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Omer AB, Fatima F, Ahmed MM, Aldawsari MF, Alalaiwe A, Anwer MK, Mohammed AA. Enhanced Apigenin Dissolution and Effectiveness Using Glycyrrhizin Spray-Dried Solid Dispersions Filled in 3D-Printed Tablets. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3341. [PMID: 38137562 PMCID: PMC10742019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare glycyrrhizin-apigenin spray-dried solid dispersions and develop PVA filament-based 3D printlets to enhance the dissolution and therapeutic effects of apigenin (APN); three formulations (APN1-APN3) were proportioned from 1:1 to 1:3. A physicochemical analysis was conducted, which revealed process yields of 80.5-91% and APN content within 98.0-102.0%. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the structural preservation of APN, while Powder-XRD analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry indicated its transformation from a crystalline to an amorphous form. APN2 exhibited improved flow properties, a lower Angle of Repose, and Carr's Index, enhancing compressibility, with the Hausner Ratio confirming favorable flow properties for pharmaceutical applications. In vitro dissolution studies demonstrated superior performance with APN2, releasing up to 94.65% of the drug and revealing controlled release mechanisms with a lower mean dissolution time of 71.80 min and a higher dissolution efficiency of 19.2% compared to the marketed APN formulation. This signified enhanced dissolution and improved therapeutic onset. APN2 exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity; superior cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells (HCT-116), with a lower IC50 than APN pure; and increased antimicrobial activity. A stability study confirmed the consistency of APN2 after 90 days, as per ICH, with an f2 value of 70.59 for both test and reference formulations, ensuring reliable pharmaceutical development. This research underscores the potential of glycyrrhizin-apigenin solid dispersions for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications, particularly highlighting the superior physicochemical properties, dissolution behavior, biological activities, and stability of APN2, while the development of a 3D printlet shell offers promise for enhanced drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes in colon cancer treatment, displaying advanced formulation and processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma B. Omer
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Farhat Fatima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mohammed F. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Abdul Aleem Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66433, Saudi Arabia
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El Semary N, Abd El-Sattar AM, Ahmed EZ, Aldayel M. Mixotrophy of Algae: More Algal Biomass and More Biofertilization for Plants. SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 15:5815. [DOI: 10.3390/su15075815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: The use of algae as biofertilizers is fast-spreading in order to meet the excessive demands for agricultural products. To achieve this, enough algal biomass needs to be supplied year-round. Hence, algal nutritional components must be optimized through mixotrophic conditions. Materials and methods: Two algal isolates, namely, Phormidium sp. and Synechocystis sp. were tested for their ability to produce mixotrophic growth using different supplementations including molasses, aqueous Lepidium sativum, Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract and liquorice root extract, as well as acetate salt solution. The algae that showed highest growth under optimized mixotrophic conditions was further used in cantaloupe seed growth experiments. GC-MS was also carried out on the biomass of Phormidium on one of the fractions of extract using solvent system to reveal some dominant novel bioactive compounds in algal biomass. Results: The sugarcane molasses significantly enhanced the growth of the two algal strains, followed by Lepidium sativum extract only in case of Phormidium sp. Therefore, it was used in subsequent experiments. All growth parameters for that algae were significantly enhanced by the addition of these nutritional sources with molasses being the best supplement. The Phormidium sp. was rich in its content of chlorophyll, proteins, sugars as well as some novel bioactive compounds as revealed by GC–MS. The germination percentage of seeds treated with Phormidium sp. showed a significant increase over that of control. The different growth-related metabolites of total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars and all photosynthetic pigment contents of the seedlings were all significantly increased using this algal treatment. Discussion: The sugarcane molasses was superior in enhancing the algal growth due to its rich content not only of sugars but also of minerals and nitrogenous compounds. The use of aqueous extracts of seeds of Lepidium sativum enhanced growth significantly more than that of the control set as seeds are rich in proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, phytochemicals and other essential nutrients. In growth experiments carried out on cantaloupe seeds, there was a significant increase in germination percentage as well as all growth parameters due to the rich nutritional content of Phormidium sp. Conclusion: Mixotrophic growth achieved better algal biomass production than autotrophy in the case of Phormidium sp. The use of cheap resources such as sugarcane molasses, which is the waste from the sugar industry, as well as the common herb extract of Lepidium sativum, is a cost-effective approach. The use of this mixotrophically grown blue-green alga as a biofertilizer significantly enhanced plant growth and seed germination, indicating the usefulness of this eco-friendly agricultural strategy for achieving both food security and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin El Semary
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Zakaria Ahmed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
| | - Munirah Aldayel
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Rai A, Hirakawa H, Rai M, Shimizu Y, Shirasawa K, Kikuchi S, Seki H, Yamazaki M, Toyoda A, Isobe S, Muranaka T, Saito K. Chromosome-scale genome assembly of Glycyrrhiza uralensis revealed metabolic gene cluster centred specialized metabolites biosynthesis. DNA Res 2022; 29:6916896. [PMID: 36535891 PMCID: PMC9763095 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-quality genome assembly is imperative to explore the evolutionary basis of characteristic attributes that define chemotype and provide essential resources for a molecular breeding strategy for enhanced production of medicinal metabolites. Here, using single-molecule high-fidelity (HiFi) sequencing reads, we report chromosome-scale genome assembly for Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), a widely used herbal and natural medicine. The entire genome assembly was achieved in eight chromosomes, with contig and scaffold N50 as 36.02 and 60.2 Mb, respectively. With only 17 assembly gaps and half of the chromosomes having no or one assembly gap, the presented genome assembly is among the best plant genomes to date. Our results showed an advantage of using highly accurate long-read HiFi sequencing data for assembling a highly heterozygous genome including its complexed repeat content. Additionally, our analysis revealed that G. uralensis experienced a recent whole-genome duplication at approximately 59.02 million years ago post a gamma (γ) whole-genome triplication event, which contributed to its present chemotype features. The metabolic gene cluster analysis identified 355 gene clusters, which included the entire biosynthesis pathway of glycyrrhizin. The genome assembly and its annotations provide an essential resource for licorice improvement through molecular breeding and the discovery of valuable genes for engineering bioactive components and understanding the evolution of specialized metabolites biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +81 045 503 9489; Fax: +81-(0)45-503-9489. ;
| | | | - Megha Rai
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Institute of Advance Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Kikuchi
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Isobe
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Feng D, Zhang R, Zhang M, Fang A, Shi F. Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Silver Nanoparticles Using Glycyrrhizin and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Ability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2636. [PMID: 35957066 PMCID: PMC9370730 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were investigated. Glycyrrhizin (GL) was used as a reducing agent and stabilizer to rapidly prepare the AgNPs. The distinctive absorption peak at 419 nm confirmed the formation of GL-reduced AgNPs. The TEM and particle size analysis shows that the prepared GL-reduced AgNPs were mostly circular with good dispersion and a relatively uniform particle size of 35 nm on average. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed to identify the possible biomolecules in the capping and active stabilization of the GL-reduced AgNPs. The antibacterial activity of the GL-reduced AgNPs was analyzed with the Oxford cup diffusion method and filter paper diffusion method. The experimental results show that these properties endowed the GL-reduced AgNPs with high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and lay a foundation for the use of colloidal silver in antibacterial applications. The GL-reduced AgNPs also had stronger antibacterial activity than sodium citrate-reduced AgNPs, which indicates the advantages of GL-reduced AgNPs compared with sodium citrate-reduced AgNPs in inducing bacteriostasis. The cytotoxicity of GL-reduced AgNPs on human kidney epithelial 293A (HEK293) cells was evaluated via the MTT assay. The results show that GL-reduced AgNPs had lower toxicity to HEK293 cells than sodium citrate-AgNPs, which indicates that the as-prepared GL-reduced AgNPs are environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Feng Shi
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.F.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (A.F.)
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Mohammed EAH, Peng Y, Wang Z, Qiang X, Zhao Q. Synthesis, Antiviral, and Antibacterial Activity of the Glycyrrhizic Acid and Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 48:906-918. [PMID: 35919388 PMCID: PMC9333650 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid and its primary metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid, are the main active ingredients in the licorice roots (glycyrrhiza species), which are widely used in several countries of the world, especially in east asian countries (China, Japan). These ingredients and their derivatives play an important role in treating many diseases, especially infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and hepatic infections. This review aims to summarize the different ways of synthesising the amide derivatives of glycyrrhizic acid and the main ways to synthesize the glycyrrhitinic acid derivatives. Also, to determine the main biological and pharmacological activity for these compounds from the previous studies to provide essential data to researchers for future studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1134/S1068162022050132.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. H. Mohammed
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Y. Peng
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Z. Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - X. Qiang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Q. Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
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Bakr AF, Shao P, Farag MA. Recent advances in glycyrrhizin metabolism, health benefits, clinical effects and drug delivery systems for efficacy improvement; a comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153999. [PMID: 35220130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major active constituent of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that is considered one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine and worldwide, with most effects attributed to its rich GL content. Structurally, GL a triterpene saponin that is widely used as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics, and also proposed for various clinical applications with a myriad of health benefits. Pharmacological and biological activities of GL include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Currently, there is no comprehensive review on GL biological effects and its action mechanisms. PURPOSE This review summarizes GL pharmacological actions from a molecular biology perception, presented on its metabolism and side effects based on in vitro, in vitro and clinical studies. Moreover, the potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also summarized. The progress in drug delivery research using GL presented herein is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing other novel drugs formulations. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in several electronic databases (Science Direct, SpringerLink, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus), using the following key words: glycyrrhizin "AND" bioactivity "OR" clinic "OR" therapeutic "OR" drug delivery. This search included manuscripts published between 1989 and 2021. RESULTS 126 researches were selected and summarized in this review. The analysis of these studies indicated that GL has antiviral activity against different viruses. Further, GL efficiently suppressed the respiratory manifestations associated with COVID-19 by reducing the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that employed by the virus as an entry point. Otherwise, GL was found to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activity. Besides, diminution the particle size of GL to nanometer size significantly augments their action and biodistribution. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the pharmacological actions of GL. The potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also presented. Nevertheless, most studies reported provide no deep insight of GL health effects warranting for more future studies to elucidate its action mechanism and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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Wahab S, Annadurai S, Abullais SS, Das G, Ahmad W, Ahmad MF, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R, Ali MS, Amir M. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122751. [PMID: 34961221 PMCID: PMC8703329 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There are more than 30 species of Glycyrrhiza genus extensively spread worldwide. It was the most prescribed herb in Ancient Egyptian, Roman, Greek, East China, and the West from the Former Han era. There are various beneficial effects of licorice root extracts, such as treating throat infections, tuberculosis, respiratory, liver diseases, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunodeficiency. On the other hand, traditional medicines are getting the attraction to treat many diseases. Therefore, it is vital to screen the medicinal plants to find the potential of new compounds to treat chronic diseases such as respiratory, cardiovascular, anticancer, hepatoprotective, etc. This work comprehensively reviews ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence, and the toxicology of licorice, which will serve as a resource for future clinical and fundamental studies. An attempt has been made to establish the pharmacological effect of licorice in different diseases. In addition, the focus of this review article is on the molecular mechanism of licorice extracts and their four flavonoids (isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, lichalocone, and glabridin) pharmacologic activities. Licorice could be a natural alternative for current therapy to exterminate new emerging disorders with mild side effects. This review will provide systematic insights into this ancient drug for further development and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahabe Saquib Abullais
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gotam Das
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Geetha Kandasamy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajalakshimi Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
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Wang X, Wang T, Ding S, Ma YL. Xin Su Ning-A Review of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Integrated With Traditional Chinese Medicine Antiarrhythmic Theory. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:657484. [PMID: 34858163 PMCID: PMC8632243 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.657484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xin Su Ning (XSN) is a patented multicomponent medicine, which was certified in 2005 by the China State Food and Drug Administration to be produced pharmaceutically and to be used clinically. The XSN capsule was developed from an effective formula composed by Prof. Shuwen Ding of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Through more than 30 years of clinical observation, Prof. Ding concluded that XSN has a significant effect on arrhythmia with phlegm-heat heart-disturbed syndrome according to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis. XSN, derived from a classical TCM formula Huanglian Wen Dan Decoction, is formulated with 11 Chinese herbal medicines to treat cardiac ventricular arrhythmia. Clinical evidence suggests that it is particularly efficacious for the arrhythmias induced by cardiac ischemia and viral myocarditis without obvious adverse reactions being reported. Cellular electrophysiological studies in ventricular myocytes revealed that XSN prolongs the duration and suppresses the amplitude of the action potential (AP), which is supported by the blockage of sodium and potassium channels indicating the characteristics of class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs. A recently reported double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial of XSN enrolled 861 patients (ChiCTR-TRC-14004180) and showed that XSN significantly inhibited premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The cellular electrophysiological discoveries provided the mechanistic evidence for the clinical efficacy on inhibition of PVC by XSN as demonstrated in the clinical trial. These studies, for the first time, provided exclusive evidence that multicomponent TCM antiarrhythmic medicine can be evaluated using conventional research methods that have been used for antiarrhythmic drug discoveries for decades. We aimed to give a comprehensive review on XSN including its origin with the support of TCM theory, its pre-licensing clinical use and development, and its pharmacological and clinical study discoveries. The review will be summarized with the discoveries reported in a novel network pharmacological study that introduced a weight coefficient, which made it possible to evaluate the pharmacological properties of the TCM formula with regard to its formation based on TCM theory. Limitations regarding XSN’s basic and clinical research and possible future studies are listed. We hope that the advances in how XSN was studied may offer useful guidance on how other TCM could be studied with respect to the integrity of the TCM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- The Oxford Chinese Medicine Research Centre, MSD, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Taiyi Wang
- The Oxford Chinese Medicine Research Centre, MSD, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shuwen Ding
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Ling Ma
- The Oxford Chinese Medicine Research Centre, MSD, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abraham J, Florentine S. Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extracts-Suitable Pharmacological Interventions for COVID-19? A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2600. [PMID: 34961070 PMCID: PMC8708549 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Even though vaccination has started against COVID-19, people should continue maintaining personal and social caution as it takes months or years to get everyone vaccinated, and we are not sure how long the vaccine remains efficacious. In order to contribute to the mitigation of COVID-19 symptoms, the pharmaceutical industry aims to develop antiviral drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication and produce anti-inflammatory medications that will inhibit the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the primary cause of mortality among the COVID-19 patients. In reference to these tasks, this article considers the properties of a medicinal plant named licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), whose phytochemicals have shown both antiviral and anti-inflammatory tendencies through previous studies. All the literature was selected through extensive search in various databases such as google scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed. In addition to the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, one of the licorice components has an autophagy-enhancing mechanism that studies have suggested to be necessary for COVID-19 treatment. Based on reviewing relevant professional and historical literature regarding the medicinal properties of licorice, it is suggested that it may be worthwhile to conduct in vitro and in vivo studies, including clinical trials with glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids together with other flavonoids found in licorice, as there is the potentiality to provide natural interventions against COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Abraham
- School of Engineering, Information Technology, and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Centre for Environmental Management, School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
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Kim M, Park SC, Lee DY. Glycyrrhizin as a Nitric Oxide Regulator in Cancer Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225762. [PMID: 34830916 PMCID: PMC8616433 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glycyrrhizin (GL) has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-oxidant activity. In particular, GL reduces multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells, which is a major obstacle to chemotherapy. Nitric oxide (NO) also plays an important role in MDR, and GL affects NO concentration in the tumor microenvironment. However, the effects of GL and NO interaction on MDR have not been reviewed. Here, we review the role of GL as an NO regulator in cancer cells and its subsequent anti-MDR effect and posit that GL is a promising MDR inhibitor for cancer chemotherapy. Abstract Chemotherapy is used widely for cancer treatment; however, the evolution of multidrug resistance (MDR) in many patients limits the therapeutic benefits of chemotherapy. It is important to overcome MDR for enhanced chemotherapy. ATP-dependent efflux of drugs out of cells is the main mechanism of MDR. Recent studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) can be used to overcome MDR by inhibiting the ATPase function of ATP-dependent pumps. Several attempts have been made to deliver NO to the tumor microenvironment (TME), however there are limitations in delivery. Glycyrrhizin (GL), an active compound of licorice, has been reported to both reduce the MDR effect by inhibiting ATP-dependent pumps and function as a regulator of NO production in the TME. In this review, we describe the potential role of GL as an NO regulator and MDR inhibitor that efficiently reduces the MDR effect in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (M.K.); (S.C.P.)
| | - Seok Chan Park
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (M.K.); (S.C.P.)
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (M.K.); (S.C.P.)
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Elixir Pharmatech Inc., Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Suharyani I, Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed A, Muchtaridi M, Wathoni N, Abdassah M. Evolution of Drug Delivery Systems for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4071-4089. [PMID: 34616142 PMCID: PMC8489189 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s328371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a disease marked by painful oral lesions on the buccal and labial mucosa or tongue. Drug delivery systems (DDS) for RAS include topical forms that manage wound healing, cover the ulcer, and relieve the associated pain. DDS targeting the oral mucosa face a major challenge, especially the short residence times in the mouth due to the effect of “saliva wash-out”, which continually removes the drug. The objective of this review is to study the development of preparation forms and delivery systems of various types and preparations that have been used for RAS management from 1965 until February 2020. There are 20 types of DDS for RAS which were discussed in 62 articles. The preparations were classified into 4 preparation forms: liquid, semi-solid, solid, and miscellaneous. In addition, the ultimate DDS for RAS preparations is the semi-solid forms (41.94%), which include 5 types of DDS are gel, paste, patch, cream, and ointment. This preparation was developed into new preparation form (11.29%), such as adhesive alginates, dentifrice, OraDisc, membranes, bioresorbable plates, pellicles, and gelosomes. Generally, the mucosal drug delivery system is the method of choice in RAS treatment because the ulcer is commonly located in the oral mucosa. In conclusion, these preparations are designed to improve drug delivery and drug activity for the treatment of RAS ulcers. Moreover, almost all of these DDS are topical preparations that use various types of mucoadhesive polymers to increase both residence time in the oral mucosa and pain relief in RAS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Suharyani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia.,School of Pharmacy Muhammadiyah Cirebon, Cirebon, Kedawung, 45153, Indonesia
| | | | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Marline Abdassah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
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12
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Rehman MU, Farooq A, Ali R, Bashir S, Bashir N, Majeed S, Taifa S, Ahmad SB, Arafah A, Sameer AS, Khan R, Qamar W, Rasool S, Ahmad A. Preclinical Evidence for the Pharmacological Actions of Glycyrrhizic Acid: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:436-465. [PMID: 32562521 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Family: Fabaceae) is one of the important traditional medicinal plant used extensively in folk medicine. It is known for its ethnopharmacological value in curing a wide variety of ailments. Glycyrrhizin, an active compound of G. glabra, possesses anti-inflammatory activity due to which it is mostly used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and management of chronic diseases. The present review is focused extensively on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and potential effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA). A thorough literature survey was conducted to identify various studies that reported on the GA on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Farooq
- RAKCOPS, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras AL Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rayeesa Ali
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sana Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Nazirah Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Samia Majeed
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Syed Taifa
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aga Syed Sameer
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Forest Biotech Lab, Department of Forest Mana pgement, Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
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13
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Chen K, Yang R, Shen FQ, Zhu HL. Advances in Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Glycyrrhizic Acid. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6219-6243. [PMID: 31612817 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666191011115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) is widely regarded as an important medicinal plant and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine because of its therapeutic properties. Studies have shown that metabolites isolated from licorice have many pharmacological activities, such as antiinflammatory, anti-viral, participation in immune regulation, anti-tumor and other activities. This article gives an overview of the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of licorice metabolites and the adverse reactions that need attention. This review helps to further investigate the possibility of licorice as a potential drug for various diseases. It is hoped that this review can provide a relevant theoretical basis for relevant scholars' research and their own learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Qian Shen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Emara NA, Mahmoud MF, El Fayoumi HM, Mahmoud AAA. The renoprotective effect of glycyrrhizic acid in insulin-resistant rats exposed to aluminum involves the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:863-872. [PMID: 33165681 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum is well recognized as a nephrotoxic agent. Its hazardous effects arise from the high risk of daily exposure. The consumption of fructose also represents a critical health issue that might negatively impact different organs, including the kidneys. To pursue our previous work, this study aimed to investigate the potential renoprotective effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GLYA) on aluminum-induced nephrotoxicity in insulin-resistant rats. Insulin resistance (IR) was induced by adding fructose (10%) in drinking water for 18 weeks. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control (CTRL), aluminum chloride (ALM, 34 mg/kg/day), fructose (FRCT), aluminum plus fructose (AL/FR), and GLYA (rats received AL/FR and treated with 40 mg/kg GLYA daily). AL/FR resulted in abnormal renal function tests and renal tissue injury. This was associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the renal tissue. Moreover, the expressions of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its adaptor proteins were increased in AL/FR group. The administration of GLYA mollified AL/FR-induced renal injury, oxidative stress, activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, and inflammation. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the promising renoprotective effect of GLYA against AL/FR-induced kidney damage in rats. The renoprotection is attributed to the suppression of oxidative stress and inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Emara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hassan M El Fayoumi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amr A A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy Program, Oman College of Health Sciences, 114, Muscat, Oman.
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15
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Gao R, Zhang Y, Kang Y, Xu W, Jiang L, Guo T, Huan C. Glycyrrhizin Inhibits PEDV Infection and Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion via the HMGB1/TLR4-MAPK p38 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082961. [PMID: 32340172 PMCID: PMC7215578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that glycyrrhizin (GLY) inhibited porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection, but the mechanisms of GLY anti-PEDV action remain unclear. In this study, we focused on the anti-PEDV and anti-proinflammatory cytokine secretion mechanisms of GLY. We found that PEDV infection had no effect on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein and mRNA levels, but that TLR4 regulated PEDV infection and the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we demonstrated that TLR4 regulated p38 phosphorylation but not extracellular regulated protein kinases1/2 (Erk1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation, and that GLY inhibited p38 phosphorylation but not Erk1/2 and JNK phosphorylation. Therefore, we further explored the relationship between high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and p38. We demonstrated that inhibition of HMGB1 using an antibody, mutation, or knockdown decreased p38 phosphorylation. Thus, HMGB1 participated in activation of p38 through TLR4. Collectively, our data indicated that GLY inhibited PEDV infection and decreased proinflammatory cytokine secretion via the HMGB1/TLR4-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yongshuai Zhang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuhui Kang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weiyin Xu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Luyao Jiang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +13-585-232-936
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16
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Kim SH, Hong JH, Yang WK, Geum JH, Kim HR, Choi SY, Kang YM, An HJ, Lee YC. Herbal Combinational Medication of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Agastache rugosa Containing Glycyrrhizic Acid, Tilianin Inhibits Neutrophilic Lung Inflammation by Affecting CXCL2, Interleukin-17/STAT3 Signal Pathways in a Murine Model of COPD. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040926. [PMID: 32230838 PMCID: PMC7231088 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by exposure to toxic particles, such as coal fly ash (CFA), diesel-exhaust particle (DEP), and cigarette smoke (CS), leading to chronic bronchitis, mucus production, and a subsequent lung dysfunction. This study, using a mouse model of COPD, aimed to evaluate the effect of herbal combinational medication of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG), Agastache rugosa (AR) containing glycyrrhizic acid (GA), and tilianin (TN) as active ingredients. GA, a major active component of GG, possesses a range of pharmacological and biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-oxidative. TN is a major flavonoid that is present in AR. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects of potential utility as an anti-COPD agent. The COPD in the mice model was induced by a challenge with CFA and DEP. BALB/c mice received CFA and DEP alternately three times for 2 weeks to induce COPD. The herbal mixture of GG, AR, and TN significantly decreased the number of neutrophils in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. It also significantly reduced the production of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL-2), IL-17A, CXCL-1, TNF-α, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in BALF and CXCL-2, IL-17A, CXCL-1, MUC5AC, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), IL-6, COX-2, NOS-II, and TNF-α mRNA expression in the lung tissue. Notably, a combination of GG and AR was more effective at regulating such therapeutic targets than GG or AR alone. The histolopathological lung injury was alleviated by treatment with the herbal mixture and their active ingredients (especially TN). In this study, the herbal combinational mixture more effectively inhibited neutrophilic airway inflammation by regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines and CXCL-2 by blocking the IL-17/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, a herbal mixture of GG and AR may be a potential therapeutic agent to treat COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine & Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (W.-K.Y.)
| | - Jung-Hee Hong
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26339, Korea;
| | - Won-Kyung Yang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine & Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (W.-K.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Ho Geum
- COSMAX NBT, INC., Seoul 06132, Korea; (J.-H.G.); (S.-Y.C.)
| | | | - Su-Young Choi
- COSMAX NBT, INC., Seoul 06132, Korea; (J.-H.G.); (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Yun-Mi Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26339, Korea; (Y.-M.K.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26339, Korea; (Y.-M.K.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Young-Cheol Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26339, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-730-0672; Fax: +82-33-730-0653
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17
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Kwon YJ, Son DH, Chung TH, Lee YJ. A Review of the Pharmacological Efficacy and Safety of Licorice Root from Corroborative Clinical Trial Findings. J Med Food 2019; 23:12-20. [PMID: 31874059 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has been known to have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. Glycyrrhizin is cleaved to glycyrrhizic acid, which is subsequently converted to glycyrrhetic acid by human intestinal microflora. Glycyrrhetic acid is a potent inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) and performs a range of corticosteroid-like activities. The pharmacologic effects of licorice contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-allergenic, and antimicrobial properties. Licorice has been used to treat liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, oral disease, and various skin disorders and has been used in gum, candy, herbs, alcoholic beverages, and food supplements. Licorice and its extracts, especially glycyrrhizin, can be taken orally, through the skin (in the form of gels and oils), and intravenously. Licorice demonstrates mineralocorticoid-like activity not only by inhibiting 11β-HSD2, but also by binding to a mineralocorticoid receptor, leading to potentially adverse risks of mineralocorticoid-like overactivity. Chronic use of licorice can lead to hypokalemia and hypertension, and some people are more sensitive to licorice exposure. Based on clinical trials, this review summarizes the positive effects of licorice and other reported side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gyeongi, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da-Hye Son
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Ha Chung
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Medicine, Severance Hospital, Severance Check-Up, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:210-226. [PMID: 31022523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. Licorice is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of liver diseases and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Various bioactive components have been isolated and identified from the licorice, including glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, licochalcone A, and glycycoumarin. Emerging evidence suggested that these natural products relieved liver diseases and prevented DILI through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, including anti-steatosis, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, anti-fibrosis, anti-cancer, and drug-drug interactions. In the current review, we summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and toxic effects of different licorice-derived bioactive ingredients and also highlighted the potency of these compounds as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of liver diseases and DILI. We also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in licorice and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application.
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19
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Mamedov NA, Egamberdieva D. Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Licorice: A Review. PLANT AND HUMAN HEALTH, VOLUME 3 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123875 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04408-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Licorice (or “liquorice”) is one of most widely used in foods, herbal medicine, and extensively researched medicinal plants of the world. In traditional medicine licorice roots have been used against treating many ailments including lung diseases, arthritis, kidney diseases, eczema, heart diseases, gastric ulcer, low blood pressure, allergies, liver toxicity, and certain microbial infections. Licorice extract contains sugars, starch, bitters, resins, essential oils, tannins, inorganic salts, and low levels of nitrogenous constituents such as proteins, individual amino acids, and nucleic acids. A large number of biological active compounds have been isolated from Glycyrrhiza species, where triterpene saponins and flavonoids are the main constitutes which show broad biological activity. This review examines recent studies on the phytochemical and pharmacological data and describes some side effects and toxicity of licorice and its bioactive components.
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Wang XX, Liu GY, Yang YF, Wu XW, Xu W, Yang XW. Intestinal Absorption of Triterpenoids and Flavonoids from Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma in the Human Caco-2 Monolayer Cell Model. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101627. [PMID: 28961192 PMCID: PMC6151599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Triterpenoids and flavonoids from the plant have many beneficial effects and their chemical structures are modified in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. However, absorption of these triterpenoids and flavonoids still needs to be defined. Here, the uptake and transepithelial transport of the selected major triterpenoids, glycyrrhizin (1), glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-mono-β-d-glucuronide (2), and glycyrrhetinic acid (3); and the selected major flavonoids, licochalcone A (4), licochalcone B (5), licochalcone C (6), echinatin (7), isoliquiritin apioside (8), liquiritigenin (9), liquiritin apioside (10) isolated from Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, were investigated in the human intestinal epithelium-like Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Compounds 3, 5–7, and 9 were designated as well-absorbed compounds, 2 and 4 were designated as moderately absorbed ones, and 1, 8, and 10 were assigned for the poorly absorbed ones. The absorption mechanism of well and moderately absorbed compound was mainly passive diffusion to pass through the human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer. These findings provided useful information for predicting their oral bioavailability and the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xue Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Gui-Yan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yan-Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiu-Wen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Dinesh N, Neelagiri S, Kumar V, Singh S. Glycyrrhizic acid attenuates growth of Leishmania donovani by depleting ergosterol levels. Exp Parasitol 2017; 176:21-29. [PMID: 28242356 PMCID: PMC7094550 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, glycyrrhizic acid (GA) the main component of Glycyrrhiza glabra was evaluated for its efficacy as antileishmanial agent and its mode of action explored. GA inhibits promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in a dose dependent manner at an IC50 value of 34 ± 3.0 μM and 20 ± 4.2 μM respectively. GA was non-toxic against THP-1 macrophage host cell line. GA was found to inhibit recombinant Leishmania donovani HMG-CoA reductase (LdHMGR) enzyme at the half-maximum inhibitory concentration of 24 ± 4.3 μM indicating the sensitivity and specificity of GA towards the enzyme. However, GA could cause only 30% reduction in HMGR activity when measured in Leishmania promastigotes treated with 34 μM of GA. Interestingly western blot analysis revealed fivefold reduced HMGR expression in GLA treated promastigotes. To further study the mode of action of GA, we used transgenic parasites overexpressing LdHMGR. Results indicated that ∼2 fold resistance was exhibited by LdHMGR overexpressing promastigotes to GA with an IC50 value of 74 μM compared to the wild type parasite. This explained the specific binding of GA to LdHMGR enzyme. There was ∼2 fold depletion in ergosterol levels in wild type promastigotes compared to the HMGR overexpressors. This data was further validated by exogenous supplementation of GA treated cells with ergosterol and 40% reversal of growth inhibition was observed. The results obtained suggested that GA kills the parasite by affecting sterol biosynthetic pathway, especially by inhibiting the L. donovani HMGR and altering ergosterol levels. The finding from the current study shows that GA is a potential antileishmanial chemotherapeutic agent. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) kills both promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani (Ld). It inhibits recombinant LdHMGR enzyme and native promastigote enzyme. It depletes ergosterol levels in Leishmania promastigotes. Ergosterol supplementation partially rescues GA inhibited promastigotes. HMGR overexpressors are 2 fold resistant to GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeradi Dinesh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Soumya Neelagiri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sushma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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Huan CC, Wang HX, Sheng XX, Wang R, Wang X, Mao X. Glycyrrhizin inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection and attenuates the proinflammatory responses by inhibition of high mobility group box-1 protein. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1467-1476. [PMID: 28175983 PMCID: PMC7086885 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection, leads to significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. In our studies, we found that glycyrrhizin, the major component of licorice root extracts, could moderately inhibit PEDV infection in Vero cells, when analyzed by western blot, qRT-PCR and a plaque formation assay. We also revealed that glycyrrhizin inhibited the entry and replication of PEDV. In addition, we demonstrated that glycyrrhizin decreased the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Since glycyrrhizin is a competitive inhibitor of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), we confirmed that TLR4 and RAGE (£ associated with PEDV pathogenesis during the infection in Vero cells. In summary, our studies provide a molecular basis for developing novel therapeutic methods to control PEDV infection, based on glycyrrhizin and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chao Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Hua-Xia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiang Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Constituents. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120246 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the most popular medicinal plants and it has been used in traditional herbal remedy since ancient times (Blumenthal et al. in Herbal medicine: expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton, 2000; Parvaiz et al. in Global J Pharmocol 8(1):8–13, 2014; Altay et al. in J Plant Res 129(6):1021–1032, 2016). Many experimental, pharmacological and clinical studies show that liquorice has antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihepatotoxic, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-hemorrhoid antihyperglycemic, antidiuretic, antinephritic, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anticytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and blood stopper activity.
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Öztürk M, Altay V, Hakeem KR, Akçiçek E. Economic Importance. LIQUORICE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of liquorice in treating chills, colds, and coughs have been fully discussed in Ayurveda, as well as in the texts of ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The plant has been prescribed for dropsy during the period of famous Hippocrates. The reason being that it was quite helpful as thirst-quenching drugs (Biondi et al. in J Nat Prod 68:1099–1102, 2005; Mamedov and Egamberdieva in Herbals and human health-phytochemistry. Springer Nature Publishers, 41 pp, 2017). No doubt, the clinical use of liquorice in modern medicine started around 1930; Pedanios Dioscorides of Anazarba (Adana), first century AD-Father of Pharmacists, mentions that it is highly effective in the treatment of stomach and intestinal ulcers. In Ayurveda, people in ancient Hindu culture have used it for improving sexual vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münir Öztürk
- Department of Botany and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Volkan Altay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eren Akçiçek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Hedayati A, Ghoreishi SM. Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface System Modeling of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Glycyrrhizic Acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2015-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, the extraction of Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) root was investigated by Soxhlet extraction and modified supercritical CO2 with water as co-solvents and 30 min of static extraction time. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify and quantitatively determine the amount of extracted GA recovery of supercritical CO2 extraction of GA. The extraction recovery was modeled by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN). Different ANFIS networks (by changing the type of membership functions) were compared with evaluation of networks accuracy in GA recovery prediction and subsequently the suitable network was determined. A three-layer artificial neural network was also developed for modeling of GA extraction from licorice plant root. In this regard, different networks (by changing the number of neurons in the hidden layer and algorithm of network training) were compared with evaluation of networks accuracy in extraction recovery prediction. One-step secant back propagation algorithm with six neurons in hidden layer was found to be the most suitable network and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 98.5 %. Gaussian combination membership function (gauss2mf) using 2 membership function to each input was obtained to be optimum ANFIS architecture with mean square error (MSE) of 0.05,0.17 and 0.07 for training, testing and checking data, respectively.
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Fan Y, Man S, Li H, Liu Y, Liu Z, Gao W. Analysis of bioactive components and pharmacokinetic study of herb–herb interactions in the traditional Chinese patent medicine Tongmai Yangxin Pill. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:364-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Inhibition of High Mobility Group Box 1–Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling by Glycyrrhizin Contributes to the Attenuation of Cold Ischemic Injury of Liver in a Rat Model. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hong M, Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Tsao SW, Feng Y. Current Status of Herbal Medicines in Chronic Liver Disease Therapy: The Biological Effects, Molecular Targets and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28705-45. [PMID: 26633388 PMCID: PMC4691073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver dysfunction or injury is a serious health problem worldwide. Chronic liver disease involves a wide range of liver pathologies that include fatty liver, hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The efficiency of current synthetic agents in treating chronic liver disease is not satisfactory and they have undesirable side effects. Thereby, numerous medicinal herbs and phytochemicals have been investigated as complementary and alternative treatments for chronic liver diseases. Since some herbal products have already been used for the management of liver diseases in some countries or regions, a systematic review on these herbal medicines for chronic liver disease is urgently needed. Herein, we conducted a review describing the potential role, pharmacological studies and molecular mechanisms of several commonly used medicinal herbs and phytochemicals for chronic liver diseases treatment. Their potential toxicity and side effects were also discussed. Several herbal formulae and their biological effects in chronic liver disease treatment as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms are also summarized in this paper. This review article is a comprehensive and systematic analysis of our current knowledge of the conventional medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in treating chronic liver diseases and on the potential pitfalls which need to be addressed in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Hedayati A, Ghoreishi S. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice plant root using binary entrainer: Experimental optimization via response surface methodology. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Chang CZ, Wu SC, Kwan AL. Glycyrrhizin Attenuates Proinflammatory Cytokines through a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ-Dependent Mechanism and Experimental Vasospasm in a Rat Model. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:12-21. [PMID: 25896311 DOI: 10.1159/000381099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is downregulated in the cortex of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) animals. This study is to examine the effect of glycyrrhizin on the alternation of PPARs and proinflammatory cytokines in a rodent SAH model. CSF cytokines were evaluated by RT-PCR. Basilar arteries (BAs) were harvested to examine PPARs (RT-PCR and Western blot), and a morphological examination was conducted. Deformed endothelium and tortuous elastic lamina were observed in the BAs of the SAH groups, but they were absent in the glycyrrhizin groups or the healthy controls. The PPAR-γ and -δ protein levels were reduced in the SAH groups (p < 0.01). Glycyrrhizin significantly increased the expressed PPAR-γ protein and mRNA (preconditioning) and PPAR-δ mRNA (both treatment and preconditioning), which corresponded to the reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels. The administration of a PPAR-γ inhibitor, BADGE, halted the reduction of IL-1β and TNF-α in the glycyrrhizin groups. Conclusively, glycyrrhizin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on SAH-induced vasospasm and attenuates the expression of PPARs, especially PPAR-γ, which corresponds to the severity of SAH-related inflammation. These findings also offer credit to the antivasospastic effect of glycyrrhizin and its vasculoprotective effect in animals subjected to SAH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Basilar Artery/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/cerebrospinal fluid
- Cytokines/genetics
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/pharmacology
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/therapeutic use
- Inflammation
- Infusion Pumps
- Male
- PPAR delta/biosynthesis
- PPAR delta/genetics
- PPAR gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- PPAR gamma/biosynthesis
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/physiology
- Phytotherapy
- Premedication
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Single-Blind Method
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/drug therapy
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/genetics
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/physiopathology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Hepatoprotective triterpene saponins from the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata. Molecules 2015; 20:6273-83. [PMID: 25859783 PMCID: PMC6272637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel oleanane-type triterpene saponins, licorice-saponin P2 (1) and licorice-saponin Q2 (3), together with nine known compounds 2, 4-11, have been isolated from the water extract of the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 2D-NMR experiments (1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and ROESY). In in vitro assays, compounds 2-4, 6 and 11 showed significant hepatoprotective activities by lowering the ALT and AST levels in primary rat hepatocytes injured by D-galactosamine (D-GalN). In addition, compounds 2-4, 6, 7 and 11 were found to inhibit the activity of PLA2 with IC50 values of 6.9 μM, 3.6 μM, 16.9 μM, 27.1 μM, 32.2 μM and 9.3 μM, respectively, which might be involved in the regulation of the hepatoprotective activities observed.
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Pharmacokinetic interactions of herbs with cytochrome p450 and p-glycoprotein. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:736431. [PMID: 25632290 PMCID: PMC4302358 DOI: 10.1155/2015/736431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent use of drugs and herbal products is becoming increasingly prevalent over the last decade. Several herbal products have been known to modulate cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which are recognized as representative drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter, respectively. Thus, a summary of knowledge on the modulation of CYP and P-gp by commonly used herbs can provide robust fundamentals for optimizing CYP and/or P-gp substrate drug-based therapy. Herein, we review ten popular medicinal and/or dietary herbs as perpetrators of CYP- and P-gp-mediated pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions. The main focus is placed on previous works on the ability of herbal extracts and their phytochemicals to modulate the expression and function of CYP and P-gp in several in vitro and in vivo animal and human systems.
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Glycyrrhizin attenuates Toll like receptor-2, -4 and experimental vasospasm in a rat model. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:740549. [PMID: 25152897 PMCID: PMC4134788 DOI: 10.1155/2014/740549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulated TLRs are observed in the serum of animals following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. This study was to examine glycyrrhizin's effect on proinflammatory cytokines and TLRs in SAH rats. Administration with glycyrrhizin was initiated 24 hr before and 1 hr later using osmotic minipump. Basilar arteries were harvested to examine TLRs mRNA and protein (rt-PCR and western blot) and CSF cytokines (rt-PCR). Morphologically, deformed endothelium, tortuous elastic lamina, and smooth muscle necrosis were observed in the SAH rats, but were absent in the glycyrrhizin pretreatment group. The TLR-3 protein level was not increased in SAH animals, compared with the controls, while that of TLR-2 and -4 in the SAH only and SAH plus vehicle groups was significantly elevated (P < 0.01). Pretreatment and treatment with glycyrrhizin reduced TLR-2 and -4 by 28 ± 8% and 33.4 ± 9.2%, respectively. Likewise, glycyrrhizin was able to reduce the IL-1β and MCP-1 mRNA levels. This study shows glycyrrhizin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on SAH induced vasospasm and attenuates the ultrashort time expression of TLRs, like TLR-2 and -4. It corresponds to SAH induced early brain injury. These findings offer credit to the antivasospastic effect of glycyrrhizin and its effect on SAH induced early brain injury.
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Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Identification of medicinal plants of Urmia for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Glycyrrhizic acid in the treatment of liver diseases: literature review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:872139. [PMID: 24963489 PMCID: PMC4052927 DOI: 10.1155/2014/872139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a triterpene glycoside found in the roots of licorice plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra). GA is the most important active ingredient in the licorice root, and possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. GA coupled with glycyrrhetinic acid and 18-beta-glycyrrhetic acid was developed in China or Japan as an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antiallergic drug for liver disease. This review summarizes the current biological activities of GA and its medical applications in liver diseases. The pharmacological actions of GA include inhibition of hepatic apoptosis and necrosis; anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions; antiviral effects; and antitumor effects. This paper will be a useful reference for physicians and biologists researching GA and will open the door to novel agents in drug discovery and development from Chinese herbs. With additional research, GA may be more widely used in the treatment of liver diseases or other conditions.
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Wei JH, Zheng YF, Li CY, Tang YP, Peng GP. Bioactive constituents of oleanane-type triterpene saponins from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:1044-53. [PMID: 25295721 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.960857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Three new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, namely licorice-saponin M3 (1), licorice-saponin N4 (2), and licorice-saponin O4 (3), an artificial product (4), as well as five known triterpene glucuronides (5-9), were isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Their structures were established using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and by comparison with spectroscopic data reported in the literature. The inhibitory effects of the selected compounds on neuraminidase were evaluated, and the preliminary structure-activity relationship was also predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Hua Wei
- a School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , China
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37
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Kong W, Wen J, Yang Y, Qiu F, Sheng P, Yang M. Simultaneous targeted analysis of five active compounds in licorice by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid linear-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:1883-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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38
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Zhou S, Cao J, Qiu F, Kong W, Yang S, Yang M. Simultaneous determination of five bioactive components in radix glycyrrhizae by pressurised liquid extraction combined with UPLC-PDA and UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS confirmation. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:527-33. [PMID: 23427103 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycyrrhizae species are popular ingredients of herbal medicine in most traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, and they mainly contain flavonoids and triterpene saponins. The contents of these bioactive compounds may vary in different batches and affect the therapeutic effects. Thus comprehensive quality control and monitoring of their herbal formulation are of paramount concern. OBJECTIVE To establish a rapid, effective pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) method to evaluate the quality of Glycyrrhizae species. METHODS Radix Glycyrrhizae was extracted by PLE using 70% ethanol at 100°C for 15 min during three static extraction cycles. Separation was performed using an UPLC system to quantify five bioactive compounds, namely liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid, in 12 batches of samples of different origins in China. Furthermore, the samples were analysed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) system to confirm the results. RESULTS The calibration curves of all five analytes showed good linearity (R(2) > 0.9997). Accuracy, precision and repeatability were all within required limits. The mean recoveries measured at the three concentrations were higher than 93.7% with RSDs lower than < 3.33% for the targets. CONCLUSION The established PLE and UPLC-PDA method could serve as a rapid and effective method for quality evaluation of Radix Glycyrrhizae. The UPLC technique can be considered as an attractive alternative to HPLC in routine quality control of Chinese medicine, especially in situations where high sample throughput and fast analytical speed are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhou
- Jilin Agricultural University, 130118, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 100193, Beijing, China
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Some Haematological and Biochemical Investigations on Duck Virus Hepatitis following Administration of Glycyrrhizin. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2013:849412. [PMID: 23984091 PMCID: PMC3747462 DOI: 10.1155/2013/849412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of glycyrrhizin (locally isolated and purified from licorice root) against duck hepatitis virus through the assessment of some hematological and biochemical parameters. One hundred and sixty white Pekin ducklings—one day old—were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group (1) was kept as normal control. Group (2) was inoculated I/P with 10 mg glycyrrhizin/kg BW, three times per week for four weeks. Group (3) was inoculated I/M with 0.5 ml of live attenuated DHV vaccine. Group (4) was inoculated with both glycyrrhizin (10 mg/kg BW I/P, three times per week for four weeks) and live attenuated DHV vaccine (0.5 ml, I/M). Then, all groups of treatment were challenged using virulent DHV except for 20 ducklings from the normal control group which were continued to be kept as negative control. The results revealed that duck hepatitis virus (DHV) caused macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and marked elevation of liver enzymes and renal parameters. In conclusion, glycyrrhizin injected alone or in combination with DHV vaccine protected or ameliorated the deteriorating effects induced by DHV vaccine and/or duck hepatitis virus infection by improvement of erythrogram and leukogram, as well as liver and kidney functions.
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Matsumoto Y, Matsuura T, Aoyagi H, Matsuda M, Hmwe SS, Date T, Watanabe N, Watashi K, Suzuki R, Ichinose S, Wake K, Suzuki T, Miyamura T, Wakita T, Aizaki H. Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin against hepatitis C virus in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68992. [PMID: 23874843 PMCID: PMC3715454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GL) has been used in Japan to treat patients with chronic viral hepatitis, as an anti-inflammatory drug to reduce serum alanine aminotransferase levels. GL is also known to exhibit various biological activities, including anti-viral effects, but the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) effect of GL remains to be clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that GL treatment of HCV-infected Huh7 cells caused a reduction of infectious HCV production using cell culture-produced HCV (HCVcc). To determine the target step in the HCV lifecycle of GL, we used HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp), replicon, and HCVcc systems. Significant suppressions of viral entry and replication steps were not observed. Interestingly, extracellular infectivity was decreased, and intracellular infectivity was increased. By immunofluorescence and electron microscopic analysis of GL treated cells, HCV core antigens and electron-dense particles had accumulated on endoplasmic reticulum attached to lipid droplet (LD), respectively, which is thought to act as platforms for HCV assembly. Furthermore, the amount of HCV core antigen in LD fraction increased. Taken together, these results suggest that GL inhibits release of infectious HCV particles. GL is known to have an inhibitory effect on phospholipase A2 (PLA2). We found that group 1B PLA2 (PLA2G1B) inhibitor also decreased HCV release, suggesting that suppression of virus release by GL treatment may be due to its inhibitory effect on PLA2G1B. Finally, we demonstrated that combination treatment with GL augmented IFN-induced reduction of virus in the HCVcc system. GL is identified as a novel anti-HCV agent that targets infectious virus particle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyo Aoyagi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Su Su Hmwe
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Date
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Watanabe
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Ichinose
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Wake
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Liver Research Unit, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Liu H, Wang J, Zhou W, Wang Y, Yang L. Systems approaches and polypharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines: an example using licorice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:773-93. [PMID: 23415946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice, one of the oldest and most popular herbal medicines in the world, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as a cough reliever, anti-inflammatory, anti-anabrosis, immunomodulatory, anti-platelet, antiviral (hepatitis) and detoxifying agent. Licorice was used as an example to show drug discovery from herbal drugs using systems approaches and polypharmacology. AIM OF THE STUDY Herbal medicines are becoming more mainstream in clinical practice and show value in treating and preventing diseases. However, due to its extreme complexity both in chemical components and mechanisms of action, deep understanding of botanical drugs is still difficult. Thus, a comprehensive systems approach which could identify active ingredients and their targets in the crude drugs and more importantly, understand the biological basis for the pharmacological properties of herbal medicines is necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a novel systems pharmacology model that integrates oral bioavailability screening, drug-likeness evaluation, blood-brain barrier permeation, target identification and network analysis has been established to investigate the herbal medicines. RESULTS The comprehensive systems approach effectively identified 73 bioactive components from licorice and 91 potential targets for this medicinal herb. These 91 targets are closely associated with a series of diseases of respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system, etc. These targets are further mapped to drug-target and drug-target-disease networks to elucidate the mechanism of this herbal medicine. CONCLUSION This work provides a novel in silico strategy for investigation of the botanical drugs containing a huge number of components, which has been demonstrated by the well-studied licorice case. This attempt should be helpful for understanding definite mechanisms of action for herbal medicines and discovery of new drugs from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Zheng YF, Wei JH, Qi LW, Cheng JM, Peng GP. A green and efficient protocol for large-scale production of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice roots by combination of polyamide and macroporous resin adsorbent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:809-16. [PMID: 23355362 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A green and efficient method for large-scale preparation of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice roots was developed by combination of polyamide and macroporous resin. The entire preparation procedure consisted of two simple separation steps. The first step is to use polyamide resin to remove licorice flavoniods from the licorice crude extract. Subsequently, various macroporous resins were tried to purify glycyrrhizic acid, and HPD-400 showed the most suitable adsorption and desorption properties. Under the optimized conditions, a large-scale preparation of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice roots was carried out. A 20 kg raw material produced 0.43 kg of glycyrrhizic acid using green aqueous ethanol as the solvent. The purity of glycyrrhizic acid was increased from 11.40 to 88.95% with a recovery of 76.53%. The proposed method may be also extended to produce large-scale other triterpenoid saponins from herbal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Zheng
- Separation Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Dudhatra GB, Mody SK, Awale MM, Patel HB, Modi CM, Kumar A, Kamani DR, Chauhan BN. A comprehensive review on pharmacotherapeutics of herbal bioenhancers. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:637953. [PMID: 23028251 PMCID: PMC3458266 DOI: 10.1100/2012/637953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In India, Ayurveda has made a major contribution to the drug discovery process with new means of identifying active compounds. Recent advancement in bioavailability enhancement of drugs by compounds of herbal origin has produced a revolutionary shift in the way of therapeutics. Thus, bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing classical text books and peer-reviewed papers, consulting worldwide-accepted scientific databases from last 30 years. Herbal bioenhancers have been shown to enhance bioavailability and bioefficacy of different classes of drugs, such as antibiotics, antituberculosis, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancerous drugs at low doses. They have also improved oral absorption of nutraceuticals like vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and certain herbal compounds. Their mechanism of action is mainly through absorption process, drug metabolism, and action on drug target. This paper clearly indicates that scientific researchers and pharmaceutical industries have to give emphasis on experimental studies to find out novel active principles from such a vast array of unexploited plants having a role as a bioavailability and bioefficacy enhancer. Also, the mechanisms of action by which bioenhancer compounds exert bioenhancing effects remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam B Dudhatra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar 385506, Gujarat, India.
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Cherng JM, Tsai KD, Yu YW, Lin JC. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Chemopreventive Activities of Glycyrrhizic Acid against UVB-Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis in SKH-1 Hairless Mouse Epidermis. Radiat Res 2011; 176:177-86. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2510.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chandrasekharan DK, Khanna PK, Nair CKK. Cellular radioprotecting potential of glyzyrrhizic acid, silver nanoparticle and their complex. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xia Y, Liu JP, Gluud C. Glycyrrhizin versus antiviral drugs for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hippokratia 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- b) Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; a) Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District Beijing China 100029
| | - Jian Ping Liu
- b) National Research Centre in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), Tromsø, Norway, c) Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark; a) Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Beijing China 100029
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 3344, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group; Blegdamsvej 9 Copenhagen Denmark DK-2100
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Xia Y, Han M, Liu JP, Gluud C. Glycyrrhizin for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hippokratia 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- b) Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Copenhagen, Denmark; a) Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District Beijing China 100029
| | - Mei Han
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine; 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu ChaoYang District Beijing China 100029
| | - Jian Ping Liu
- b) National Research Centre in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), Tromsø, Norway, c) Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark; a) Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Beijing China 100029
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 3344, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group; Blegdamsvej 9 Copenhagen Denmark DK-2100
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Bi W, Tian M, Row KH. Solid-phase extraction of liquiritin and glycyrrhizin from licorice using porous alkyl-pyridinium polymer sorbent. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:496-501. [PMID: 20931626 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liquiritin and glycyrrhizin are valuable components of licorice. An effective separation and determination procedure is needed to separate the liquiritin and glycyrrhizin from the licorice extract. METHODOLOGY A polymer-confined, ionic liquid sorbent was developed using a process involving polymerisation and modification. The obtained porous particles were used as a sorbent in a solid-phase extraction process to isolate liquiritin and glycyrrhizin from licorice with different washing and elution solvents. The porous alkyl-pyridinium polymer sorbent was compared with the C(18) sorbent. RESULTS A simple and convenient method was established to the selectively separate and determinate of liquiritin and glycyrrhizin using a porous ionic liquid-based polymer coupled with HPLC. Additionally, this study evaluated the application of this sorbent for the detection of these two compounds in commercial medicines. CONCLUSION This method was a viable tool that was compatible with the existing HPLC methods and was used to separate and analyse the content of liquiritin and glycyrrhizin in licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Bi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Ku, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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Tian M, Bi W, Row KH. Solid-phase extraction of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid from licorice using ionic liquid-based silica sorbent. J Sep Sci 2010; 32:4033-9. [PMID: 19882630 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new ionic liquid-based silica sorbent was developed by a process involving surface chemical modification of commercial silica using a synthesized ionic liquid. The obtained particles were successfully used as a special sorbent in a solid-phase extraction process to isolate liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid from licorice. Different washing and elution solvents, such as water, methanol/water (v/v), and pure methanol were evaluated. Ionic liquid-based silica sorbent was compared with traditional C(18) sorbent and it exhibited higher selectivity. Quantitative analysis was carried out by using a C(18) column. Good linearities of two compounds were obtained from 5x10(-4) to 0.2 mg/mL (r(2)>0.99) with the relative standard deviations <1.0%. The target compounds in commercial herbal medicines containing licorice were determined, and the bound rates between the target compounds and protein were obtained by this sorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Tian M, Yan H, Ho Row K. Extraction and Analysis of Liquiritin from Licorice. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902790769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Tian
- a Center for Advanced Bio Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon, Korea
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- a Center for Advanced Bio Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- a Center for Advanced Bio Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon, Korea
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