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Gadzhiev A, Petherbridge G, Sharshov K, Sobolev I, Alekseev A, Gulyaeva M, Litvinov K, Boltunov I, Teymurov A, Zhigalin A, Daudova M, Shestopalov A. Pinnipeds and avian influenza: a global timeline and review of research on the impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza on pinniped populations with particular reference to the endangered Caspian seal ( Pusa caspica). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1325977. [PMID: 39071164 PMCID: PMC11273096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reviews chronologically the international scientific and health management literature and resources relating to impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses on pinnipeds in order to reinforce strategies for the conservation of the endangered Caspian seal (Pusa caspica), currently under threat from the HPAI H5N1 subtype transmitted from infected avifauna which share its haul-out habitats. Many cases of mass pinniped deaths globally have occurred from HPAI spill-overs, and are attributed to infected sympatric aquatic avifauna. As the seasonal migrations of Caspian seals provide occasions for contact with viruses from infected migratory aquatic birds in many locations around the Caspian Sea, this poses a great challenge to seal conservation. These are thus critical locations for the surveillance of highly pathogenic influenza A viruses, whose future reassortments may present a pandemic threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimurad Gadzhiev
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Guy Petherbridge
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
- Caspian Centre for Nature Conservation, International Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Association of Universities and Research Centers of Caspian Region States, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Gulyaeva
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Litvinov
- Laboratory of Ecological and Biological Research, Astrakhan State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Astrakhan, Russia
| | - Ivan Boltunov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Abdulgamid Teymurov
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Alexander Zhigalin
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Madina Daudova
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Do THT, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Koutsakos M. Influenza B virus neuraminidase: a potential target for next-generation vaccines? Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:39-48. [PMID: 38037386 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2290691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza B viruses (IBV) cause a significant health and economic burden annually. Due to lower antigenic drift rate, less extensive antigenic diversity, and lack of animal reservoirs, the development of highly effective universal vaccines against IBV might be in reach. Current seasonal influenza vaccines are formulated to induce antibodies against the Hemagglutinin (HA) protein, but their effectiveness is reduced by mismatch between vaccine and circulating strains. AREAS COVERED Given antibodies against the Neuraminidase (NA) have been associated with protection during influenza infection, there is considerable interest in the development of NA-based influenza vaccines. This review summarizes insights into the role of NA-based immunity against IBV and highlights knowledge gaps that should be addressed to inform the design of next-generation influenza B vaccines. We discuss how antibodies recognize broadly cross-reactive epitopes on the NA and the lack of understanding of IBV NA antigenic evolution which would benefit vaccine development in the future. EXPERT OPINION Demonstrating NA antibodies as correlates of protection for IBV in humans would be paramount. Determining the extent of IBV NA antigenic evolution will be informative. Finally, it will be critical to determine optimal strategies for incorporating the appropriate NA antigens in existing clinically approved vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hoai Thu Do
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Barratclough A, Ferguson SH, Lydersen C, Thomas PO, Kovacs KM. A Review of Circumpolar Arctic Marine Mammal Health-A Call to Action in a Time of Rapid Environmental Change. Pathogens 2023; 12:937. [PMID: 37513784 PMCID: PMC10385039 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of climate change on the health of marine mammals are increasingly being recognised. Given the rapid rate of environmental change in the Arctic, the potential ramifications on the health of marine mammals in this region are a particular concern. There are eleven endemic Arctic marine mammal species (AMMs) comprising three cetaceans, seven pinnipeds, and the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). All of these species are dependent on sea ice for survival, particularly those requiring ice for breeding. As air and water temperatures increase, additional species previously non-resident in Arctic waters are extending their ranges northward, leading to greater species overlaps and a concomitant increased risk of disease transmission. In this study, we review the literature documenting disease presence in Arctic marine mammals to understand the current causes of morbidity and mortality in these species and forecast future disease issues. Our review highlights potential pathogen occurrence in a changing Arctic environment, discussing surveillance methods for 35 specific pathogens, identifying risk factors associated with these diseases, as well as making recommendations for future monitoring for emerging pathogens. Several of the pathogens discussed have the potential to cause unusual mortality events in AMMs. Brucella, morbillivirus, influenza A virus, and Toxoplasma gondii are all of concern, particularly with the relative naivety of the immune systems of endemic Arctic species. There is a clear need for increased surveillance to understand baseline disease levels and address the gravity of the predicted impacts of climate change on marine mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Barratclough
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Steven H. Ferguson
- Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | - Christian Lydersen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; (C.L.); (K.M.K.)
| | - Peter O. Thomas
- Marine Mammal Commission, 4340 East-West Highway, Room 700, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Kit M. Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; (C.L.); (K.M.K.)
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Sreenivasan CC, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses-A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D. Pathogens 2021; 10:1583. [PMID: 34959538 PMCID: PMC8704295 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genome structure, influenza C (ICV), and D (IDV) viruses with seven-segmented genomes are biologically different from the eight-segmented influenza A (IAV), and B (IBV) viruses concerning the presence of hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein, which combines the function of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase responsible for receptor-binding, fusion, and receptor-destroying enzymatic activities, respectively. Whereas ICV with humans as primary hosts emerged nearly 74 years ago, IDV, a distant relative of ICV, was isolated in 2011, with bovines as the primary host. Despite its initial emergence in swine, IDV has turned out to be a transboundary bovine pathogen and a broader host range, similar to influenza A viruses (IAV). The receptor specificities of ICV and IDV determine the host range and the species specificity. The recent findings of the presence of the IDV genome in the human respiratory sample, and high traffic human environments indicate its public health significance. Conversely, the presence of ICV in pigs and cattle also raises the possibility of gene segment interactions/virus reassortment between ICV and IDV where these viruses co-exist. This review is a holistic approach to discuss the ecology of seven-segmented influenza viruses by focusing on what is known so far on the host range, seroepidemiology, biology, receptor, phylodynamics, species specificity, and cross-species transmission of the ICV and IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
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ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS TYPES A AND B IN CANADIAN SEALS. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:808-819. [PMID: 34410421 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses have been reported from marine mammals worldwide, particularly in pinnipeds, and have caused mass mortalities of seals in North America and Europe. Because influenza viruses in marine mammals can be zoonotic, our objective was to examine Canadian phocids for exposure to influenza A and B viruses in order to understand health risks to wild populations as well as to humans who consume or handle these animals. Blood was collected from 394 seals in eastern Canada from 1994 to 2005. Sera were screened for exposure to influenza viruses in three resident species of seals: harbour, Phoca vitulina (n=66); grey, Halichoerus grypus (n=82); ringed, Phoca hispida (n=2); and two migrant species: harp, Pagophilus groenlandica (n=206) and hooded, Cystophora cristata (n=38). Included were samples from captive grey (n=1) and harbour seals (n=8) at two aquaria. Sera were prescreened using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and antibodies against influenza A virus were confirmed using a commercial competitive ELISA (IDEXX Europe B.V.). A subset of influenza A virus positive sera was used to determine common virus subtypes recognized by sera using reference strains. All positive sera in the indirect ELISA reacted with influenza A virus subtypes H3, H4, and H10 using a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Sera from harbour, grey, harp, and hooded seals had antibodies against influenza A and influenza B viruses (some cross-reactivity occurred). Overall, 33% (128/385) of wild seals were seropositive to influenza viruses, with the highest seroprevalence in harp (42%) followed by harbour (33%), grey (23%), and hooded (11%) seals. Antibodies were detected in both sexes and most age classes of wild seals. Two of eight captive harbour seals were seropositive to influenza B virus and four had cross-reactions to influenza A and B viruses. This study reports antibodies against influenza A and B viruses in four seal species from the same geographic area in eastern Canada.
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Koutsakos M, Kent SJ. Influenza B viruses: underestimated and overlooked. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses circulate globally every year causing respiratory disease with significant clinical and socio-economic impacts. IBV are considered exclusive human pathogens with no established animal reservoirs, which suggests with concerted effort it may be possible to eradicate this virus from human circulation. However, this requires a deeper understanding of IBV virology and immunology and the design of vaccines that induce universal immunity to antigenic variants of IBV.
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Cardenas-Garcia S, Caceres CJ, Rajao D, Perez DR. Reverse genetics for influenza B viruses and recent advances in vaccine development. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:191-202. [PMID: 33254031 PMCID: PMC8693393 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza B virus is a respiratory pathogen that affects more severely the pediatric and elderly populations. There are two lineages of influenza B virus that seem to have differential predilection for age groups. Both lineages can co-circulate during the influenza season however one is usually more prominent than the other depending on the season. There are no defined indicators to predict which lineage will dominate in any given season. In recent years, the addition of viruses from both lineages to the seasonal influenza vaccine formulation has improved vaccine protection, although quadrivalent vaccines are not available worldwide. Reverse genetics has facilitated advancements in the field of vaccine development against influenza B virus. Different strategies have been explored showing promising results that could potentially lead to the development broadly protective influenza B virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - C Joaquin Caceres
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniela Rajao
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Influenza A infection has been detected in marine mammals going back to 1975, with additional unconfirmed outbreaks as far back as 1931. Over the past forty years, infectious virus has been recovered on ten separate occasions from both pinnipeds (harbor seal, elephant seal, and Caspian seal) and cetaceans (striped whale and pilot whale). Recovered viruses have spanned a range of subtypes (H1, H3, H4, H7, H10, and H13) and, in all but H1N1, show strong evidence for deriving directly from avian sources. To date, there have been five unusual mortality events directly attributed to influenza A virus; these have primarily occurred in harbor seals in the Northeastern United States, with the most recent occurring in harbor seals in the North Sea.There are numerous additional reports wherein influenza A virus has indirectly been identified in marine mammals; these include serosurveillance efforts that have detected influenza A- and B-specific antibodies in marine mammals spanning the globe and the detection of viral RNA in both active and opportunistic surveillance in the Northwest Atlantic. For viral detection and recovery, nasal, rectal, and conjunctival swabs have been employed in pinnipeds, while blowhole, nasal, and rectal swabs have been employed in cetaceans. In the case of deceased animals, virus has also been detected in tissue. Surveillance has historically been somewhat limited, relying largely upon opportunistic sampling of stranded or bycaught animals and primarily occurring in response to a mortality event. A handful of active surveillance projects have shown that influenza may be more endemic in marine mammals than previously appreciated, though live virus is difficult to recover. Surveillance efforts are hindered by permitting and logistical challenges, the absence of reagents and methodology optimized for nonavian wild hosts, and low concentration of virus recovered from asymptomatic animals. Despite these challenges, a growing body of evidence suggests that marine mammals are an important wild reservoir of influenza and may contribute to mammalian adaptation of avian variants.
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Gulyaeva M, Sobolev I, Sharshov K, Kurskaya O, Alekseev A, Shestopalova L, Kovner A, Bi Y, Shi W, Shchelkanov M, Shestopalov A. Characterization of Avian-like Influenza A (H4N6) Virus Isolated from Caspian Seal in 2012. Virol Sin 2018; 33:449-452. [PMID: 30328579 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gulyaeva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090. .,Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117.
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Olga Kurskaya
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | | | - Anna Kovner
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Michael Shchelkanov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia, 690090.,Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 690022
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia, 630117
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Ohishi K, Abe E, Amano M, Miyazaki N, Boltunov A, Katsumata E, Maruyama T. Detection of serum antibodies to Brucella in Russian aquatic mammals. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1696-1701. [PMID: 30185724 PMCID: PMC6261826 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A serologic survey of Brucella infection was performed in Caspian seals (Pusa caspica, n=71), Baikal seals (P. sibirica, n=7), ringed seals (P. hispida hispida, n=6), and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas, n=4) inhabiting Russian waters, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Brucella abortus and B. canis as antigens. The sera of 4 Caspian seals (4%) tested positive for B. abortus. The same sera samples demonstrated weaker yet detectable affinity for B. canis antigens. Several discrete bands against B. abortus and B. canis antigens were detected on Western blot analysis of the ELISA-positive seal sera; the bands against B. canis were weaker than those against B. abortus. The sera of 3 beluga whales (75%) were positive for B. abortus antigens but showed no binding to B. canis antigens in the ELISA. The positive whale sera showed a strong band appearance only against B. abortus antigens in the Western blot analysis. Many detected bands were discrete, while some of them had a smeared appearance. The present results indicate that Brucella infection occurred in Caspian seals and beluga whales inhabiting Russian waters, and that the Brucella strains infecting the seals and the whales were antigenetically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Ohishi
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Erika Abe
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Masao Amano
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyazaki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.,Japan Marine Science Foundation, 1-1-1 Ikenohata, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0008, Japan
| | - Andrei Boltunov
- Marine Mammal Research and Expedition Center, Moscow 115551, Russia
| | | | - Tadashi Maruyama
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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Chaisri U, Chaicumpa W. Evolution of Therapeutic Antibodies, Influenza Virus Biology, Influenza, and Influenza Immunotherapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9747549. [PMID: 29998138 PMCID: PMC5994580 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9747549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review article summarizes past and current technologies for generating antibodies for passive immunization/immunotherapy. Contemporary DNA and protein technologies have facilitated the development of engineered therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in a variety of formats according to the required effector functions. Chimeric, humanized, and human monoclonal antibodies to antigenic/epitopic myriads with less immunogenicity than animal-derived antibodies in human recipients can be produced in vitro. Immunotherapy with ready-to-use antibodies has gained wide acceptance as a powerful treatment against both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Influenza, a highly contagious disease, precipitates annual epidemics and occasional pandemics, resulting in high health and economic burden worldwide. Currently available drugs are becoming less and less effective against this rapidly mutating virus. Alternative treatment strategies are needed, particularly for individuals at high risk for severe morbidity. In a setting where vaccines are not yet protective or available, human antibodies that are broadly effective against various influenza subtypes could be highly efficacious in lowering morbidity and mortality and controlling unprecedented epidemic/pandemic. Prototypes of human single-chain antibodies to several conserved proteins of influenza virus with no Fc portion (hence, no ADE effect in recipients) are available. These antibodies have high potential as a novel, safe, and effective anti-influenza agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urai Chaisri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kim H, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Influenza Virus: Dealing with a Drifting and Shifting Pathogen. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:174-183. [PMID: 29373086 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous modern technological and scientific advances have changed the vaccine industry. However, nearly 70 years of influenza vaccine usage have passed without substantial changes in the underlying principles of the vaccine. The challenge of vaccinating against influenza lies in the constantly changing nature of the virus itself. Influenza viruses undergo antigenic evolution through antigenic drift and shift in their surface glycoproteins. This has forced frequent updates of vaccine antigens to ensure that the somewhat narrowly focused vaccine-induced immune responses defend against circulating strains. Few vaccine production systems have been developed that can entertain such constant changes. Although influenza virus infection induces long-lived immunologic memory to the same or similar strains, most people do not encounter the same strain repeatedly in their lifespan, suggesting that enhancement of natural immunity is required to improve influenza vaccines. It is clear that transformative change of influenza vaccines requires a rethink of how we immunize. In this study, we review the problems associated with the changing nature of the virus, and highlight some of the approaches being employed to improve influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuh Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
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Fereidouni S, Munoz O, Von Dobschuetz S, De Nardi M. Influenza Virus Infection of Marine Mammals. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:161-170. [PMID: 25231137 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interspecies transmission may play a key role in the evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. The importance of marine mammals as hosts or carriers of potential zoonotic pathogens such as highly pathogenic H5 and H7 influenza viruses is not well understood. The fact that influenza viruses are some of the few zoonotic pathogens known to have caused infection in marine mammals, evidence for direct transmission of influenza A virus H7N7 subtype from seals to man, transmission of pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses to seals and also limited evidence for long-term persistence of influenza B viruses in seal populations without significant genetic change, makes monitoring of influenza viruses in marine mammal populations worth being performed. In addition, such monitoring studies could be a great tool to better understand the ecology of influenza viruses in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Fereidouni
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Riems, Germany.
- WESCA Wildlife Network, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Olga Munoz
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Sophie Von Dobschuetz
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
| | - Marco De Nardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
- SAFOSO AG, Bern, Switzerland
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New England harbor seal H3N8 influenza virus retains avian-like receptor specificity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21428. [PMID: 26888262 PMCID: PMC4757820 DOI: 10.1038/srep21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An influenza H3N8 virus, carrying mammalian adaptation mutations, was isolated from New England harbor seals in 2011. We sought to assess the risk of its human transmissibility using two complementary approaches. First, we tested the binding of recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of seal H3N8 and human-adapted H3N2 viruses to respiratory tissues of humans and ferrets. For human tissues, we observed strong tendency of the seal H3 to bind to lung alveoli, which was in direct contrast to the human-adapted H3 that bound mainly to the trachea. This staining pattern was also consistent in ferrets, the primary animal model for human influenza pathogenesis. Second, we compared the binding of the recombinant HAs to a library of 610 glycans. In contrast to the human H3, which bound almost exclusively to α-2,6 sialylated glycans, the seal H3 bound preferentially to α-2,3 sialylated glycans. Additionally, the seal H3N8 virus replicated in human lung carcinoma cells. Our data suggest that the seal H3N8 virus has retained its avian-like receptor binding specificity, but could potentially establish infection in human lungs.
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16
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van de Sandt CE, Bodewes R, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD. Influenza B viruses: not to be discounted. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1447-65. [PMID: 26357957 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to influenza A viruses, which have been investigated extensively, influenza B viruses have attracted relatively little attention. However, influenza B viruses are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population and full understanding of their biological and epidemiological properties is imperative to better control this important pathogen. However, some of its characteristics are still elusive and warrant investigation. Here, we review evolution, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity and identify gaps in our knowledge of influenza B viruses. The divergence of two antigenically distinct influenza B viruses is highlighted. The co-circulation of viruses of these two lineages necessitated the development of quadrivalent influenza vaccines, which is discussed in addition to possibilities to develop universal vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam Science Tower, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Elderfield RA, Parker L, Stilwell P, Roberts KL, Schepelmann S, Barclay WS. Ferret airway epithelial cell cultures support efficient replication of influenza B virus but not mumps virus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2092-2098. [PMID: 25953915 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets have become the model animal of choice for influenza pathology and transmission experiments as they are permissive and susceptible to human influenza A viruses. However, inoculation of ferrets with mumps virus (MuV) did not lead to successful infections. We evaluated the use of highly differentiated ferret tracheal epithelium cell cultures, FTE, for predicting the potential of ferrets to support respiratory viral infections. FTE cultures supported productive replication of human influenza A and B viruses but not of MuV, whereas analogous cells generated from human airways supported replication of all three viruses. We propose that in vitro strategies using these cultures might serve as a method of triaging viruses and potentially reducing the use of ferrets in viral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Elderfield
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Lauren Parker
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Peter Stilwell
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Kim L Roberts
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Silke Schepelmann
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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18
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Tryland M, Nesbakken T, Robertson L, Grahek-Ogden D, Lunestad BT. Human pathogens in marine mammal meat – a northern perspective. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 61:377-94. [PMID: 24344685 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Only a few countries worldwide hunt seals and whales commercially. In Norway, hooded and harp seals and minke whales are commercially harvested, and coastal seals (harbour and grey seals) are hunted as game. Marine mammal meat is sold to the public and thus included in general microbiological meat control regulations. Slaughtering and dressing of marine mammals are performed in the open air on deck, and many factors on board sealing or whaling vessels may affect meat quality, such as the ice used for cooling whale meat and the seawater used for cleaning, storage of whale meat in the open air until ambient temperature is reached, and the hygienic conditions of equipment, decks, and other surfaces. Based on existing reports, it appears that meat of seal and whale does not usually represent a microbiological hazard to consumers in Norway, because human disease has not been associated with consumption of such foods. However, as hygienic control on marine mammal meat is ad hoc, mainly based on spot-testing, and addresses very few human pathogens, this conclusion may be premature. Additionally, few data from surveys or systematic quality control screenings have been published. This review examines the occurrence of potential human pathogens in marine mammals, as well as critical points for contamination of meat during the slaughter, dressing, cooling, storage and processing of meat. Some zoonotic agents are of particular relevance as foodborne pathogens, such as Trichinella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Salmonella and Leptospira spp. In addition, Mycoplasma spp. parapoxvirus and Mycobacterium spp. constitute occupational risks during handling of marine mammals and marine mammal products. Adequate training in hygienic procedures is necessary to minimize the risk of contamination on board, and acquiring further data is essential for obtaining a realistic assessment of the microbiological risk to humans from consuming marine mammal meat.
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19
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Domestic pigs are susceptible to infection with influenza B viruses. J Virol 2015; 89:4818-26. [PMID: 25673727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00059-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal epidemics in humans. Although IBV has been isolated from seals, humans are considered the primary host and reservoir of this important pathogen. It is unclear whether other animal species can support the replication of IBV and serve as a reservoir. Swine are naturally infected with both influenza A and C viruses. To determine the susceptibility of pigs to IBV infection, we conducted a serological survey for U.S. Midwest domestic swine herds from 2010 to 2012. Results of this study showed that antibodies to IBVs were detected in 38.5% (20/52) of sampled farms, and 7.3% (41/560) of tested swine serum samples were positive for IBV antibodies. Furthermore, swine herds infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) showed a higher prevalence of IBV antibodies in our 2014 survey. In addition, IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs collected from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time RT-PCR and sequencing. Finally, an experimental infection in pigs, via intranasal and intratracheal routes, was performed using one representative virus from each of the two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs: B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (Yamagata lineage). Pigs developed influenza-like symptoms and lung lesions, and they seroconverted after virus inoculation. Pigs infected with B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus successfully transmitted the virus to sentinel animals. Taken together, our data demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infection; therefore, they warrant further surveillance and investigation of swine as a potential host for human IBV. IMPORTANCE IBV is an important human pathogen, but its ability to infect other species, for example, pigs, is not well understood. We showed serological evidence that antibodies to two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs were present among domestic pigs, especially in swine herds previously infected with PRRSV, an immunosuppressive virus. IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Moreover, both lineages of IBV were able to infect pigs under experimental conditions, with transmissibility of influenza B/Victoria lineage virus among pigs being observed. Our results demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infections, indicating that IBV is a swine pathogen, and swine may serve as a natural reservoir of IBVs. In addition, pigs may serve as a model to study the mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis of IBVs.
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20
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Greig DJ, Gulland FMD, Smith WA, Conrad PA, Field CL, Fleetwood M, Harvey JT, Ip HS, Jang S, Packham A, Wheeler E, Hall AJ. Surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals Phoca vitulina from central California. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:93-106. [PMID: 25266897 DOI: 10.3354/dao02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The infection status of harbor seals Phoca vitulina in central California, USA, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. Stranded animals from Mendocino County to San Luis Obispo County were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: San Francisco Bay (SF, n = 78) and Tomales Bay (TB, n = 97), that differed in degree of urbanization. Low prevalences of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium were detected in the feces of stranded and wild-caught seals. Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli were more prevalent in the feces of stranded (58% [78 out of 135] and 76% [102 out of 135]) than wild-caught (42% [45 out of 106] and 66% [68 out of 106]) seals, whereas Vibrio spp. were 16 times more likely to be cultured from the feces of seals from SF than TB or TMMC (p < 0.005). Brucella DNA was detected in 3.4% of dead stranded harbor seals (2 out of 58). Type A influenza was isolated from feces of 1 out of 96 wild-caught seals. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and type A influenza was only detected in the wild-caught harbor seals (post-weaning age classes), whereas antibody titers to Leptospira spp. were detected in stranded and wild-caught seals. No stranded (n = 109) or wild-caught (n = 217) harbor seals had antibodies to phocine distemper virus, although a single low titer to canine distemper virus was detected. These results highlight the role of harbor seals as sentinel species for zoonotic and terrestrial pathogens in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J Greig
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
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21
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Huang SSH, Banner D, Paquette SG, Leon AJ, Kelvin AA, Kelvin DJ. Pathogenic influenza B virus in the ferret model establishes lower respiratory tract infection. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2127-2139. [PMID: 24989173 PMCID: PMC4165929 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses have become increasingly more prominent during influenza seasons. Influenza B infection is typically considered a mild disease and receives less attention than influenza A, but has been causing 20 to 50 % of the total influenza incidence in several regions around the world. Although there is increasing evidence of mid to lower respiratory tract diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia in influenza B patients, little is known about the pathogenesis of recent influenza B viruses. Here we investigated the clinical and pathological profiles of infection with strains representing the two current co-circulating B lineages (B/Yamagata and B/Victoria) in the ferret model. Specifically, we studied two B/Victoria (B/Brisbane/60/2008 and B/Bolivia/1526/2010) and two B/Yamagata (B/Florida/04/2006 and B/Wisconsin/01/2010) strain infections in ferrets and observed strain-specific but not lineage-specific pathogenicity. We found B/Brisbane/60/2008 caused the most severe clinical illness and B/Brisbane/60/2008 and the B/Yamagata strains instigated pathology in the middle to lower respiratory tract. Importantly, B/Brisbane/60/2008 established efficient lower respiratory tract infection with high viral burden. Our phylogenetic analyses demonstrate profound reassortment among recent influenza B viruses, which indicates the genetic make-up of B/Brisbane/60/2008 differs from the other strains. This may explain the pathogenicity difference post-infection in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S H Huang
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephane G Paquette
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alberto J Leon
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - David J Kelvin
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Bodewes R, van de Bildt MWG, van Elk CE, Bunskoek PE, van de Vijver DAMC, Smits SL, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. No serological evidence that harbour porpoises are additional hosts of influenza B viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89058. [PMID: 24551217 PMCID: PMC3923852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses circulate among humans causing epidemics almost annually. While various hosts for influenza A viruses exist, influenza B viruses have been detected only in humans and seals. However, recurrent infections of seals in Dutch coastal waters with influenza B viruses that are antigenetically distinct from influenza B viruses circulating among humans suggest that influenza B viruses have been introduced into this seal population by another, non-human, host. Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are sympatric with seals in these waters and are also occasionally in close contact with humans after stranding and subsequent rehabilitation. In addition, virus attachment studies demonstrated that influenza B viruses can bind to cells of the respiratory tract of these animals. Therefore, we hypothesized that harbour porpoises might be a reservoir of influenza B viruses. In the present study, an unique set of serum samples from 79 harbour porpoises, stranded alive on the Dutch coast between 2003 and 2013, was tested for the presence of antibodies against influenza B viruses by use of the hemagglutination inhibition test and for antibodies against influenza A viruses by use of a competitive influenza A nucleoprotein ELISA. No antibodies were detected against either virus, suggesting that influenza A and B virus infections of harbour porpoises in Dutch coastal waters are not common, which was supported by statistical analysis of the dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Cornelis E. van Elk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- SOS Dolphin Foundation, Harderwijk, the Netherlands
- Dolfinarium Harderwijk, Harderwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Paulien E. Bunskoek
- SOS Dolphin Foundation, Harderwijk, the Netherlands
- Dolfinarium Harderwijk, Harderwijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia L. Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Bodewes R, Morick D, de Mutsert G, Osinga N, Bestebroer T, van der Vliet S, Smits SL, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME. Recurring influenza B virus infections in seals. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:511-2. [PMID: 23750359 PMCID: PMC3647654 DOI: 10.3201/eid1903.120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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24
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Burnham AJ, Baranovich T, Govorkova EA. Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza B virus infection: efficacy and resistance. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:520-34. [PMID: 24013000 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of the biology and epidemiology of influenza B viruses are far less studied than for influenza A viruses, and one of these aspects is efficacy and resistance to the clinically available antiviral drugs, the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs). Acute respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of death in children and adults, and influenza is among the few respiratory infections that can be prevented and treated by vaccination and antiviral treatment. Recent data has suggested that influenza B virus infections are of specific concern to pediatric patients because of the increased risk of severe disease. Treatment of influenza B is a challenging task for the following reasons: This review presents current knowledge of the efficacy of NAIs for influenza B virus and antiviral resistance in clinical, surveillance, and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Burnham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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25
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Boyce WM, Mena I, Yochem PK, Gulland FM, García-Sastre A, Moreno N, Perez DR, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Stewart BS. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in marine mammals in California. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e40. [PMID: 26038474 PMCID: PMC3698372 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter M Boyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , NY 10029, USA
| | - Pamela K Yochem
- Physiology and Ocean Health Program, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute , San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , NY 10029, USA
| | - Noelia Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brent S Stewart
- Ecology Program , Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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26
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Goldstein T, Mena I, Anthony SJ, Medina R, Robinson PW, Greig DJ, Costa DP, Lipkin WI, Garcia-Sastre A, Boyce WM. Pandemic H1N1 influenza isolated from free-ranging Northern Elephant Seals in 2010 off the central California coast. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62259. [PMID: 23690933 PMCID: PMC3655164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies transmission of influenza A is an important factor in the evolution and ecology of influenza viruses. Marine mammals are in contact with a number of influenza reservoirs, including aquatic birds and humans, and this may facilitate transmission among avian and mammalian hosts. Virus isolation, whole genome sequencing, and hemagluttination inhibition assay confirmed that exposure to pandemic H1N1 influenza virus occurred among free-ranging Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in 2010. Nasal swabs were collected from 42 adult female seals in April 2010, just after the animals had returned to the central California coast from their short post-breeding migration in the northeast Pacific. Swabs from two seals tested positive by RT-PCR for the matrix gene, and virus was isolated from each by inoculation into embryonic chicken eggs. Whole genome sequencing revealed greater than 99% homology with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) that emerged in humans from swine in 2009. Analysis of more than 300 serum samples showed that samples collected early in 2010 (n = 100) were negative and by April animals began to test positive for antibodies against the pH1N1 virus (HI titer of ≥1∶40), supporting the molecular findings. In vitro characterizations studies revealed that viral replication was indistinguishable from that of reference strains of pH1N1 in canine kidney cells, but replication was inefficient in human epithelial respiratory cells, indicating these isolates may be elephant seal adapted viruses. Thus findings confirmed that exposure to pandemic H1N1 that was circulating in people in 2009 occurred among free-ranging Northern Elephant Seals in 2010 off the central California coast. This is the first report of pH1N1 (A/Elephant seal/California/1/2010) in any marine mammal and provides evidence for cross species transmission of influenza viruses in free-ranging wildlife and movement of influenza viruses between humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
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27
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Runstadler J, Hill N, Hussein ITM, Puryear W, Keogh M. Connecting the study of wild influenza with the potential for pandemic disease. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 17:162-87. [PMID: 23541413 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuing outbreaks of pathogenic (H5N1) and pandemic (SOIVH1N1) influenza have underscored the need to understand the origin, characteristics, and evolution of novel influenza A virus (IAV) variants that pose a threat to human health. In the last 4-5years, focus has been placed on the organization of large-scale surveillance programs to examine the phylogenetics of avian influenza virus (AIV) and host-virus relationships in domestic and wild animals. Here we review the current gaps in wild animal and environmental surveillance and the current understanding of genetic signatures in potentially pandemic strains.
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28
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Moro-García MA, Alonso-Arias R, López-Vázquez A, Suárez-García FM, Solano-Jaurrieta JJ, Baltar J, López-Larrea C. Relationship between functional ability in older people, immune system status, and intensity of response to CMV. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:479-495. [PMID: 21487706 PMCID: PMC3312637 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Shorter survival in the elderly has been associated with deterioration of the immune system and also with functional disability. To analyze the relationship between functional and immune impairment in older individuals, we studied 100 elderly who lived in a nursing home, were age matched, and grouped according to their functional status. We characterized cell subpopulations by flow cytometry, quantified TREC by RT-PCR, and measured the T-cell proliferation and activation response (IFN-γ by ELISPOT, CD69) against anti-CD3 and CMV. Specific antibody titers against influenza virus and CMV were determined by ELISA. Individuals with worse functional status had significantly higher levels of NK cells and fewer B cells. These poorly functioning elders also had a significantly lower proportion of CD4+ T cells, increased CD8+ T cells, and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. TREC levels in CD4+ T cells were significantly lower in individuals with a high disability. Lower TREC levels correlated with a lower frequency of naïve T-cell subpopulations (CD45RA+CCR7+) and higher percentages of effector cells (CD45RA-CCR7-). The functionally impaired group had lower anti-CD3 responses, but gradually increased responses against CMV. Similarly, the higher CMV titers were found in elderly with worse functional status. On the contrary, the functional response in vivo, and the titer of antibodies generated after vaccination against influenza virus, was higher in individuals with better performance status. In summary, we concluded that the functional decline of elderly individuals was clearly associated with the aging of their immune system, and the intensity of the response to CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Vázquez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - José Baltar
- Health Outcomes Research Unit, Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Larrea
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Fundación Renal “Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo”, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Abstract
Epidemic influenza is typically caused by infection with viruses of the A and B types and can result in substantial morbidity and mortality during a given season. Here we demonstrate that influenza B viruses can replicate in the upper respiratory tract of the guinea pig and that viruses of the two main lineages can be transmitted with 100% efficiency between inoculated and naïve animals in both contact and noncontact models. Our results also indicate that, like in the case for influenza A virus, transmission of influenza B viruses is enhanced at colder temperatures, providing an explanation for the seasonality of influenza epidemics in temperate climates. We therefore present, for the first time, a small animal model with which to study the underlying mechanisms of influenza B virus transmission.
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30
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Siembieda J, Johnson CK, Boyce W, Sandrock C, Cardona C. Risk for avian influenza virus exposure at human-wildlife interface. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1151-3. [PMID: 18598646 PMCID: PMC2600330 DOI: 10.3201/eid1407.080066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess risk for human exposure to avian influenza viruses (AIV), we sampled California wild birds and marine mammals during October 2005-August 2007 and estimated human-wildlife contact. Waterfowl hunters were 8 times more likely to have contact with AIV-infected wildlife than were persons with casual or occupational exposures (p<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Siembieda
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Walter Boyce
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christian Sandrock
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Carol Cardona
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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31
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Fujii K, Kakumoto C, Kobayashi M, Saito S, Kariya T, Watanabe Y, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Suzuki M. Serological evidence of influenza A virus infection in Kuril harbor seals (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri) of Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:259-63. [PMID: 17409641 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For proper management and conservation of the Kuril harbor seal (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri) through disease control, serological analysis was performed for influenza A virus infection in free-ranging seals in Hokkaido, Japan. Serum samples were collected from seals at Nosappu (231 seals), Akkeshi (16) and Erimo (75), between 1998 and 2005, and were analyzed by ELISA. Antibodies to the influenza A virus were detected only in seals from Nosappu. The incidences were 11% (1/9), 3% (2/66), 12% (7/59) and 6% (5/77) in 1998, 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. These suggest sporadic infection. Because antibody-positive seals included juvenile seals in each year, the infections were considered to have been circulated since no later than the late 1990s until recent years. ELISA-positive sera were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests to determine the subtypes. Antibodies to the H3 and H6 subtypes were detected in 10 and 2 sera, respectively. Two of the sera that had antibodies to the H6 subtype also had antibodies to the H3 subtype. These two seals were considered to have been infected with both the H3 and H6 subtypes. This is the first investigation to find antibodies to the H6 subtype in seals. Although the H6 subtype had been isolated only from avians, genetic analysis had suggested that the H6 subtype could become a novel mammalian pathogen. For definitive diagnosis, detection of the virus from the tissue or mucus of seals is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fujii
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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32
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Pechirra P, Nunes B, Coelho A, Ribeiro C, Gonçalves P, Pedro S, Castro LCE, Rebelo-de-Andrade H. Molecular characterization of the HA gene of influenza type B viruses. J Med Virol 2006; 77:541-9. [PMID: 16254967 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of the HA1 subunit of influenza B viruses isolated in Portugal between 1994 and 2003 influenza winter seasons were analyzed by the Neighbor-Joining algorithm and rates of HA1 evolution estimated by linear regression. From 1994 to 2002, all influenza B viruses studied were of the Yamagata lineage. Strains isolated from 1994 to 1996, 1996 to 1999, and 1999 to 2002 revealed a high similarity with B/Beijing/184/93, B/Yamanashi/166/98, and B/Sichuan/379/99, respectively, and strains isolated during 1994-1995, 1996-1997, and 1998-1999 clustered in more than one branch of the phylogenetic tree. Victoria-related strains reappeared during 2002/2003 and formed only one branch in the phylogenetic tree revealing a closer relationship to B/Shandong/7/97. Evolutionary rates for strains from the Yamagata lineage were estimated as 3.82x10(-3) nucleotides/site/year and 2.62x10(-3) nucleotides/site/year for Victoria-related strains. In order to identify putative influenza B HA1 codons under selective pressure, a codon-substitution model for heterogeneous selective pressure at amino acid sites was used. A percentage of 97.3% of codons under negative selective pressure and 2.7% of codons under positive selective pressure (omega=dN/dS=2.65) were estimated, with posterior probability higher than 0.90. Amino acid sites 75, 197, and 199 were found more likely to be under positive selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pechirra
- National Influenza Centre, Respiratory and Enterovirus Unit, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
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33
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Ohishi K, Kishida N, Ninomiya A, Kida H, Takada Y, Miyazaki N, Boltunov AN, Maruyama T. Antibodies to human-related H3 influenza A virus in Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Russia. Microbiol Immunol 2005; 48:905-9. [PMID: 15557750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to influenza A virus were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the sera from two of seven Baikal seals (Phoca sibrica) and from five of six ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Russia. In a hemagglutination-inhibition test using H1-H15 reference influenza A viruses, ELISA-positive sera from one Baikal seal and four ringed seals reacted to A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3N2) strains. One ringed seal serum sample reacted to A/seal/Massachusetts/1/80 (H7N7). The present results suggested that human-related H3 viruses were prevalent in Baikal seals and ringed seals inhabiting the central Russian Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Ohishi
- Research Program for Marine Biology and Ecology, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa.
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34
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Kang I, Hong MS, Nolasco H, Park SH, Dan JM, Choi JY, Craft J. Age-associated change in the frequency of memory CD4+ T cells impairs long term CD4+ T cell responses to influenza vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:673-81. [PMID: 15210831 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship of memory CD4+ T cells with the evolution of influenza virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses in healthy young and elderly people. Elderly individuals had a similar frequency of CD69+CD4+ T cells producing IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha at 1 wk, but a lower frequency of these CD4+ T cells at 3 mo after influenza vaccination. Although the elderly had a higher frequency of central memory (CM; CCR7+CD45RA-) CD4+ T cells, they had a significantly lower frequency of effector memory (EM; CCR7-CD45RA-) CD4+ T cells, and the frequency of the latter memory CD4+ T cells positively correlated with the frequency of influenza virus-specific CD69+CD4+ T cells producing IFN-gamma at 3 mo. These findings indicate that the elderly have an altered balance of memory CD4+ T cells, which potentially affects long term CD4+ T cell responses to the influenza vaccine. Compared with the young, the elderly had decreased serum IL-7 levels that positively correlated with the frequency of EM cells, which suggests a relation between IL-7 and decreased EM cells. Thus, although the healthy elderly mount a level of CD4+ T cell responses after vaccination comparable to that observed in younger individuals, they fail to maintain or expand these responses. This failure probably stems from the alteration in the frequency of CM and EM CD4+ T cells in the elderly that is related to alteration in IL-7 levels. These findings raise an important clinical question about whether the vaccination strategy in the elderly should be modified to improve cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Kang
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208031, 300 Cedar Street, Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, Rm. 541C, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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