma syn. n., Cosmaecetes, Dichthadia syn. n., Rhogmus syn. n., Shuckardia, Sphecomyrmex, Sphegomyrmex, Typhlopone syn. n.), Eburopone gen. n., Eciton (= Camptognatha, Holopone, Mayromyrmex), Eusphinctus gen. rev., Labidus (= Nycteresia, Pseudodichthadia), Leptanilloides (= Amyrmex syn. n., Asphinctanilloides syn. n.), Lioponera gen. rev. (= Neophyracaces syn. n., Phyracaces syn. n.), Lividopone, Neivamyrmex (= Acamatus, Woitkowskia), Neocerapachys gen. n., Nomamyrmex, Ooceraea gen. rev. (= Cysias syn. n.), Parasyscia gen. rev., †Procerapachys, Simopone, Sphinctomyrmex, Syscia gen. rev., Tanipone, Vicinopone, Yunodorylus gen. rev., Zasphinctus gen. rev. (= Aethiopopone syn. n., Nothosphinctus syn. n.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek L. Borowiec
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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37
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Porto DS, Almeida EAB, Vilhelmsen L. Comparative morphology of internal structures of the mesosoma of bees with an emphasis on the corbiculate clade (Apidae: Apini). Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego S. Porto
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA); Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP); Universidade de São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901 Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. B. Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA); Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP); Universidade de São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901 Brazil
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Biosystematics; Natural History Museum of Denmark; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen DK-2100 Denmark
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38
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Song SN, Tang P, Wei SJ, Chen XX. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes in basal hymenopterans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20972. [PMID: 26879745 PMCID: PMC4754708 DOI: 10.1038/srep20972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Symphyta is traditionally accepted as a paraphyletic group located in a basal position of the order Hymenoptera. Herein, we conducted a comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes in the Symphyta by describing two newly sequenced ones, from Trichiosoma anthracinum, representing the first mitochondrial genome in family Cimbicidae, and Asiemphytus rufocephalus, from family Tenthredinidae. The sequenced lengths of these two mitochondrial genomes were 15,392 and 14,864 bp, respectively. Within the sequenced region, trnC and trnY were rearranged to the upstream of trnI-nad2 in T. anthracinum, while in A. rufocephalus all sequenced genes were arranged in the putative insect ancestral gene arrangement. Rearrangement of the tRNA genes is common in the Symphyta. The rearranged genes are mainly from trnL1 and two tRNA clusters of trnI-trnQ-trnM and trnW-trnC-trnY. The mitochondrial genomes of Symphyta show a biased usage of A and T rather than G and C. Protein-coding genes in Symphyta species show a lower evolutionary rate than those of Apocrita. The Ka/Ks ratios were all less than 1, indicating purifying selection of Symphyta species. Phylogenetic analyses supported the paraphyly and basal position of Symphyta in Hymenoptera. The well-supported phylogenetic relationship in the study is Tenthredinoidea + (Cephoidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Klopfstein S, Vilhelmsen L, Ronquist F. A Nonstationary Markov Model Detects Directional Evolution in Hymenopteran Morphology. Syst Biol 2015; 64:1089-103. [PMID: 26272507 PMCID: PMC4604834 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional evolution has played an important role in shaping the morphological, ecological, and molecular diversity of life. However, standard substitution models assume stationarity of the evolutionary process over the time scale examined, thus impeding the study of directionality. Here we explore a simple, nonstationary model of evolution for discrete data, which assumes that the state frequencies at the root differ from the equilibrium frequencies of the homogeneous evolutionary process along the rest of the tree (i.e., the process is nonstationary, nonreversible, but homogeneous). Within this framework, we develop a Bayesian approach for testing directional versus stationary evolution using a reversible-jump algorithm. Simulations show that when only data from extant taxa are available, the success in inferring directionality is strongly dependent on the evolutionary rate, the shape of the tree, the relative branch lengths, and the number of taxa. Given suitable evolutionary rates (0.1-0.5 expected substitutions between root and tips), accounting for directionality improves tree inference and often allows correct rooting of the tree without the use of an outgroup. As an empirical test, we apply our method to study directional evolution in hymenopteran morphology. We focus on three character systems: wing veins, muscles, and sclerites. We find strong support for a trend toward loss of wing veins and muscles, while stationarity cannot be ruled out for sclerites. Adding fossil and time information in a total-evidence dating approach, we show that accounting for directionality results in more precise estimates not only of the ancestral state at the root of the tree, but also of the divergence times. Our model relaxes the assumption of stationarity and reversibility by adding a minimum of additional parameters, and is thus well suited to studying the nature of the evolutionary process in data sets of limited size, such as morphology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Klopfstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; The University of Adelaide, ACEBB, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia; Natural History Museum, Department of Invertebrates, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Biosystematics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Ronquist
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Kawada R, Lanes GO, Azevedo CO. Evolution of Metapostnotum in Flat Wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae): Implications for Homology Assessments in Chrysidoidea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140051. [PMID: 26465151 PMCID: PMC4605639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some authors in the past based their conclusions about the limits of the metapostnotum of Chrysidoidea based on the position of the mesophragmo-metaphragmal muscle, rather than aspects of the skeleton and musculature associated with the metapectal-propodeal complex. The latter character system suggests another interpretation of the metapostnotum delimitation. Given this scenario, the main goal of this work is to present a new perspective on the metapostnotum in Chrysidoidea, especially Bethylidae, helping to resolve questions related to the evolution of the metapostnotum. This is based on homologies established by associating of insertion points of ph2-ph3 and ph3-T2 muscles with the delimitation of the respective sclerite the muscles insert into. Our results indicate that, according the position of the metaphragmal muscles, the metapostnotum in Bethylidae is medially expanded in the propodeal disc and has different forms of configuration. Internally, the limits of the metapostnotum can be tracked by the shape of the mesopostnotum, and vice versa. Thus, the anteromedian area of the propodeal disc sensu Evans was reinterpreted in the current study as the metapostnotum. In conjunction with associated structures, we provide evidence to clarify the relationships between the families within Chrysidoidea, although certain families like Embolemidae, Dryinidae and Chrysididae exhibit extreme modifications of the condition found in Aculeata, as observed in Bethylidae. We review the terminology used to describe anatomical features on the metapectal-propodeal complex in Bethylidae in general, and provide a list of recommended terms in accordance with the online Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology. The morphology of the studied subfamilies are illustrated. Studies that focus on a single structure, across a larger number of taxa, are more insightful and present specific questions that can contribute to broader issues, thus providing a better understanding of the morphology and evolution of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kawada
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Geane O. Lanes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Celso O. Azevedo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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41
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Burks RA, Heraty JM. Subforaminal bridges in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a focus on Chalcidoidea. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:173-194. [PMID: 25579204 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Variation in structures of the posterior surface of the head in Hymenoptera is compared and interpreted according to theories of head capsule evolution, with focus on understanding previously baffling conditions in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Features are investigated separately without first classifying subforaminal bridges into subcategories. In Proctotrupomorpha (including Chalcidoidea), Ceraphronoidea and some Ichneumonoidea, there are multiple posterior pits associated with the tentorium. In most examined Hymenoptera with a subforaminal bridge, there was a differentiated median area, typically with highly variable microtrichia. This area is elevated in Cephoidea and Pamphilioidea, but is not elevated in other Hymenoptera. Subforaminal bridges in Apocrita previously classified as hypostomal bridges are discussed in the context of A.P. Rasnitsyn's hypothesis that relative importance of adult feeding drives subforaminal bridge evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Burks
- Entomology Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - J M Heraty
- Entomology Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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42
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Vilhelmsen L. Morphological phylogenetics of the Tenthredinidae (Insecta : Hymenoptera). INVERTEBR SYST 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/is14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Tenthredinoidea is the most diverse superfamily of non-apocritan Hymenoptera. It is also one of the largest herbivorous groups within the order, some species having substantial economic impact. Until very recently, no comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the superfamily had been undertaken. This paper presents the largest morphological dataset assembled so far for elucidating the phylogeny of the Tenthredinoidea. In total, 129 taxa were scored for 146 characters from the adult head, thorax, wings and ovipositor apparatus. The emphasis of the taxon sample is on Tenthredinidae (104 terminals), which is by far the largest family in the Tenthredinoidea. The results of the cladistic analyses confirm the monophyly of the Tenthredinoidea, the first split being between the Blasticotomidae and the remaining families (Tenthredinoidea s. str., also monophyletic), and the monophyly of all families except Tenthredinidae. The analyses fail to consistently retrieve any of the six currently recognised subfamilies within Tenthredinidae, although core clades of Heterarthrinae, Nematinae, Selandriinae and Tenthredininae are often supported. Diprionidae are placed inside the Nematinae under some weighting conditions. The failure to corroborate the tenthredinid subfamilies might be ascribed to an insufficient character/terminal ratio, but also to problems with the existing classification. Inclusion of characters from the male genitalia and the larval stages as well as molecular data currently being assembled will hopefully lead to a more robust classification of the Tenthredinidae in the future.
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43
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Mao M, Gibson T, Dowton M. Higher-level phylogeny of the Hymenoptera inferred from mitochondrial genomes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 84:34-43. [PMID: 25542648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Higher-level hymenopteran relationships remain unresolved in both morphological and molecular analyses. In this study, we present the most comprehensive analyses of hymenopteran relationships based on 48 mitochondrial (mt) genomes. One complete and two nearly complete mt genomes representing three hymenopteran superfamilies were newly sequenced. We assessed the influence of inclusion/exclusion of 3rd codon positions, alignment approaches, partition schemes and phylogenetic approaches on topology and nodal support within the Hymenoptera. The results showed that the topologies were sensitive to the variation of dataset and analytical approach. However, some robust and highly supported relationships were recovered: the Ichneumonomorpha was monophyletic; the Trigonalyoidea+Megalyroidea and the Diaprioidea+Chalcidoidea were consistently recovered; the Cynipoidea was generally recovered as the sister group to the Diaprioidea+Chalcidoidea. In addition, the monophyletic Aculeata and Proctotrupomorpha were recovered in some analyses. Several gene rearrangements were detected in each of the three newly sequenced mt genomes. Specifically, the Ibalia leucospoides mt genome harbors a large inversion of a gene block from trnE to trnS2. Inverted, duplicated A+T rich regions were detected in the Ibalia leucospoides mt genome, which probably played an important role during the formation of the large gene block inversion via recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- Centre for Medical Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Tracey Gibson
- Centre for Medical Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Mark Dowton
- Centre for Medical Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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44
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Babbucci M, Basso A, Scupola A, Patarnello T, Negrisolo E. Is it an ant or a butterfly? Convergent evolution in the mitochondrial gene order of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:3326-43. [PMID: 25480682 PMCID: PMC4466343 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) are usually double helical and circular molecules containing 37 genes that are encoded on both strands. The arrangement of the genes is not constant for all species, and produces distinct gene orders (GOs) that have proven to be diagnostic in defining clades at different taxonomic levels. In general, it is believed that distinct taxa have a very low chance of sharing identically arranged GOs. However, examples of identical, homoplastic local rearrangements occurring in distinct taxa do exist. In this study, we sequenced the complete mtDNAs of the ants Formica fusca and Myrmica scabrinodis (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) and compared their GOs with those of other Insecta. The GO of F. fusca was found to be identical to the GO of Dytrisia (the largest clade of Lepidoptera). This finding is the first documented case of an identical GO shared by distinct groups of Insecta, and it is the oldest known event of GO convergent evolution in animals. Both Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera acquired this GO early in their evolution. Using a phylogenetic approach combined with new bioinformatic tools, the chronological order of the evolutionary events that produced the diversity of the hymenopteran GOs was determined. Additionally, new local homoplastic rearrangements shared by distinct groups of insects were identified. Our study showed that local and global homoplasies affecting the insect GOs are more widespread than previously thought. Homoplastic GOs can still be useful for characterizing the various clades, provided that they are appropriately considered in a phylogenetic and taxonomic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Basso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Antonio Scupola
- Natural History Museum (Museo di Storia Naturale), Verona, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Enrico Negrisolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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45
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Mao M, Gibson T, Dowton M. Evolutionary dynamics of the mitochondrial genome in the evaniomorpha (hymenoptera)—a group with an intermediate rate of gene rearrangement. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:1862-74. [PMID: 25115010 PMCID: PMC4122943 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of three evaniomorph species, Ceraphron sp. (Ceraphronoidea), Gasteruption sp. (Evanioidea), and Orthogonalys pulchella (Trigonalyoidea) as well as the nearly complete mt genome from another evaniomorph species, Megalyra sp. (Megalyroidea). Each of them possesses dramatic gene rearrangements, including protein-coding or rRNA genes. Gene inversions were identified in all of these mt genomes; for example, the two rRNA genes have inverted and moved into the nad2-cox1 junction in the Megalyra sp. mt genome. In addition, we found two copies of a 10-bp complementary repeat at the beginning of rrnS and at the end of trnL(2) in the Gasteruption sp. mt genome, consistent with recombination as the possible mechanism for gene inversion and long-range movement. Although each of the genomes contains a number of repeats of varying size, there was no consistent association of the size or number of repeats with the extent or type of gene rearrangement. The breakpoint distance analysis showed the Evaniomorpha has an intermediate rate of gene rearrangement. Sequence-based phylogenetic analyses of 13 protein-coding and 2 rRNA genes in 22 hymenopteran taxa recovered a paraphyletic Evaniomorpha with the Aculeata nested within it. Within the Evaniomorpha, our analyses confirmed the Trigonalyoidea + Megalyroidea as the sister group to the Aculeata and recovered a novel clade, Ceraphronoidea + Evanioidea. In contrast to previous hymenopteran phylogenetic studies, the internal relationships of the Evaniomorpha were highly supported and robust to the variation of alignment approach and phylogenetic inference approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- Centre for Medical Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracey Gibson
- Centre for Medical Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Dowton
- Centre for Medical Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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46
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Vilhelmsen L, Zimmermann D. Baltorussus total makeover: rejuvenation and sex change in an ancient parasitoid wasp lineage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98412. [PMID: 24887435 PMCID: PMC4041779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Orussidae is a small and rare but phylogenetically important family of parasitoid wasps. The fossil record of the family is also very poor. Baltorussus velteni was described from Baltic amber from an allegedly female specimen. This and another recently discovered specimen are examined with microCT scanning and standard microscopy. We reveal that both the holotype and the new specimen are actually males. Furthermore, the results of the microCT scanning allow us to integrate the fossils in a morphological data set assembled for extant Orussidae. Phylogenetic analyses consistently retrieve Baltorussus as a separate basal lineage within the crown group, whereas two Cretaceous fossils are placed as stem group orussids and a Dominican amber fossil in an extant genus. Based on the positions of the fossils, we estimate that the extant Orussidae radiated in the mid-Cretaceous (approx. 100 Ma ago). This is considerably younger than a previously suggested Early Jurassic date (180 Ma ago), which was primarily based on biogeographic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Vilhelmsen
- Biosystematics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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47
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Malm T, Nyman T. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 2014; 31:1-17. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Malm
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; PO Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Genetics; University of Turku; Turku FI-20014 Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; PO Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Institute for Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 Zurich CH-8008 Switzerland
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48
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Wipfler B, Klug R, Ge SQ, Bai M, Göbbels J, Yang XK, Hörnschemeyer T. The thorax of Mantophasmatodea, the morphology of flightlessness, and the evolution of the neopteran insects. Cladistics 2014; 31:50-70. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wipfler
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Rebecca Klug
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie; Universität Göttingen; Berliner Straße 28 Göttingen 37073 Germany
| | - Si-Qin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Jürgen Göbbels
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung Berlin; Unter den Eichen 87 Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - Xing-Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Thomas Hörnschemeyer
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie; Universität Göttingen; Berliner Straße 28 Göttingen 37073 Germany
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49
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Payne A, Barden PM, Wheeler WC, Carpenter JM. Direct Optimization, Sensitivity Analysis, and the Evolution of the Hymenopteran Superfamilies. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1206/3789.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Weltz CE, Vilhelmsen L. The saws of sawflies: exploring the morphology of the ovipositor in Tenthredinoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera), with emphasis on Nematinae. J NAT HIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.791941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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