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Zarzecka U, Harrer A, Zawilak-Pawlik A, Skorko-Glonek J, Backert S. Chaperone activity of serine protease HtrA of Helicobacter pylori as a crucial survival factor under stress conditions. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:161. [PMID: 31796064 PMCID: PMC6892219 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease HtrA exhibits both proteolytic and chaperone activities, which are involved in cellular protein quality control. Moreover, HtrA is an important virulence factor in many pathogens including Helicobacter pylori, for which the crucial stage of infection is the cleavage of E-cadherin and other cell-to-cell junction proteins. METHODS The in vitro study of H. pylori HtrA (HtrAHp) chaperone activity was carried out using light scattering assays and investigation of lysozyme protein aggregates. We produced H. pylori ∆htrA deletion and HtrAHp point mutants without proteolytic activity in strain N6 and investigated the survival of the bacteria under thermal, osmotic, acidic and general stress conditions as well as the presence of puromycin or metronidazole using serial dilution tests and disk diffusion method. The levels of cellular and secreted proteins were examined using biochemical fraction and Western blotting. We also studied the proteolytic activity of secreted HtrAHp using zymography and the enzymatic digestion of β-casein. Finally, the consequences of E-cadherin cleavage were determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that HtrAHp displays chaperone activity that inhibits the aggregation of lysozyme and is stable under various pH and temperature conditions. Next, we could show that N6 expressing only HtrA chaperone activity grow well under thermal, pH and osmotic stress conditions, and in the presence of puromycin or metronidazole. In contrast, in the absence of the entire htrA gene the bacterium was more sensitive to a number of stresses. Analysing the level of cellular and secreted proteins, we noted that H. pylori lacking the proteolytic activity of HtrA display reduced levels of secreted HtrA. Moreover, we compared the amounts of secreted HtrA from several clinical H. pylori strains and digestion of β-casein. We also demonstrated a significant effect of the HtrAHp variants during infection of human epithelial cells and for E-cadherin cleavage. CONCLUSION Here we identified the chaperone activity of the HtrAHp protein and have proven that this activity is important and sufficient for the survival of H. pylori under multiple stress conditions. We also pinpointed the importance of HtrAHp chaperone activity for E- cadherin degradation and therefore for the virulence of this eminent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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He C, Yang Z, Lu NH. Helicobacter pylori-an infectious risk factor for atherosclerosis? J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:1229-42. [PMID: 25342566 DOI: 10.5551/jat.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the pathogenesis of certain diseases localized outside the stomach, particularly those characterized by persistent and low-grade systematic inflammation. Recently, the role of H. pylori infection in the development of atherosclerosis and its clinical complications has received attention. Atherosclerosis is a high-cost disease, and acute events resulting from this condition rank first among morbidity and mortality statistics in most industrialized countries. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disorder, and traditional risk factors explain only 50% of its etiology. Therefore, identifying new risk factors for atherosclerosis is necessary. Serological studies indicate that chronic H. pylori infection, especially that with more virulent strains, may predispose patients to the onset of atherosclerosis and related adverse clinical events, and PCR studies have detected H. pylori DNA in atherosclerotic plaques, although this finding remains controversial. If this association were to be confirmed, its importance to public health would be substantial, as the eradication of H. pylori is more straightforward and less costly than the long-term treatment of other risk factors. This review investigates the potential relationship between H. pylori infection and atherosclerosis from both epidemiological and pathogenic perspectives and characterizes the potential mechanisms underlying this correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
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Autoimmunity, infectious immunity, and atherosclerosis. J Clin Immunol 2010; 29:714-21. [PMID: 19795194 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular inflammation is common in certain systemic autoimmune diseases and contributes to the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and oxLDL/beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) complex formation. These complexes have been implicated as proatherogenic autoantigens that participate in the development of atherosclerotic disease. DISCUSSION We have demonstrated that the in vitro macrophage uptake of oxLDL/beta2GPI complexes increases in the presence of IgG anti-beta2GPI antibodies and that IgG immune complexes containing oxLDL/beta2GPI upregulate the expression of both scavenger and Fcgamma receptors to activate beta2GPI specific T cells. Some persistent infections may cause immune responses that promote atherogenesis. Cellular immunity (Th1) against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) derived heat shock protein 60 (Hp-HSP60) cross-reacts with endogenous HSP60 to cause cardiovascular disease likely by molecular mimicry. CONCLUSION Infectious cellular response may be proatherogenic,while the humoral response (antibody production) maybe protective. We review the recent progress in our understanding of autoimmunity and infectious immunity that promote atherosclerosis.
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Ayada K, Yokota K, Hirai K, Fujimoto K, Kobayashi K, Ogawa H, Hatanaka K, Hirohata S, Yoshino T, Shoenfeld Y, Matsuura E, Oguma K. Regulation of cellular immunity prevents Helicobacter pylori-induced atherosclerosis. Lupus 2010; 18:1154-68. [PMID: 19880562 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a predominant pathogen that causes not only gastroduodenal diseases but also extra-alimentary tract diseases. In this study, we demonstrated that H. pylori infection promoted atherogenesis in heterozygous apoe(+/ --) ldlr(+/--) mice. The male mice were fed with high fat diet from the age of 6 weeks. At the age of 16 weeks, development of atherosclerotic lesions was observed in the H. pylori-infected mice, and it seemed to be associated with an elevation of Th1-immune response against H. pylori origin-heat shock protein 60 (Hp-HSP60) and an increment of transendothelial migration of T cells. Subcutaneous immunisation with Hp-HSP60 or H. pylori eradication with antibiotics significantly reduced the progression of atherosclerosis, accompanied by a decline of Th1 differentiation and reduction of their chemotaxis beyond the endothelium. Thus, oral infection with H. pylori accelerates atherosclerosis in mice and the active immunisation with Hp-HSP60 or the eradication of H. pylori with antibiotics can moderate/prevent cellular immunity, resulting in a reduction of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ayada
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Alam SI, Bansod S, Singh L. Immunization against Clostridium perfringens cells elicits protection against Clostridium tetani in mouse model: identification of cross-reactive proteins using proteomic methodologies. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:194. [PMID: 19000325 PMCID: PMC2621373 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium tetani and Clostridium perfringens are among the medically important clostridial pathogens causing diseases in man and animals. Several homologous open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified in the genomes of the two pathogens by comparative genomic analysis. We tested a likelihood of extensive sharing of common epitopes between homologous proteins of these two medically important pathogens and the possibility of cross-protection using active immunization. Results Eight predominant cross-reactive spots were identified by mass spectrometry and had hits in the C. tetani E88 proteome with significant MOWSE scores. Most of the cross-reactive proteins of C. tetani shared 65–78% sequence similarity with their closest homologues in C. perfringens ATCC13124. Electron transfer flavoprotein beta-subunit (CT3) was the most abundant protein (43.3%), followed by methylaspartate ammonia-lyase (36.8%) and 2-phosphoglycerate dehydratase (35.6%). All the proteins were predicted to be cytoplasmic by PSORT protein localization algorithm. Active immunization with C. perfringens whole cells elicited cross-protective immunity against C. tetani infection in a mouse model. Conclusion Most of the dominant cross-reactive proteins of C. tetani belonged to the cluster of orthologous group (COG) functional category, either of posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones (O) or energy production and conversion (C). The homologs of the identified proteins have been shown to play role in pathogenesis in other Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Our findings provide basis for the search of potential vaccine candidates with broader coverage, encompassing more than one pathogenic clostridial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India.
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Chmiela M, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Miszczak A, Wisniewska M, Rechcinski T, Kolodziej K, Kasprzak J, Wadstrom T, Rudnicka W. A link between Helicobacter pylori and/or Chlamydia spp. infections and atherosclerosis. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 36:187-92. [PMID: 12738390 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia spp. and Mycobacterium bovis were determined in patients with coronary heart disease, H. pylori-related dyspepsia, and tuberculosis, and healthy controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted with a glycine extract and CagA protein of H. pylori, chlamydial lipopolysaccharide and mycobacterial heat shock protein Hsp65. The prevalence of anti-glycine extract IgG in coronary heart disease patients was higher than in the tuberculosis group and controls, and the same as in dyspeptic patients. Anti-chlamydial IgG were more prevalent in the coronary heart disease group than in healthy subjects. There was no difference in the prevalence of anti-CagA IgG in the coronary heart disease group and controls or anti-Hsp65 IgG in the patients with coronary heart disease, dyspepsia, tuberculosis, and controls. Anti-glycine extract IgA (like anti-glycine extract IgG) were more prevalent in the coronary heart disease group than in the healthy group. The highest anti-glycine extract IgG/IgA and anti-chlamydial IgG titers were more frequent in coronary heart disease patients as compared with controls. Infections with H. pylori and Chlamydia spp. and enhanced production of antibodies to these pathogens may predispose to human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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Homuth G, Domm S, Kleiner D, Schumann W. Transcriptional analysis of major heat shock genes of Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:4257-63. [PMID: 10894735 PMCID: PMC101936 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.15.4257-4263.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional organization and heat inducibility of the major heat shock genes hrcA, dnaK, dnaJ, groEL, and htpG were analyzed on the transcriptional level in Helicobacter pylori strain 69A. The strongly heat-induced dnaK operon was found to be tricistronic, consisting of the genes hrcA, grpE, and dnaK. The dnaJ gene specified one monocistronic mRNA which was also heat inducible. The genes groES and groEL were transcribed as one strongly heat-inducible bicistronic mRNA which exhibited exactly the same induction kinetic as the dnaK operon. Surprisingly, transcription of the monocistronic htpG gene was switched off after heat shock. The data presented are discussed with regard to the different mechanisms regulating expression of heat shock genes in H. pylori
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Affiliation(s)
- G Homuth
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Yunoki N, Yokota K, Mizuno M, Kawahara Y, Adachi M, Okada H, Hayashi S, Hirai Y, Oguma K, Tsuji T. Antibody to heat shock protein can be used for early serological monitoring of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:574-7. [PMID: 10882654 PMCID: PMC95916 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.4.574-577.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori induces humoral immune responses against various antigens of the bacterium. Heat shock proteins (hsps) are immunodominant antigens in various diseases including H. pylori infection. In the present study, we measured the anti-hsp antibody titers in 42 patients with H. pylori-infected peptic ulcers during a bacterial eradication study. The patients were treated with a proton pump inhibitor and antimicrobial agents to eradicate the organism. Their sera were obtained at pretreatment and at 1 month and 6 months after the eradication therapy. The titers of immunoglobulin G antibodies to the H. pylori hsp, whole-cell lysate, and urease (30-kDa subunit) antigens in serum were measured by a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of H. pylori hsp60 antibodies in sera collected 1 month after treatment had declined significantly, even when changes in the titers of antibodies to whole-cell and urease antigens were not apparent. These results suggest that measurement of antibodies to H. pylori hsp60 in serum is useful for the early monitoring of the effectiveness of eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yunoki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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Yokota K, Kobayashi K, Kawahara Y, Hayashi S, Hirai Y, Mizuno M, Okada H, Akagi T, Tsuji T, Oguma K. Gastric ulcers in SCID mice induced by Helicobacter pylori infection after transplanting lymphocytes from patients with gastric lymphoma. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:893-9. [PMID: 10500072 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several studies have indicated that host factors are important in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastroduodenal diseases. We examined the pathological role of host immune responses in H. pylori infection by reconstituting components of the human immune system into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice by transplantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from H. pylori-infected patients. METHODS PBMCs obtained from patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma were injected intraperitoneally into SCID mice, designated MALToma-hu-SCID mice. One month after transplantation, H. pylori was administered orally to the mice. The mice were killed and examined for pathological changes and immunologic features. RESULTS Human lymphocytes were detected in hu-SCID mice, and T- and B-cell functions were preserved for 1 month. Administration of H. pylori led to gastric ulcers with bleeding in the MALToma-hu-SCID mice. The gastric mucosa of control mice injected with Escherichia coli or transplanted with PBMCs from patients with peptic ulcers or gastritis or from healthy volunteers showed no pathological changes. CONCLUSIONS Host immune responses against H. pylori appear to be involved in the development of gastric ulcers in patients who have MALT lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokota
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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Mizoguchi H, Fujioka T, Kishi K, Nishizono A, Kodama R, Nasu M. Diversity in protein synthesis and viability of Helicobacter pylori coccoid forms in response to various stimuli. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5555-60. [PMID: 9784573 PMCID: PMC108699 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5555-5560.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The viability of the coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori was evaluated by assessing protein synthesis. Metabolic labeling studies showed the synthesis of proteins and the specific protein profiles of H. pylori coccoids produced under various conditions. Harsh conditions such as aerobiosis and starvation (lack of horse serum) in the culture did not affect the synthesis of proteins in the coccoids. Lowering of the pH to that of gastric secretions induced expression of several proteins in the coccoids. However, the coccoids produced under prolonged microaerobic conditions exhibited a profile of acid stress-induced protein expression different from that induced by aerobiosis or starvation. Our data suggest that coccoid H. pylori exhibits diversity in viability following exposure to different stresses and that the response to acid stress of coccoid H. pylori could be involved in infection of the host stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mizoguchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Oita Medical University, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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Hayashi S, Sugiyama T, Yokota K, Isogai H, Isogai E, Oguma K, Asaka M, Fujii N, Hirai Y. Analysis of immunoglobulin A antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in serum and gastric juice in relation to mucosal inflammation. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 5:617-21. [PMID: 9729526 PMCID: PMC95630 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.5.617-621.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major etiologic agent in gastroduodenal disorders. In this study, immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to H. pylori antigens were evaluated in serum and gastric juice specimens obtained from patients with gastritis or peptic ulcers by utilizing antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ACELISAs). Urease alpha subunit (UA), urease beta subunit (UB), the 66-kDa heat shock protein (HSP), and the 25-kDa protein (25K) were used as antigens for the ACELISAs. The antibody titers of the ACELISAs reflect the ratio of H. pylori-specific IgA to total IgA. The ratio is stable, although the antibody concentration fluctuates in gastric juice. By using ACELISAs it was possible to evaluate quantitatively not only serum IgA antibodies but also gastric juice secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies. In both serum IgA and gastric juice S-IgA ACELISAs, the titers of antibody to HSP and 25K were remarkably correlated with the histologic grade of gastritis, whereas those to UA and UB were not strongly correlated with histologic grade. Thus, it is useful for estimating the histologic grade of gastritis to quantify serum IgA and gastric juice S-IgA antibodies to HSP and 25K.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
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Huesca M, Goodwin A, Bhagwansingh A, Hoffman P, Lingwood CA. Characterization of an acidic-pH-inducible stress protein (hsp70), a putative sulfatide binding adhesin, from Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4061-7. [PMID: 9712748 PMCID: PMC108486 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.9.4061-4067.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro glycolipid binding specificity of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is altered to include sulfated glycolipids (sulfatides) following brief exposure of the organism to acid pH typical of the stomach. This change is prevented by anti-hsp70 antibodies, suggesting that hsp70 may be a stress-induced surface adhesin, mediating sulfatide recognition. To facilitate investigation of the role of hsp70 in attachment, we have cloned and sequenced the H. pylori hsp70 gene (dnaK). The hsp70 gene was identified by probing a cosmid DNA library made from H. pylori 439 with a PCR amplicon generated with oligonucleotides synthesized to highly conserved regions of dnaK. The 1.9-kb H. pylori hsp70 gene encodes a product of 616 amino acids. Primer extension analysis revealed a single transcription start site, while Northern blot analysis established that hsp70 was preferentially induced by low pH rather than by heat shock. The ability of H. pylori to alter its glycolipid binding specificity following exposure to low pH by upregulating hsp70 and by expressing hsp70 on the bacterial surface may provide a survival advantage during periods of high acid stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huesca
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Hazell
- School of Microbiology and Immunology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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