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Mai S, Izumi K, Mai Y, Natsuga K, Ishii N, Sawamura D, Schauer F, Kiritsi D, Nishie W, Ujiie H. Native autoantigen complex detects pemphigoid autoantibodies. JID INNOVATIONS 2023; 3:100193. [PMID: 36992950 PMCID: PMC10041560 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2023.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigoid diseases are a group of autoimmune disorders characterized by subepidermal blistering in the skin and mucosa. Among them, mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) autoantibodies are characterized by targeting multiple molecules in the hemidesmosomes, including collagen XVII, laminin-332, and integrin a6/β4. Traditionally, recombinant proteins of the autoantigens have been employed to identify circulating autoantibodies by immune assays. However, developing an efficient detection system for MMP autoantibodies has been challenging because the autoantibodies have heterogeneous profiles and the antibody titers are typically low. In this study, we introduce an ELISA that takes advantage of a native autoantigen complex rather than simple recombinant proteins. We generated HaCaT keratinocytes with a DDDDK-tag knocked in at the COL17A1 locus by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. Immunoprecipitation using the DDDDK-tag isolated a native complex that contained full-length and processed collagen XVII and integrin α6/β4. Then, we used the complex proteins to prepare an ELISA system and enrolled 55 MMP cases to validate its diagnostic performance. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA for detecting MMP autoantibodies were 70.9% and 86.7%, respectively, far superior to those of conventional assays. In autoimmune diseases such as MMP, in which autoantibodies target various molecules, isolating the antigen-protein complexes can help establish a diagnostic system.
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Giang J, van Doorn MBA, Diercks GFH, de Cordoba SR, van den Bosch TPP, Schreurs MWJ, Poppelaars F, Damman J. Successful pharmacological intervention at different levels of the complement system in an in vitro complement fixation model for bullous pemphigoid. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:632-640. [PMID: 36704908 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is characterized by deposition of immunoglobulins and complement along the epidermal basement membrane (BM). In humans, there is a lack of functional studies targeting the complement system (CS). This study investigates activation of all complement pathways in BP skin biopsies. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition at different levels of the CS was investigated using anti-complement compounds in a complement fixation BP assay. In this retrospective study, 21 frozen biopsies from BP patients were stained by direct immunofluorescence for C1q, MBL, ficolin-2, C4d, properdin, C3c and C5b-9. Sera from 10 patients were analysed in a complement fixation assay in the presence of C1 inhibitor, anti-factor B monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-C3 mAb and anti-C5 mAb and compared with dexamethasone. The two readouts were the quantity of complement deposited along the BM and the release of sC5b-9 in the supernatant. Our results show classical and alternative complement pathway activation in BP skin biopsies, but could not demonstrate significant lectin pathway activation. In contrast to dexamethasone, complement deposition along the BM could be selectively inhibited by anti-C1 and anti- factor B. More downstream, selective intervention at the level of C3 and C5 could effectively reduce complement deposition along the BM and the release of sC5b-9 in the supernatant. This study shows that selective intervention in either the classical, alternative or terminal pathway prevented deposition of complement along the BM in an in vitro BP model. The results of our study greatly encourage the clinical development of complement inhibitors for the treatment of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Giang
- Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn B A van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gilles F H Diercks
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marco W J Schreurs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Poppelaars
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Damman
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Papara C, Karsten CM, Ujiie H, Schmidt E, Schmidt-Jiménez LF, Baican A, Freire PC, Izumi K, Bieber K, Peipp M, Verschoor A, Ludwig RJ, Köhl J, Zillikens D, Hammers CM. The relevance of complement in pemphigoid diseases: A critical appraisal. Front Immunol 2022; 13:973702. [PMID: 36059476 PMCID: PMC9434693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigoid diseases are autoimmune chronic inflammatory skin diseases, which are characterized by blistering of the skin and/or mucous membranes, and circulating and tissue-bound autoantibodies. The well-established pathomechanisms comprise autoantibodies targeting various structural proteins located at the dermal-epidermal junction, leading to complement factor binding and activation. Several effector cells are thus attracted and activated, which in turn inflict characteristic tissue damage and subepidermal blistering. Moreover, the detection of linear complement deposits in the skin is a diagnostic hallmark of all pemphigoid diseases. However, recent studies showed that blistering might also occur independently of complement. This review reassesses the importance of complement in pemphigoid diseases based on current research by contrasting and contextualizing data from in vitro, murine and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Papara
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Christian M. Karsten
- Institute of Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Baican
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Patricia C. Freire
- Institute of Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute of Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph M. Hammers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph M. Hammers,
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Cole C, Vinay K, Borradori L, Amber KT. Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Bullous Pemphigoid: The Role of Complement-Independent Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912876. [PMID: 35874745 PMCID: PMC9300999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disease caused by autoantibodies targeting BP180 and BP230. While deposits of IgG and/or complement along the epidermal basement membrane are typically seen suggesting complement -mediated pathogenesis, several recent lines of evidence point towards complement-independent pathways contributing to tissue damage and subepidermal blister formation. Notable pathways include macropinocytosis of IgG-BP180 complexes resulting in depletion of cellular BP180, direct induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines from keratinocytes, as well as IgE autoantibody- and eosinophil-mediated effects. We review these mechanisms which open new perspectives on novel targeted treatment modalities.
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Imafuku K, Iwata H, Kamaguchi M, Izumi K, Natsuga K, Ujiie H, Nishie W, Shimizu H. Autoantibodies of non-inflammatory bullous pemphigoid hardly deplete type XVII collagen of keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1171-1174. [PMID: 28266727 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type XVII collagen (COL17) and the non-collagenous 16A (NC16A) domain is regarded as the major pathogenic domains for bullous pemphigoid (BP). Some patients with BP have autoantibodies against parts of COL17 outside the NC16A domain (hereinafter the non-NC16A domain) and show less inflammatory manifestations. There were no significant differences in titres and IgG subclasses between NC16A-BP and non-NC16A-BP as determined by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy. The neutrophil activation capacities determined by ROS release did not differ between NC16A-BP and non-NC16A-BP. However, NC16A-BP IgG depleted COL17 in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with NC16A-BP IgG, but not with non-NC16A-BP IgG, significantly decreased the adhesion strength. We speculate that the differences in clinical severity between NC16A-BP and non-NC16A-BP relate to the degree of COL17 depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kamaguchi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Iwata H, Ujiie H. Complement-independent blistering mechanisms in bullous pemphigoid. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1235-1239. [PMID: 28418613 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease that clinically demonstrates tense blisters with widespread erythema, histologically demonstrates subepidermal blistering and immunologically demonstrates the presence of circulating autoantibodies against hemidesmosomal molecules. Complement activation has long been regarded as necessary for the generation of the BP. However, certain evidence has recently come to support non-complemental blistering mechanisms. The story of BP blistering mechanisms is a complicated one. This review mainly focuses on a specific blistering mechanism that highlights the role of complements in BP blistering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Iwata H, Kamaguchi M, Ujiie H, Nishimura M, Izumi K, Natsuga K, Shinkuma S, Nishie W, Shimizu H. Macropinocytosis of type XVII collagen induced by bullous pemphigoid IgG is regulated via protein kinase C. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1301-1310. [PMID: 27775687 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an endocytic pathway that is involved in the nonselective fluid uptake of extracellular fluid. Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease associated with autoantibodies to type XVII collagen (COL17), which is a component of hemidesmosome. When keratinocytes are treated with BP-IgG, COL17 internalizes into cells by way of the macropinocytosis. We investigated the mechanism of COL17 macropinocytosis using DJM-1 cells, a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line. First, non-hemidesmosomal COL17 was preferentially depleted by stimulation with the BP-IgG in the DJM-1 cells. To investigate the signaling involved in COL17-macropinocytosis, the inhibition of small GTPase family members Rac1 and Cdc42 was found to strongly repress COL17 internalization; in addition, the Rho inhibitor also partially blocked that internalization, suggesting these small GTPases are involved in signaling to mediate COL17-macropinocytosis. Western blotting using Phostag-SDS-PAGE demonstrated high levels of COL17 phosphorylation in DJM-1 cells under steady-state condition. Treatment with BP-IgG increased the intracellular calcium level within a minute, and induced the overabundant phosphorylation of COL17. The overabundant phosphorylation of COL17 was suppressed by a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. In addition, PKC inhibitor repressed COL17 endocytosis using cell culture and organ culture systems. Finally, the depletion of COL17 was not observed in the HEK293 cells transfected COL17 without intracellular domain. These results suggest that COL17 internalization induced by BP-IgG may be mediated by a PKC pathway. In summary, BP-IgG initially binds to COL17 distributed on the plasma membrane, and COL17 may be internalized by means of a macropinocytic pathway related to the phosphorylation of the intracellular domain by PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kamaguchi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishimura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Ujiie H, Sasaoka T, Izumi K, Nishie W, Shinkuma S, Natsuga K, Nakamura H, Shibaki A, Shimizu H. Bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies directly induce blister formation without complement activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:4415-28. [PMID: 25261486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation and subsequent recruitment of inflammatory cells at the dermal/epidermal junction are thought to be essential for blister formation in bullous pemphigoid (BP), an autoimmune blistering disease induced by autoantibodies against type XVII collagen (COL17); however, this theory does not fully explain the pathological features of BP. Recently, the involvement of complement-independent pathways has been proposed. To directly address the question of the necessity of the complement activation in blister formation, we generated C3-deficient COL17-humanized mice. First, we show that passive transfer of autoantibodies from BP patients induced blister formation in neonatal C3-deficient COL17-humanized mice without complement activation. By using newly generated human and murine mAbs against the pathogenic noncollagenous 16A domain of COL17 with high (human IgG1, murine IgG2), low (murine IgG1), or no (human IgG4) complement activation abilities, we demonstrate that the deposition of Abs, and not complements, is relevant to the induction of blister formation in neonatal and adult mice. Notably, passive transfer of BP autoantibodies reduced the amount of COL17 in lesional mice skin, as observed in cultured normal human keratinocytes treated with the same Abs. Moreover, the COL17 depletion was associated with a ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. In conclusion, the COL17 depletion induced by BP autoantibodies, and not complement activation, is essential for the blister formation under our experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Tetsumasa Sasaoka
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and Research Laboratory 3G, Research and Development Division, Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 598-0061 Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Akihiko Shibaki
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan; and
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Iwata H, Kitajima Y. Bullous pemphigoid: role of complement and mechanisms for blister formation within the lamina lucida. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:381-5. [PMID: 23651418 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP), an autoimmune subepidermal blistering skin disease, demonstrates tense blisters with or without widespread erythema, blistering along the lamina lucida, immunoglobulin G and/or complement deposits at the basement membrane zone, and the presence of circulating autoantibodies against hemidesmosomal molecules. These autoantibodies usually react against 180-kDa and/or 230-kDa proteins, designated as BP180 and BP230, respectively. The precise blistering mechanisms after autoantibodies bind to antigens are not fully understood. Immune complexes are thought to initially activate the complement cascade, which may induce activation of proteases and/or cytokines and cause dermal-epidermal separation. However, why does separation run specifically within the lamina lucida in a space as narrow as 500 nm wide? This review mainly focuses on the possible mechanisms of BP-specific blistering and how separation occurs along the lamina lucida, based on existing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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10
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Hiroyasu S, Ozawa T, Kobayashi H, Ishii M, Aoyama Y, Kitajima Y, Hashimoto T, Jones JC, Tsuruta D. Bullous pemphigoid IgG induces BP180 internalization via a macropinocytic pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:828-40. [PMID: 23337823 PMCID: PMC3590760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease induced by pathogenic autoantibodies against a type II transmembrane protein (BP180, collagen type XVII, or BPAG2). In animal models, BP180 autoantibody-antigen interaction appears insufficient to develop blisters, but involvement of complement and neutrophils is required. However, cultured keratinocytes treated with BP-IgG exhibit a reduction in the adhesive strength and a loss of expression of BP180, suggesting that the autoantibodies directly affect epidermal cell-extracellular matrix integrity. In this study, we explored the consequences of two distinct epithelial cells treated with BP-IgG, particularly the fate of BP180. First, we followed the distribution of green fluorescent protein-tagged BP180 in an epithelial cell line, 804G, and normal human epidermal keratinocytes after autoantibody clustering. After BP-IgG treatment, the adhesive strength of the cells to their substrate was decreased, and BP180 was internalized in both cell types, together with the early endosomal antigen-1. By using various endocytosis inhibitors and a fluid-uptake assay, we demonstrated that BP-IgG-induced BP180 internalization is mediated via a macropinocytic pathway. Moreover, a macropinocytosis inhibitor rescued a BP-IgG-induced reduction in the adhesive strength of the cells from their substrate. The results of this study suggest that BP180 internalization induced by BP-IgG plays an important role in the initiation of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hiroyasu
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ozawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Ishii
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Aoyama
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Division of Dermatology, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, and Kurume University Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jonathan C.R. Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University the Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, and Kurume University Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, Fukuoka, Japan
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Krenacs T, Kiszner G, Stelkovics E, Balla P, Teleki I, Nemeth I, Varga E, Korom I, Barbai T, Plotar V, Timar J, Raso E. Collagen XVII is expressed in malignant but not in benign melanocytic tumors and it can mediate antibody induced melanoma apoptosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:653-67. [PMID: 22688676 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The 180 kDa transmembrane collagen XVII is known to anchor undifferentiated keratinocytes to the basement membrane in hemidesmosomes while constitutively shedding a 120 kDa ectodomain. Inherited mutations or auto-antibodies targeting collagen XVII cause blistering skin disease. Collagen XVII is down-regulated in mature keratinocytes but re-expressed in skin cancer. By recently detecting collagen XVII in melanocyte hyperplasia, here we tested its expression in benign and malignant melanocytic tumors using endodomain and ectodomain selective antibodies. We found the full-length collagen XVII protein in proliferating tissue melanocytes, basal keratinocytes and squamous cell carcinoma whereas resting melanocytes were negative. Furthermore, the cell-residual 60 kDa endodomain was exclusively detected in 62/79 primary and 15/18 metastatic melanomas, 8/9 melanoma cell lines, HT199 metastatic melanoma xenografts and atypical nests in 8/63 dysplastic nevi. The rest of 19 nevi including common, blue and Spitz subtypes were also negative. In line with the defective ectodomain, sequencing of COL17A1 gene revealed aberrations in the ectodomain coding region including point mutations. Collagen XVII immunoreaction-stained spindle cell melanomas, showed partly overlapping profiles with those of S100B, Melan A and HMB45. It was concentrated at vertical melanoma fronts and statistically associated with invasive phenotype. Antibody targeting the extracellular aa507-529 terminus of collagen XVII endodomain promoted apoptosis and cell adhesion, while inhibiting proliferation in HT199 cells. These results suggest that the accumulation of collagen XVII endodomain in melanocytic tumors is associated with malignant transformation to be a potential marker of malignancy and a target for antibody-induced melanoma apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Krenacs
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
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12
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Iwata H, Kamio N, Aoyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Hirako Y, Owaribe K, Kitajima Y. IgG from patients with bullous pemphigoid depletes cultured keratinocytes of the 180-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen (type XVII collagen) and weakens cell attachment. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:919-26. [PMID: 19177144 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that binding of bullous pemphigoid (BP)-patient IgG (BP-IgG) causes the internalization of BP180 from the cell membrane. This study examined whether BP-IgG treatment can deplete cultured keratinocytes of BP180, how it affects cellular levels of alpha6 and beta4 integrins (by western blot analysis using monoclonal antibodies to these antigens), and whether it reduces adhesion of cells to the culture dish (by a vibration detachment assay). All BP-IgG or BP sera with high values of BP180-ELISA from 18 BP patients before and after oral corticosteroid treatment showed dramatically decreased BP180 in cells after 6 hours of BP-IgG stimulation, whereas alpha6 and beta4 integrin levels were not decreased. Even IgG from patients in whom oral corticosteroid had suppressed active blistering could deplete cells of BP180, as long as sera retained a high value of BP180-ELISA. On the other hand, reduction of cell BP180 content increased detachment of cells from the dish. These results suggest that BP-IgG reduces hemidesmosomal BP180 content, weakening the adhesion of hemidesmosomes to the lamina densa. In the presence of BP180 deficiency, inflammation generated by BP180 immune-complex formation might then tear the weakened lamina lucida, and this could lead to generation of the BP-specific split at the lamina lucida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Schmidt E, Wehr B, Wolf K, Sitaru C, Bröcker EB, Zillikens D. Localisation of bullous pemphigoid antigen 180 (BP180) in cultured human keratinocytes: functionally relevant modification by calcium. Arch Dermatol Res 2006; 298:283-90. [PMID: 16906396 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of BP180 has previously been demonstrated to be influenced by both calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration and binding of anti-BP180-antibodies in cultured keratinocytes of the skin squamous cell carcinoma line DJM-1. Here, BP180 expression was studied in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes by confocal laser scanning microscopy. We exploited an experimental system, in which BP180 was previously shown to mediate, upon incubation with anti-BP180 antibodies, a specific signal-transducing event that leads to the release of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-8 from cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). We found that without addition of BP180-specific IgG, BP180 is predominantly expressed on the cell surface irrespective of the Ca(2+) concentration. In contrast, cell surface BP180 was greatly reduced in NHEK kept in high Ca(2+) medium after incubation with BP180-specific IgG for 12 h compared to low Ca(2+) medium. This effect was seen with antibodies to both N- and C-terminal fragments of the BP180 ectodomain, respectively. In addition, a slightly higher BP180 expression was found in NHEK cultured in low compared to high Ca(2+) medium by Western blotting. Interestingly, in contrast to NHEK kept under low Ca(2+ )conditions, in NHEK grown in high Ca(2+) medium, no elevated levels of IL-8 were released after treatment of cells with anti-BP180 IgG compared to normal IgG. Our data indicate that the Ca(2+)-modulated expression of BP180 is functionally relevant. This finding sheds further light on the complex pathomechanism in blister formation of BP180-related autoimmune blistering skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Ishii N, Nakane H, Ishida-Yamamoto A. Application and limitations of three-dimensional reconstruction of the epidermal–dermal junction using electron microscopy. J Dermatol Sci 2003; 32:231-5. [PMID: 14507449 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anchoring fibrils were initially described as the arch-like structures that extend from the lamina densa to the sub-lamina densa. Keene et al. proposed a model in which the anchoring fibrils bridge structures called "anchoring plaques", and thus the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the anchoring fibrils remains somewhat controversial. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to elucidate the 3D structure of anchoring fibrils in the skin. METHODS In the present study, we performed electron microscopic 3D reconstruction of the epidermal-dermal junction, including the anchoring fibrils and hemidesmosomes using a personal computer and NIH-image software. RESULTS We obtained images showing that anchoring fibrils had both ends inserted into the lamina densa and that interstitial dermal collagen fibers passed through the loops of the anchoring fibrils. "Anchoring plaques" were not observed. Clear images of hemidesmosomal distribution were not obtained due to technical limitations. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the loops of the anchoring fibrils are the most important primary structures that hold the dermal interstitial collagen fibers and bind the basement membrane to the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norito Ishii
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, 830, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Gonzalez AM, Otey C, Edlund M, Jones JC. Interactions of a hemidesmosome component and actinin family members. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:4197-206. [PMID: 11739652 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.23.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are multimeric protein complexes that attach epithelial cells to their underlying matrix and serve as cell surface anchorage sites for the keratin cytoskeleton. Two hemidesmosome components, the alpha6beta4 integrin heterodimer and a human autoantigen termed BP180, are transmembrane proteins that link the extracellular matrix to the keratin network in cells. Here, we report that actinin-4, an actin-bundling protein, is a potential binding partner for BP180. Using yeast two-hybrid, we have mapped the binding site for BP180 to the C-terminal region of actinin-4. This site contains two EF-hand, Ca2+ regulation domains and shares 87% sequence homology with the same region in actinin-1. Consistent with this, BP180 can bind actinin-1 in both the yeast two-hybrid assay and in immunoprecipitation assays. To determine whether the EF-hand domain is a consensus binding sequence for BP180, we tested whether other proteins with this domain bind BP180. None of the proteins tested including calmodulin, with 4 EF-hand domains, and myosin regulatory light chain, with 1 EF-hand domain, interacts with BP180 in yeast two-hybrid system and immunoprecipitation studies, suggesting that the interaction between BP180 and actinin family members is specific. We have compared the distribution of actinin-1 and actinin-4 with that of BP180 in MCF-10A and pp126 cells. Surprisingly, BP180 localizes not only to sites of cell-substratum interaction, but is also present at sites of cell-cell contacts where it co-distributes with both actinin-1 and actinin-4 as well as other adherens junction proteins. In oral tissues, BP180 is present along the basement membrane and at cell-cell contact sites in basal epithelial cells where it co-distributes with adherens junction proteins. Since BP180 antibodies inhibit association of junction proteins at sites of cell-cell contact in oral keratinocytes, these results suggest that BP180 may play a role in establishing cell-cell interactions. We discuss a role for BP180 in crosstalk between cell-matrix and cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are adhesion complexes responsible for linking keratin intermediate filaments of stratified and complex epithelia to components of the extracellular matrix such as collagen fibrils. Over the past several years, it has become clear that there are at least five hemidesmosomal proteins, including HD1/plectin and BP230 as cytoplasmic plaque proteins and integrin alpha6beta4 and BP180 as transmembrane proteins. Among them, BP180 is unique as a transmembrane protein because of its collagenous extracellular domain. Recent biochemical and ultrastructural analyses have revealed its molecular configuration and nature as a major component of anchoring filaments connecting hemidesmosomes to the basement membrane. These results indicate that BP180 is a new type of adhesion receptor. In addition to biochemical analyses of these hemidesmosomal proteins, recent studies on patients with inherited skin blistering diseases and on knockout mice have demonstrated roles in hemidesmosome formation and stabilization, as well as unexpected, novel functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirako
- Graduate School of Human Informatics, Department of Molecular Biology, Nagoya University, Japan
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Muramatsu T, Fukumoto T, Nakatani C, Honoki K, Katsumi S, Shirai T, Yashiki A, Iida T. Bullous pemphigoid with circulating autoantibodies against the basal and apical-lateral surfaces of the basal keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:534-6. [PMID: 9767627 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Kitajima Y, Nojiri M, Yamada T, Hirako Y, Owaribe K. Internalization of the 180 kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen as immune complexes in basal keratinocytes: an important early event in blister formation in bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138:71-6. [PMID: 9536225 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the 180 kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG2) is distributed on the lateral-apical (as a pool) and ventral (as hemidesmosomes) cell membranes of monolayer cultured keratinocytes and that addition of IgG purified from bullous pemphigoid (BP) patients (BP-IgG) causes the internalization of immune complexes of BPAG2 and BP-IgG from the lateral-apical cell membrane. This internalization of BPAG2 is believed to inhibit the Ca2+ induced reformation of hemidesmosomes on the ventral cell membrane, possibly by inhibiting the supply of the antigen from the lateral-apical to the ventral membranes to form hemidesmosomes. The purpose of this paper is to examine, by using biopsy specimens from BP patients (12 cases), whether or not this internalization of BPAG2 is generated in situ. The fates of BPAG2, 230 kDa BPA (BPAG1) and bound BP-IgG were traced by immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies to BPAG1, BPAG2 and human IgG. In more than half of the lesional and perilesional biopsy specimens, internalization of BPAG2 into the basal cells was observed, while in normal skin BPAG2 was detected on the whole surface of the basal cells without its internalization. No internalization of BPAG1 was detected in BP and normal epidermis. These results suggest that binding of BP-IgG on the lateral-apical cell surface of basal cells causes internalization of BPAG2 in situ in the epidermis of BP patients similar to that seen in cultured cell systems, and that this internalization of immune complexes of BPAG2 and BP-IgG may play an important part in blister formation in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kitajima
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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19
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Ogasawara M. An ultrastructural study of pemphigoid vegetans, characterizing the possible mechanism of vegetation. Med Mol Morphol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01458352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hirako Y, Usukura J, Nishizawa Y, Owaribe K. Demonstration of the molecular shape of BP180, a 180-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen and its potential for trimer formation. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:13739-45. [PMID: 8662839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.23.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 180-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen (BP180) is a hemidesmosomal transmembrane glycoprotein comprising interrupted collagen domains in its extracellular part. BP180 is also termed type XVII collagen. But the question of whether it actually takes a collagen-like triple helical conformation in vivo has remained unanswered. Using a monoclonal antibody, we found that a subpopulation of BP180 localizes at the lateral surfaces of corneal basal cells and cultured cells, in addition to the basal surface. This subpopulation of BP180 could be solubilized by 0.5% Triton X-100 and, among examined cell lines, was found to be most abundant in BMGE+H, a bovine mammary gland epithelial cell line. The Triton-soluble fraction of BMGE+H cells was used for characterization. On sucrose gradient centrifugation, the soluble BP180 demonstrated a value of approximately 7 S, and chemical cross-linking experiments revealed a trimer form. The calculated frictional ratio, f/f0 = 2.8, suggests an asymmetric configuration. For further characterization, we purified the soluble BP180 by immunoaffinity column chromatography using an anti-BP180 monoclonal antibody. Rotary shadowing images of the purified BP180 showed a quaver-like molecule consisting of a globular head, a central rod, and a flexible tail. With regard to the primary structure and species comparisons, the central rod, 60-70 nm in length, probably corresponds to the largest collagenous region, forming a collagen-like triple helix, in human form. The globular head and the flexible tail seem to correspond to the cytoplasmic and the interrupted collagenous region, respectively, of the extracellular portions. In conclusion, the present demonstration of the entire configuration of BP180, with a collagen-like trimer in its extracellular part, suggests that BP180 is one of the major components of anchoring filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirako
- Unit of Biosystems, Graduate School of Human Informatics, the Department of Molecular Biology, School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
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Esaki C, Seishima M, Yamada T, Osada K, Kitajima Y. Pharmacologic evidence for involvement of phospholipase C in pemphigus IgG-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generation, intracellular calcium increase, and plasminogen activator secretion in DJM-1 cells, a squamous cell carcinoma line. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105:329-33. [PMID: 7665907 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The precise mechanism for acantholysis after pemphigus IgG binds to the cell surface is as yet unknown, although involvement of proteinases such as plasminogen activator (PA) has been suggested. We previously reported that pemphigus IgG, but not normal nor bullous pemphigoid IgGs, caused a transient increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca++]i) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) concentration in cultured DJM-1 cells (a squamous cell carcinoma line). To clarify whether phospholipase C is involved in this process after the antibody binds to the cell surface, we examined the effects of a specific phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122) on the pemphigus IgG-induced increase in [Ca++]i, IP3, PA secretion, and cell-cell detachment in DJM-1 cells. [Ca+2]i and IP3 contents were determined with or without 30-min pre-incubation with U73122 or an inactive analogue (U73343) with fura-2 acetoxymethylester and a specific IP3 binding protein, respectively. PA activity in the culture medium was measured after various incubation periods with pemphigus IgG by two-step amidolytic assay. The detachment of cell-cell contacts was examined by detecting the retraction of keratin filament bundle from cell-cell contact points to the perinuclear region by immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-keratin antibody. Pemphigus IgG immediately increased [Ca++]i and IP3 content. PA activity in the culture medium has also been increased at 24 h after pemphigus IgG was added in association with cell-cell detachment. However, pre-incubation with U73122 (1-10 microM), but not with U73343 (10 microM), dramatically reduced the pemphigus IgG-induced increases in [Ca++]i, IP3, and PA activity and inhibited the pemphigus IgG-induced cell-cell detachment. Both U73122 and U73343 caused no effects on cell viability and IgG binding to the cell surface. These results suggest that phospholipase C plays an important role in transmembrane signaling leading to cell-cell detachment exerted by pemphigus IgG binding to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Esaki
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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