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Heuss C, Rothhaar P, Burm R, Lee JY, Ralfs P, Haselmann U, Ströh LJ, Colasanti O, Tran CS, Schäfer N, Schnitzler P, Merle U, Bartenschlager R, Patel AH, Graw F, Krey T, Laketa V, Meuleman P, Lohmann V. A Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b post-transplant isolate with high replication efficiency in cell culture and its adaptation to infectious virus production in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010472. [PMID: 35763545 PMCID: PMC9273080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly diverse and grouped into eight genotypes (gts). Infectious cell culture models are limited to a few subtypes and isolates, hampering the development of prophylactic vaccines. A consensus gt1b genome (termed GLT1) was generated from an HCV infected liver-transplanted patient. GLT1 replicated to an outstanding efficiency in Huh7 cells upon SEC14L2 expression, by use of replication enhancing mutations or with a previously developed inhibitor-based regimen. RNA replication levels almost reached JFH-1, but full-length genomes failed to produce detectable amounts of infectious virus. Long-term passaging led to the adaptation of a genome carrying 21 mutations and concomitant production of high levels of transmissible infectivity (GLT1cc). During the adaptation, GLT1 spread in the culture even in absence of detectable amounts of free virus, likely due to cell-to-cell transmission, which appeared to substantially contribute to spreading of other isolates as well. Mechanistically, genome replication and particle production efficiency were enhanced by adaptation, while cell entry competence of HCV pseudoparticles was not affected. Furthermore, GLT1cc retained the ability to replicate in human liver chimeric mice, which was critically dependent on a mutation in domain 3 of nonstructural protein NS5A. Over the course of infection, only one mutation in the surface glycoprotein E2 consistently reverted to wildtype, facilitating assembly in cell culture but potentially affecting CD81 interaction in vivo. Overall, GLT1cc is an efficient gt1b infectious cell culture model, paving the road to a rationale-based establishment of new infectious HCV isolates and represents an important novel tool for the development of prophylactic HCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heuss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section virus-host interactions, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Rothhaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section virus-host interactions, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rani Burm
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ralfs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section virus-host interactions, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa J. Ströh
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ombretta Colasanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section virus-host interactions, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cong Si Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section virus-host interactions, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Noemi Schäfer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section virus-host interactions, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Infectious Diseases Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Graw
- BioQuant – Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Section virus-host interactions, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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2
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Echeverría N, Comas V, Aldunate F, Perbolianachis P, Moreno P, Cristina J. In the era of rapid mRNA-based vaccines: Why is there no effective hepatitis C virus vaccine yet? World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1234-1268. [PMID: 34786164 PMCID: PMC8568586 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i10.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is responsible for no less than 71 million people chronically infected and is one of the most frequent indications for liver transplantation worldwide. Despite direct-acting antiviral therapies fuel optimism in controlling HCV infections, there are several obstacles regarding treatment accessibility and reinfection continues to remain a possibility. Indeed, the majority of new HCV infections in developed countries occur in people who inject drugs and are more plausible to get reinfected. To achieve global epidemic control of this virus the development of an effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine becomes a must. The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic led to auspicious vaccine development against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, which has renewed interest on fighting HCV epidemic with vaccination. The aim of this review is to highlight the current situation of HCV vaccine candidates designed to prevent and/or to reduce HCV infectious cases and their complications. We will emphasize on some of the crossroads encountered during vaccine development against this insidious virus, together with some key aspects of HCV immunology which have, so far, hampered the progress in this area. The main focus will be on nucleic acid-based as well as recombinant viral vector-based vaccine candidates as the most novel vaccine approaches, some of which have been recently and successfully employed for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Finally, some ideas will be presented on which methods to explore for the design of live-attenuated vaccines against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Comas
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Fabián Aldunate
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Paula Perbolianachis
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Pilar Moreno
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
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3
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Li J, Zhou Q, Rong L, Rong D, Yang Y, Hao J, Zhang Z, Ma L, Rao G, Zhou Y, Xiao F, Li C, Wang H, Li YP. Development of cell culture infectious clones for hepatitis C virus genotype 1b and transcription analysis of 1b-infected hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res 2021; 193:105136. [PMID: 34252495 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Globally, hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b is the most prevalent, and its infection has been found to associate with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than other genotype viruses. However, an efficient infectious HCV genotype 1b culture system is unavailable, which has largely hampered the study of this important genotype virus. In this study, by using a systematic approach combining the sequences of infectious 1a TNcc clone and adaptive mutations, we succeeded in culture adaption of two full-length 1b clones for the reference strain Con1 and a clinical isolate A6, and designated as Con1cc and A6cc, respectively. Con1cc and A6cc replicated efficiently in hepatoma Huh7.5.1 cells, released HCV infectivity titers of 104.1 and 103.72 focus forming units per milliliter, respectively, and maintained the engineered mutations after passages. Both viruses responded to sofosbuvir and velpatasvir in a dose-dependent manner. With culture infectious 1b clones, we characterized the transcriptomes of 1b Con1cc-infected cells, in comparison with 2a-infected and uninfected cells. In conclusion, we have developed two infectious clones for genotype 1b and shown a novel strategy for culture adaptation of HCV isolates by using a genetically close backbone sequence. Furthermore, this study provides transcriptional landscape of HCV 1b-infected hepatoma cells facilitating the study of genotype 1b infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqian Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liang Rong
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dade Rong
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiawei Hao
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guirong Rao
- Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases, PLA 458 Hospital, Guangzhou, 510602, China
| | - Yuanping Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haihe Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Ohya K, Imamura M, Teraoka Y, Uchida T, Fujino H, Nakahara T, Ono A, Murakami E, Yamauchi M, Kawaoka T, Miki D, Tsuge M, Abe-Chayama H, Hayes CN, Aikata H, Ishida Y, Tateno C, Song H, Miyayama Y, Hijikata M, Chayama K. Novel drug resistance-associated substitutions against pibrentasvir emerged in genotype 1b hepatitis C virus-infected human hepatocyte transplanted mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 559:78-83. [PMID: 33932902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy with glecaprevir and pibrentasvir (PIB) has high efficacy for patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection except among those who experienced NS5A-P32 deletion (del) mutation during prior DAA treatment failure. However, some patients fail to achieve SVR through combination treatment even in the absence of NS5A-P32del. We analyzed emergence of NS5A resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) against PIB using HCV-infected mice. Male human hepatocyte transplanted mice were infected with genotype 1b wild-type HCV. Mice were treated with PIB, resulting in a transient decrease in serum HCV RNA levels but followed by relapse during the treatment. Direct sequence analysis showed emergences of various mutations in the NS5A region, including L31V/P32del, L31F/P32del/Y93H, NS5A-P29del/Y85C, and NS5A-F37Y. PIB was less effective in mice with NS5A-F37Y mutations compared to mice with wild-type HCV. NS5A-F37Y showed 5.4-fold resistance to PIB relative to wild-type based on analysis using HCV subgenomic replicon systems. The present in vivo and in vitro studies identified NS5A-F37Y as a novel RAS against PIB and showed the possibility of emergence of various NS5A RASs including P29del, P32del and F37Y following PIB treatment. These mutations might emerge and lead to failure to respond to DAA therapies including PIB-based regimens in chronic hepatitis C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ohya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Teraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hatsue Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masami Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - HoJoong Song
- Laboratory of Tumor Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyayama
- Laboratory of Tumor Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Hijikata
- Laboratory of Tumor Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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5
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Wakita T. Cell Culture Systems of HCV Using JFH-1 and Other Strains. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036806. [PMID: 31501261 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is seen worldwide and is a significant cause of severe chronic liver diseases. Recently, a large number of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have been developed against HCV infection, resulting in significant improvements in treatment efficacy. Rapid progress in HCV research has been largely dependent on the development of HCV culture systems and small animal infection models. In the development of HCV cell culture systems, the discovery of the JFH-1 clone, an HCV strain isolated from a fulminant hepatitis C patient, was a key finding. The JFH-1 strain was the first infectious HCV strain belonging to genotype 2a. JFH-1 replicated efficiently in cultured cell lines without acquiring adaptive mutations, providing the secretion of infectious viral particles into the culture medium. Recently, other HCV strains also were reported to be infectious in cultured cells with adaptive viral mutations, but genotype-1b infectious HCV clones and virus culture systems for clinical isolates are still missing. These infectious HCV systems have provided powerful tools to study the viral life cycle, to construct antiviral strategies, and to develop effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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6
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Hatanaka T, Naganuma A, Tateyama Y, Yoshinari F, Hoshino T, Sato K, Hmwe SS, Aizaki H, Wakita T, Kakizaki S, Uraoka T. Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir for Acute Hepatitis C Virus Monoinfection Associated with a High Risk of Acute Liver Failure. Intern Med 2019; 58:2969-2975. [PMID: 31243225 PMCID: PMC6859401 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2982-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 72-year-old Japanese man was referred to our hospital with yellow discoloration of the sclera and liver dysfunction. He was diagnosed with acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on the basis of HCV-RNA positivity and anti-HCV seroconversion. A transjugular liver biopsy confirmed submassive hepatic necrosis. Five days after admission, no flapping tremor was observed, and the prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) and total bilirubin level showed increases of 1.70 and 17.8 mg/dL, respectively. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score was determined to be 25, and the risk of acute liver failure (ALF) was estimated to be 48% according to the Japan Hepatic Encephalopathy Prediction Model. Considering that rapid HCV clearance and temporary suppression of the immune response would prevent ALF, we prescribed oral ledipasvir (LDV) 90 mg and sofosbuvir (SOF) 400 mg for 12 weeks and intravenously injected methylprednisolone 1 g for 3 days. His PT-INR promptly improved, although the total bilirubin level increased to 30.3 mg/dL. Plasma bilirubin absorption was performed three times, and the total bilirubin level gradually decreased. HCV-RNA was still detectable at six weeks after the start of LDV/SOF therapy and finally undetectable at eight weeks. There were no adverse events associated with LDV/SOF. The patient was discharged 73 days after admission. A sustained virological response was achieved at 12 and 24 weeks after treatment. The findings from this case suggest that LDV/SOF therapy can be a promising option for acute HCV monoinfection associated with a high risk of ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hatanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gunma Saiseikai Maebashi Hospital, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naganuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yumeo Tateyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Fukiko Yoshinari
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Takashi Hoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Su Su Hmwe
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Satoru Kakizaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshio Uraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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7
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Osawa M, Uchida T, Imamura M, Teraoka Y, Fujino H, Nakahara T, Ono A, Murakami E, Kawaoka T, Miki D, Tsuge M, Hiramatsu A, Abe-Chayama H, Hayes CN, Makokha GN, Aikata H, Ishida Y, Tateno C, Miyayama Y, Hijikata M, Chayama K. Efficacy of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir treatment for genotype 1b hepatitis C virus drug resistance-associated variants in humanized mice. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1123-1131. [PMID: 31199224 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy with glecaprevir (GLE) and pibrentasvir (PIB) has high efficacy for pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. However, the efficacy for patients who acquired potent NS5A inhibitor resistance-associated variants (RAVs) as a result of failure to respond to previous direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies is unclear. We investigated the efficacy of GLE/PIB treatment for genotype 1b HCV strains containing RAVs using subgenomic replicon systems and human hepatocyte transplanted mice. Mice were injected with serum samples obtained from a DAA-naïve patient or daclatasvir plus asunaprevir (DCV/ASV) treatment failures including NS5A-L31M/Y93H, -P58S/A92K or -P32 deletion (P32del) RAVs, then treated with GLE/PIB. HCV was eliminated by GLE/PIB treatment in mice with wild-type and NS5A-L31M/Y93H but relapsed in mice with NS5A-P58S/A92K, followed by emergence of additional NS5A mutations after cessation of the treatment. In NS5A-P32del-infected mice, serum HCV RNA remained positive during the GLE/PIB treatment. NS5A-P58S/A92K showed 1.5-fold resistance to PIB relative to wild-type based on analysis using HCV subgenomic replicon systems. When mice were administered various proportions of HCV wild-type and P32del strains and treated with GLE/PIB, serum HCV RNA remained positive in mice with high frequencies of P32del. In these mice, the P32del was undetectable by deep sequencing before GLE/PIB treatment, but P32del strains relapsed after cessation of the GLE/PIB treatment. GLE/PIB is effective for wild-type and NS5A-L31M/Y93H HCV strains, but the effect seems to be low for P58S/A92K and NS5A-P32del RAVs. Although NS5A-P32del was not detected, the mutation may be present at low frequency in DCV/ASV treatment failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Osawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Teraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hatsue Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Grace Naswa Makokha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyayama
- Laboratory of Tumor Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Hijikata
- Laboratory of Tumor Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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8
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Abstract
The HCV cell culture system, consisting of the JFH-1 strain and HuH-7 cells, has been broadly used to assess the complete HCV life cycle in cultured cells. However, being able to use multiple HCV strains in such a system is vital for future studies of this virus. We recently established a novel HCV cell culture system using another HCV genotype 2a strain, J6CF, which replicates in chimpanzees but not in cultured cells. We identified effective cell culture-adaptive mutations and established a replication-competent J6CF strain with minimum modifications in cultured cells. The strategy of how we established the replication-competent HCV strain and how we identified the effective cell culture-adaptive mutations is described here and could prove useful for establishing other replication-competent HCV strains.
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9
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Ramirez S, Bukh J. Current status and future development of infectious cell-culture models for the major genotypes of hepatitis C virus: Essential tools in testing of antivirals and emerging vaccine strategies. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:264-287. [PMID: 30059723 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the relevant scientific advances that led to the development of infectious cell culture systems for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with the corresponding challenges and successes. We also provide an overview of how these systems have contributed to the study of antiviral compounds and their relevance for the development of a much-needed vaccine against this major human pathogen. An efficient infectious system to study HCV in vitro, using human hepatoma derived cells, has only been available since 2005, and was limited to a single isolate, named JFH1, until 2012. Successive developments have been slow and cumbersome, as each available system has been the result of a systematic effort for discovering adaptive mutations conferring culture replication and propagation to patient consensus clones that are inherently non-viable in vitro. High genetic heterogeneity is a paramount characteristic of this virus, and as such, it should preferably be reflected in basic, translational, and clinical studies. The limited number of efficient viral culture systems, in the context of the vast genetic diversity of HCV, continues to represent a major hindrance for the study of this virus, posing a significant barrier towards studies of antivirals (particularly of resistance) and for advancing vaccine development. Intensive research efforts, driven by isolate-specific culture adaptation, have only led to efficient full-length infectious culture systems for a few strains of HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 6. Hence research aimed at identifying novel strategies that will permit universal culture of HCV will be needed to further our understanding of this unique virus causing 400 thousand deaths annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santseharay Ramirez
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Sugiyama R, Murayama A, Nitta S, Yamada N, Tasaka-Fujita M, Masaki T, Aly HH, Shiina M, Ryo A, Ishii K, Wakita T, Kato T. Interferon sensitivity-determining region of hepatitis C virus influences virus production and interferon signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5627-5640. [PMID: 29464023 PMCID: PMC5814163 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of amino acid substitutions in the interferon (IFN) sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A is a strong predictor for the outcome of IFN-based treatment. To assess the involvement of ISDR in the HCV life cycle and to clarify the molecular mechanisms influencing IFN susceptibility, we used recombinant JFH-1 viruses with NS5A of the genotype 1b Con1 strain (JFH1/5ACon1) and with NS5A ISDR containing 7 amino acid substitutions (JFH1/5ACon1/i-7mut), and compared the virus propagation and the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). By transfecting RNAs of these strains into HuH-7-derived cells, we found that the efficiency of infectious virus production of JFH1/5ACon1/i-7mut was attenuated compared with JFH1/5ACon1. After transfecting full-length HCV RNA into HepaRG cells, the mRNA expression of ISGs was sufficiently induced by IFN treatment in JFH1/5ACon1/i-7mut-transfected but not in JFH1/5ACon1-transfected cells. These data suggested that the NS5A-mediated inhibition of ISG induction was deteriorated by amino acid substitutions in the ISDR. In conclusion, using recombinant JFH-1 viruses, we demonstrated that HCV NS5A is associated with infectious virus production and the inhibition of IFN signaling, and amino acid substitutions in the NS5A ISDR deteriorate these functions. These observations explain the strain-specific evasion of IFN signaling by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Murayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Yamada
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Tasaka-Fujita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Present address: Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hussein Hassan Aly
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shiina
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Amino Acid Mutations in the NS4A Region of Hepatitis C Virus Contribute to Viral Replication and Infectious Virus Production. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02124-16. [PMID: 27928005 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02124-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) strain JFH-1, which belongs to genotype 2a, replicates autonomously in cultured cells, whereas another genotype 2a strain, J6CF, does not. Previously, we found that replacement of the NS3 helicase and NS5B-to-3'X regions of J6CF with those of JFH-1 confers J6CF replication competence. In this study, we aimed to identify the minimum modifications within these genomic regions needed to establish replication-competent J6CF. We previously identified 4 mutations in the NS5B-to-3'X region that could be used instead of replacement of this region to confer J6CF replication competence. Here, we induced cell culture-adaptive mutations in J6CF by the long-term culture of J6CF/JFH-1 chimeras composed of JFH-1 NS5B-to-3'X or individual parts of this but not the NS3 helicase region. After 2 months of culture, efficient HCV replication and infectious virus production in chimeric RNA-transfected cells were observed, and several amino acid mutations in NS4A were identified in replicating HCV genomes. The introduction of NS4A mutations into the J6CF/JFH-1 chimeras enhanced viral replication and infectious virus production. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that some of these mutations altered the subcellular localization of the coexpressed NS3 protein and affected the interaction between NS3 and NS4A. Finally, introduction of the most effective NS4A mutation, A1680E, into J6CF contributed to its replication competence in cultured cells when introduced in conjunction with four previously identified adaptive mutations in the NS5B-to-3'X region. In conclusion, we identified an adaptive mutation in NS4A that confers J6CF replication competence when introduced in conjunction with 4 mutations in NS5B-to-3'X and established a replication-competent J6CF strain with minimum essential modifications in cultured cells. IMPORTANCE The HCV cell culture system using the JFH-1 strain and HuH-7 cells can be used to assess the complete HCV life cycle in cultured cells. This cell culture system has been used to develop direct-acting antivirals against HCV, and the ability to use various HCV strains within this system is important for future studies. In this study, we aimed to establish a novel HCV cell culture system using another HCV genotype 2a strain, J6CF, which replicates in chimpanzees but not in cultured cells. We identified an effective cell culture-adaptive mutation in NS4A and established a replication-competent J6CF strain in cultured cells with minimum essential modifications. The described strategy can be used in establishing a novel HCV cell culture system, and the replication-competent J6CF clone composed of the minimum essential modifications needed for cell culture adaptation will be valuable as another representative of genotype 2a strains.
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12
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Mori KI, Matsumoto A, Maki N, Ichikawa Y, Tanaka E, Yagi S. Production of infectious HCV genotype 1b virus in cell culture using a novel Set of adaptive mutations. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:224. [PMID: 27678340 PMCID: PMC5039931 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the high prevalence of genotype 1b hepatitis C virus (HCV) among patients, a cell culture system that permits entire viral life cycle of genotype 1b isolates is limited. To develop a cell-cultured hepatitis C virus (HCVcc) of genotype 1b, the proper combination of HCV genomic variants and host cells is essential. HCV genomes isolated from patients with distinctive symptoms may provide the variants required to establish an HCVcc of genotype 1b. Results We first established subgenomic replicons in Huh7 cells using HCV cDNAs isolated from two patients: one with fulminant hepatitis after liver transplantation (TPF1) and another with acute hepatitis and moderate symptoms (sAH). Replicons established from TPF1 and sAH showed mutations in NS4B and in NS3 and NS5A, respectively. Using these replication machineries, we constructed HCV genomic RNAs for each isolate. Virus infectivity was evaluated by a focus-forming assay, which is dependent on the intracellular expression of core antigen, and production of virus particles was assessed by density-gradient centrifugation. Infectious virus was only observed in the culture medium of cells transfected with TFP1 HCV RNA. A chimeric genome with the structural segment (5′-untranslated region [UTR] through NS2) from sAH and the replication machinery (NS3 through 3′-UTR) from TPF1 exhibited greater infectivity than did TFP1, despite formation of deficient virus particles in sAH, suggesting that this genomic segment potentiates virus particle formation. To identify the responsible variants, infectious virus formation was assessed in a chimeric genome carrying parts of the sAH structural segment of the TPF1 genome. A variant in NS2 (M170T) was identified that enhanced infectious virus formation. HCVcc carrying an NS2 gene encoding the M170T substitution and adaptive mutations in NS4B (referred to as TPF1-M170T) infected naïve cured Huh7 cells in a CD81-dependent manner. Conclusions We established a novel HCVcc of genotype 1b in Huh7 cells by introducing an amino acid variant in NS2 and adaptive mutations in NS4B from HCV genomic RNA isolated from a patient with fulminant HCV after liver transplantation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0846-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Mori
- R&D Department, Advanced Life Science Institute, Inc., 2-10-23 Maruyamadai, Wako, Saitama, 351-0112, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Noboru Maki
- R&D Department, Advanced Life Science Institute, Inc., 2-10-23 Maruyamadai, Wako, Saitama, 351-0112, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichikawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yagi
- R&D Department, Advanced Life Science Institute, Inc., 2-10-23 Maruyamadai, Wako, Saitama, 351-0112, Japan.
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13
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Perales C, Quer J, Gregori J, Esteban JI, Domingo E. Resistance of Hepatitis C Virus to Inhibitors: Complexity and Clinical Implications. Viruses 2015; 7:5746-66. [PMID: 26561827 PMCID: PMC4664975 DOI: 10.3390/v7112902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of inhibitor-resistant viral mutants is universal for viruses that display quasi-species dynamics, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is no exception. Here we review recent results on drug resistance in HCV, with emphasis on resistance to the newly-developed, directly-acting antiviral agents, as they are increasingly employed in the clinic. We put the experimental observations in the context of quasi-species dynamics, in particular what the genetic and phenotypic barriers to resistance mean in terms of exploration of sequence space while HCV replicates in the liver of infected patients or in cell culture. Strategies to diminish the probability of viral breakthrough during treatment are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Perales
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Quer
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
| | - Josep Gregori
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Roche Diagnostics SL, 08174 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Juan Ignacio Esteban
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Chan SW. Unfolded protein response in hepatitis C virus infection. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:233. [PMID: 24904547 PMCID: PMC4033015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of clinical importance. The virus establishes a chronic infection and can progress from chronic hepatitis, steatosis to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms of viral persistence and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Recently the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular homeostatic response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, has emerged to be a major contributing factor in many human diseases. It is also evident that viruses interact with the host UPR in many different ways and the outcome could be pro-viral, anti-viral or pathogenic, depending on the particular type of infection. Here we present evidence for the elicitation of chronic ER stress in HCV infection. We analyze the UPR signaling pathways involved in HCV infection, the various levels of UPR regulation by different viral proteins and finally, we propose several mechanisms by which the virus provokes the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Wan Chan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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15
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Sugiyama K, Ebinuma H, Nakamoto N, Sakasegawa N, Murakami Y, Chu PS, Usui S, Ishibashi Y, Wakayama Y, Taniki N, Murata H, Saito Y, Fukasawa M, Saito K, Yamagishi Y, Wakita T, Takaku H, Hibi T, Saito H, Kanai T. Prominent steatosis with hypermetabolism of the cell line permissive for years of infection with hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94460. [PMID: 24718268 PMCID: PMC3981821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of experiments for HCV infection have been done using lytic infection systems, in which HCV-infected cells inevitably die. Here, to elucidate metabolic alteration in HCV-infected cells in a more stable condition, we established an HCV-persistently-infected cell line, designated as HPI cells. This cell line has displayed prominent steatosis and supported HCV infection for more than 2 years, which is the longest ever reported. It enabled us to analyze metabolism in the HCV-infected cells integrally combining metabolomics and expression arrays. It revealed that rate-limiting enzymes for biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids were up-regulated with actual increase in cholesterol, desmosterol (cholesterol precursor) and pool of fatty acids. Notably, the pentose phosphate pathway was facilitated with marked up-regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a rete-limiting enzyme, with actual increase in NADPH. In its downstream, enzymes for purine synthesis were also up-regulated resulting in increase of purine. Contrary to common cancers, the TCA cycle was preferentially facilitated comparing to glycolysis pathway with a marked increase of most of amino acids. Interestingly, some genes controlled by nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of antioxidation and metabolism, were constitutively up-regulated in HPI cells. Knockdown of Nrf2 markedly reduced steatosis and HCV infection, indicating that Nrf2 and its target genes play important roles in metabolic alteration and HCV infection. In conclusion, HPI cell is a bona fide HCV-persistently-infected cell line supporting HCV infection for years. This cell line sustained prominent steatosis in a hypermetabolic status producing various metabolites. Therefore, HPI cell is a potent research tool not only for persistent HCV infection but also for liver metabolism, overcoming drawbacks of the lytic infection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Sugiyama
- Center for the Study of Chronic Liver Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirotoshi Ebinuma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Murakami
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Po-sung Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Usui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Ishibashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Wakayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Taniki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Murata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Saito
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takaku
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Ratnoglik SL, Aoki C, Sudarmono P, Komoto M, Deng L, Shoji I, Fuchino H, Kawahara N, Hotta H. Antiviral activity of extracts fromMorinda citrifolialeaves and chlorophyll catabolites, pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a, against hepatitis C virus. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:188-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suratno Lulut Ratnoglik
- Division of Microbiology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650 0017 Japan
| | - Chie Aoki
- Division of Microbiology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650 0017 Japan
- JST/JICA within the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development Laboratory; Tokyo Japan
| | - Pratiwi Sudarmono
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources; National Institute of Biomedical Innovation; 1-2 Hachimandai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 0843 Japan
| | - Mari Komoto
- Division of Microbiology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650 0017 Japan
| | - Lin Deng
- Division of Microbiology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650 0017 Japan
| | - Ikuo Shoji
- Division of Microbiology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650 0017 Japan
| | | | | | - Hak Hotta
- Division of Microbiology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho Chuo-ku Kobe 650 0017 Japan
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17
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Hepatitis C virus RNA replication and virus particle assembly require specific dimerization of the NS4A protein transmembrane domain. J Virol 2013; 88:628-42. [PMID: 24173222 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02052-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS4A is a single-pass transmembrane (TM) protein essential for viral replication and particle assembly. The sequence of the NS4A TM domain is highly conserved, suggesting that it may be important for protein-protein interactions. To test this hypothesis, we measured the potential dimerization of the NS4A TM domain in a well-characterized two-hybrid TM protein interaction system. The NS4A TM domain exhibited a strong homotypic interaction that was comparable in affinity to glycophorin A, a well-studied human blood group antigen that forms TM homodimers. Several mutations predicted to cluster on a common surface of the NS4A TM helix caused significant reductions in dimerization, suggesting that these residues form an interface for NS4A dimerization. Mutations in the NS4A TM domain were further examined in the JFH-1 genotype 2a replicon system; importantly, all mutations that destabilized NS4A dimers also caused defects in RNA replication and/or virus assembly. Computational modeling of NS4A TM interactions suggests a right-handed dimeric interaction of helices with an interface that is consistent with the mutational effects. Furthermore, defects in NS4A oligomerization and virus particle assembly of two mutants were rescued by NS4A A15S, a TM mutation recently identified through forward genetics as a cell culture-adaptive mutation. Together, these data provide the first example of a functionally important TM dimer interface within an HCV nonstructural protein and reveal a fundamental role of the NS4A TM domain in coordinating HCV RNA replication and virus particle assembly.
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18
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Abstract
Due to the obligatory intracellular lifestyle of viruses, cell culture systems for efficient viral propagation are crucial to obtain a detailed understanding of the virus-host cell interaction. For hepatitis C virus (HCV) the development of permissive and authentic culture models continues to be a challenging task. The first efforts to culture HCV had limited success and range back to before the virus was molecularly cloned in 1989. Since then several major breakthroughs have gradually overcome limitations in culturing the virus and sequentially permitted analysis of viral RNA replication, cell entry, and ultimately the complete replication cycle in cultured cells in 2005. Until today, basic and applied HCV research greatly benefit from these tremendous efforts which spurred multiple complementary cell-based model systems for distinct steps of the HCV replication cycle. When used in combination they now permit deep insights into the fascinating biology of HCV and its interplay with the host cell. In fact, drug development has been much facilitated and our understanding of the molecular determinants of HCV replication has grown in parallel to these advances. Building on this groundwork and further refining our cellular models to better mimic the architecture, polarization and differentiation of natural hepatocytes should reveal novel unique aspects of HCV replication. Ultimately, models to culture primary HCV isolates across all genotypes may teach us important new lessons about viral functional adaptations that have evolved in exchange with its human host and that may explain the variable natural course of hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Steinmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. Entry and replication of recombinant hepatitis C viruses in cell culture. Methods 2012; 59:233-48. [PMID: 23009812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand enveloped RNA virus and belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The heavy health burden associated with the virus infection in humans and the intriguing peculiarities of the interaction between the HCV replication cycle and the hepatocyte host cell have stimulated a flourishing research field. The present review aims at recapitulating the different viral and cellular systems modelling HCV entry and replication, and in particular at gathering the tools available to dissect the HCV entry pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; A Joint Venture Between The Medical School Hannover and The Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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